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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
URRY • CAIN • WASSERMAN • MINORSKY • REECE
Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge,Simon Fraser University
SECOND EDITION
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
8Photosynthesis
The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes almost the entire living world
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Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules
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Figure 8.1
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Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms
Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere
Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2
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Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes
These organisms feed not only themselves but also most of the living world
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Figure 8.2
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40 m
m
(d) Cyanobacteria
(a) Plants
1 m
m
(e) Purple sulfurbacteria
(c) Unicellular eukaryotes
(b) Multicellularalga
10 m
m
Figure 8.2-1
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(a) Plants
Figure 8.2-2
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(b) Multicellular alga
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Figure 8.2-3
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10
mm
(c) Unicellular eukaryotes
Figure 8.2-4
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(d) Cyanobacteria40 mm
Figure 8.2-5
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1 m
m
(e) Purple sulfur bacteria
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Concept 8.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
The structural organization of photosynthetic cells includes enzymes and other molecules grouped together in a membrane
This organization allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis to proceed efficiently
Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria
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Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
Leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis
Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf
Each mesophyll cell contains 30–40 chloroplasts
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CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata
The chlorophyll is in the membranes of thylakoids (connected sacs in the chloroplast); thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana
Chloroplasts also contain stroma, a dense interior fluid
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Figure 8.3
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Leaf cross section
Chloroplasts
Mesophyll
Stomata
Chloroplast Mesophyllcell
ThylakoidThylakoidspaceStroma Granum
Outermembrane
Intermembranespace 20 mm
Innermembrane
Chloroplast 1 mm
Vein
CO2 O2
Figure 8.3-1
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Leaf cross section
Chloroplasts
Mesophyll
Stomata
Vein
CO2O2
Figure 8.3-2
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Chloroplast
Mesophyll cell
Thylakoid
GranumThylakoidspaceStroma
Outermembrane
Intermembranespace
Innermembrane
20 mm
Chloroplast 1 mm
7
Figure 8.3-3
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Mesophyll cell
20 mm
Figure 8.3-4
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Stroma Granum
Chloroplast 1 mm
Figure 8.3-5
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Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry
Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions that can be summarized as the following equation
6 CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
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The Splitting of Water
Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product
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Figure 8.4
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Reactants: 6 CO2 12 H2O
Products: C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2
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Photosynthesis as a Redox Process
Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron flow compared to respiration
Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced
Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the energy boost is provided by light
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Figure 8.UN01
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becomes reduced
becomes oxidized
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
Photosynthesis consists of the light reactions (the photo part) and Calvin cycle (the synthesis part)
The light reactions (in the thylakoids)
Split H2O
Release O2
Reduce the electron acceptor, NADP+, to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by adding a phosphate group, photophosphorylation
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The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
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Animation: Photosynthesis
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Figure 8.5-s1
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Light H2O
NADP+
ADP+
PLIGHTREACTIONS
Thylakoid Stroma
Chloroplast
i
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Figure 8.5-s2
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Light H2O
NADP+
ADP+
PLIGHTREACTIONS
Thylakoid StromaATP
NADPH
ChloroplastO2
i
Figure 8.5-s3
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Light H2O CO2
NADP+
ADP+
PLIGHTREACTIONS
Thylakoid
CALVINCYCLE
StromaATP
NADPH
ChloroplastO2 [CH2O]
(sugar)
i
Concept 8.2: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
Chloroplasts are solar-powered chemical factories
Their thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
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The Nature of Sunlight
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation
Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in rhythmic waves
Wavelength is the distance between crests of waves
Wavelength determines the type of electromagnetic energy
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The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation
Visible light consists of wavelengths (including those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we can see
Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete particles, called photons
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Figure 8.6
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10-5 nm 10-3 nm 1 nm
UV
103 nm 106 nm
1 m
(109 nm) 103 m
Gammarays
X-rays InfraredMicro-waves
Radiowaves
Visible light
380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm
Shorter wavelength
Higher energy
Longer wavelength
Lower energy
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Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
Pigments are substances that absorb visible light
Different pigments absorb different wavelengths
Wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected or transmitted
Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light
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Animation: Light and Pigments
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Figure 8.7
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LightReflectedlight
Chloroplast
Absorbedlight
Granum
Transmittedlight
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A spectrophotometer measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths
This machine sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength
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Figure 8.8
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Technique
Whitelight
Refractingprism
Chlorophyllsolution
Photoelectrictube
Galvanometer
Slit moves topass lightof selectedwavelength.
Greenlight
The high transmittance(low absorption)reading indicates thatchlorophyll absorbsvery little green light.
Bluelight
The low transmittance(high absorption) readingindicates that chlorophyllabsorbs most blue light.
An absorption spectrum is a graph that plots a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis
Accessory pigments include chlorophyll b and a group of pigments called carotenoids
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Figure 8.9-1
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Chloro-phyll a Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
500 600
Wavelength of light (nm)
(a) Absorption spectra
400 700
Ab
so
rpti
on
of
lig
ht
by c
hlo
rop
last
pig
me
nts
An action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process
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Figure 8.9-2
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400
(b) Action spectrum
500 600 700
Ra
te o
fp
ho
tos
yn
the
sis
(me
asu
red
by
O2
rele
as
e)
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The action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in 1883 by Theodor W. Engelmann
In his experiment, he exposed different segments of a filamentous alga to different wavelengths
Areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess O2
He used the growth of aerobic bacteria clustered along the alga as a measure of O2 production
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Figure 8.9-3
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Aerobic bacteriaFilamentof alga
400 500 600 700
(c) Engelmann’s experiment
Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment
Accessory pigments, such as chlorophyll b, broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis
A slight structural difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b causes them to absorb slightly different wavelengths
Accessory pigments called carotenoids absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
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Video: Chlorophyll Model
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Figure 8.10
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CH3
Porphyrin ring:light-absorbing“head” of molecule;note magnesiumatom at center
Hydrocarbon tail:interacts with hydrophobicregions of proteins insidethylakoid membranes ofchloroplasts; H atoms notshown
CH3 in chlorophyll a
CHO in chlorophyll b
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable
When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called fluorescence
If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off light and heat
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Figure 8.11
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e-
En
erg
y o
f ele
ctr
on
Excitedstate
Heat
Photon
Chlorophyllmolecule
Photon(fluorescence)
Groundstate
(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence
Figure 8.11-1
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(b) Fluorescence
A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
The light-harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center
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A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions
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Figure 8.12
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PhotonPhotosystem
Light-harvestingcomplexes
Reaction-centercomplex
STROMA
Primaryelectronacceptor
Th
yla
ko
id m
em
bra
ne
e-
Transferof energy
Pigmentmolecules
Special pair ofchlorophyll amolecules
THYLAKOID SPACE(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
Th
yla
ko
id m
em
bra
ne Chlorophyll (green) STROMA
Proteinsubunits(purple)
(b) Structure of a photosystem
THYLAKOIDSPACE
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
Figure 8.12-1
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PhotonPhotosystem
Light-harvestingcomplexes
Reaction-centercomplex
STROMA
Primaryelectronacceptor
Th
yla
ko
id m
em
bra
ne
e-
Transferof energy
Special pair ofchlorophyll amolecules
Pigmentmolecules
THYLAKOID SPACE(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
20
Figure 8.12-2
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Th
yla
ko
id m
em
bra
ne Chlorophyll (green) STROMA
Proteinsubunits(purple)
(b) Structure of a photosystem
THYLAKOIDSPACE
There are two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane
Photosystem II (PS II) functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is called P680
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Photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called P700
P680 and P700 are nearly identical, but their association with different proteins results in different light-absorbing properties
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Linear Electron Flow
Linear electron flow involves the flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane to produce ATP and NADPH using light energy
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Linear electron flow can be broken down into a series of steps
1. A photon hits a pigment and its energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680
2. An excited electron from P680 is transferred to the primary electron acceptor (we now call it P680+)
3. H2O is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to P680; O2 is released as a by-product
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4. Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I
5. Energy released by the fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane; diffusion of H+ (protons) across the membrane drives ATP synthesis
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6. In PS I (like PS II), transferred light energy excites P700, causing it to lose an electron to an electron acceptor (we now call it P700+)
P700+ accepts an electron passed down from PS II via the electron transport chain
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7. Excited electrons “fall” down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS I to the protein ferredoxin (Fd)
8. The electrons are transferred to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH, and become available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle
This process also removes an H+ from the stroma
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Figure 8.UN02
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H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
CO2
LIGHTREACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
CALVINCYCLE
O2[CH2O] (sugar)
23
Figure 8.13-s1
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Primaryacceptor
P680
Light
Pigmentmolecules
Photosystem II(PS II)
e-
Figure 8.13-s2
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Primaryacceptor
2 H+
+
/2
H2 O
e-
e- P680
Light
Pigmentmolecules
Photosystem II(PS II)
O21
e-
Figure 8.13-s3
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Primaryacceptor
Electrontransportchain
Pq
Cytochromecomplex
Pc
2 H+
+
/2
H2 O
e-
e- P680
Light
ATP
Pigmentmolecules
Photosystem II(PS II)
O21
e-
24
Figure 8.13-s4
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Primaryacceptor
Electrontransportchain
Pq
Cytochromecomplex
Pc
Primaryacceptor
2 H+
+
/2
H2 O
e-
e- P680P700
LightLight
ATP
Pigmentmolecules
Photosystem II(PS II)
Photosystem I(PS I)
O21
e-
e-
Figure 8.13-s5
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Primaryacceptor
Electrontransportchain
Pq
Cytochromecomplex
Pc
Primaryacceptor
2 H+
+
/2
H2 O
Electrontransportchain
Fd NADP+
+ H+
NADP+
reductaseNADPH
e-
e- P680P700
LightLight
ATP
Pigmentmolecules
Photosystem II(PS II)
Photosystem I(PS I)
O21
e-
e-e-e-
The energy changes of electrons during linear flow can be represented in a mechanical analogy
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25
Figure 8.14
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e-
e- e-
e-
Millmakes
ATP
e-
NADPH
e-
e-
ATP
Photosystem II Photosystem I
A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy
Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP
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Spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs between chloroplasts and mitochondria but there are also similarities
Both use the energy generated by an electron transport chain to pump protons (H+) across a membrane against their concentration gradient
Both rely on the diffusion of protons through ATP synthase to drive the synthesis of ATP
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In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix
In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma
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Figure 8.15
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Mitochondrion Chloroplast
Inter-membrane
space
InnermembraneMITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
Matrix
Higher [H+]
Lower [H+]
H+
Electrontransport
chain
ATPsynthase
ADP + P i ATP
Thylakoidspace
Thylakoidmembrane CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Stroma
H+
Diffusion
Figure 8.15-1
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MITOCHONDRIONSTRUCTURE
Inter-membrane
space
Innermembrane
Electrontransport
chain
ATPsynthase
Matrix
Higher [H+]
Lower [H+]
CHLOROPLASTSTRUCTURE
H+
Thylakoidspace
Thylakoidmembrane
Stroma
ADP + P i
H+ATP
Diffusion
27
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH
ATP and NADPH are produced on the side of the thylakoid membrane facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to power the synthesis of sugar from CO2
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Figure 8.UN02
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H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
CO2
LIGHTREACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
CALVINCYCLE
O2[CH2O] (sugar)
Figure 8.16
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CytochromecomplexPhotosystem II
Light 4 H+ Light
Photosystem I
Fd
NADP+
reductase
NADP+ + H+
Pq
H2Oe-
½
NADPH
Pc
4 H+
ToCalvinCycle
THYLAKOID SPACE(high H+ concentration)
+2 H+
Thylakoidmembrane
STROMA(low H+ concentration)
ATPsynthase
ADP+P H+
ATPi
e-
O2
28
Figure 8.16-1
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CytochromecomplexPhotosystem II
Light 4 H+ Light
Photosystem I
Fd
Pq
e-H2O
+2 H+ 4 H+
Pc
THYLAKOID SPACE(high H+ concentration)
O2
Thylakoidmembrane
STROMA(low H+ concentration)
ATPsynthase
ADP+P H+
ATP
i
½
e-
Figure 8.16-2
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Cytochromecomplex Photosystem I
Light
Fd
NADP+
reductase
NADP+ + H+
NADPH
4 H+
Pc
THYLAKOID SPACE(high H+ concentration)
ToCalvinCycle
ATPsynthase
ADP+P i
H+ATP
STROMA(low H+ concentration)
Concept 8.3: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
The Calvin cycle, like the citric acid cycle, regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle
Unlike the citric acid cycle, the Calvin cycle is anabolic
It builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH
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Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P)
For net synthesis of one G3P, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2
The Calvin cycle has three phases
Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
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Figure 8.UN03
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H2O
Light
NADP+
ADP
CO2
LIGHTREACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
CALVINCYCLE
O2 [CH2O] (sugar)
Phase 1, carbon fixation, involves the incorporation of the CO2 molecules into ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP) using the enzyme rubisco
The product is 3-phosphoglycerate
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30
Figure 8.17-s1
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Input:
Rubisco
3 CO2, entering one per cycle
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
3 P
3 P 6 P
RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate
CalvinCycle
P
P
Phase 2, reduction, involves the reduction and phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P
Six ATP and six NADPH are required to produce six molecules of G3P, but only one exits the cycle for use by the cell
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Figure 8.17-s2
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Input:
Rubisco
3 CO2, entering one per cycle
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
3 P
3 P 6 P
RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate 6
6 ADP
ATP
CalvinCycle 6 P P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6
6 P
G3P Phase 2:Reduction
Output:1 P
G3PGlucose andother organiccompounds
P
iP
P
31
Phase 3, regeneration, involves the rearrangement of the five remaining molecules of G3P to regenerate the initial CO2 receptor, RuBP
Three additional ATP are required to power this step
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Figure 8.17-s3
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Input:
Rubisco
3 CO2, entering one per cycle
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
3 P
3 P 6 P
RuBP
3 ADP
3 ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate 6
6 ADP
ATP
CalvinCycle 6 P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6
5 P
Phase 3:Regenerationof RuBP
G3P 6 P
G3P Phase 2:Reduction
Output:1 P
G3PGlucose andother organiccompounds
P
iP
P
P
Evolution of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates
Adaptation to dehydration is a problem for land plants, sometimes requiring trade-offs with other metabolic processes, especially photosynthesis
On hot, dry days, plants close stomata, which conserves H2O but also limits photosynthesis
The closing of stomata reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up
These conditions favor an apparently wasteful process called photorespiration
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In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate)
In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound
Photorespiration decreases photosynthetic output by consuming ATP, O2, and organic fuel and releasing CO2 without producing any ATP or sugar
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Photorespiration may be an evolutionary relic because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2
Photorespiration limits damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle
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C4 Plants
C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into a four-carbon compound
An enzyme in the mesophyll cells has a high affinity for CO2 and can fix carbon even when CO2
concentrations are low
These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
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Figure 8.18a
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Sugarcane
CO2
Mesophyllcell
Organicacid
C4
CO2
Bundle-sheathcell
CalvinCycle
Sugar
(a) Spatial separation of steps
Figure 8.18-1
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Sugarcane
CAM Plants
Some plants, including pineapples and many cacti and succulents, use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon
CAM plants open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids
Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle
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Figure 8.18b
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Pineapple
CO2
CAM
Organicacid
Night
CO2
CalvinCycle
Sugar
(b) Temporal separation of steps
Day
Figure 8.18-2
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Pineapple
The C4 and CAM pathways are similar in that they both incorporate carbon dioxide into organic intermediates before entering the Calvin cycle
In C4 plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in different cells
In CAM plants, these processes occur in the same cells, but at different times of the day
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Figure 8.18
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Sugarcane
CO2
Mesophyllcell
Organicacid
Pineapple
CO2
CAM
Organicacid
Night
C4
CO2
Bundle-sheathcell
CalvinCycle
Sugar
(a) Spatial separation of steps
CO2
CalvinCycle
Sugar
(b) Temporal separation of steps
Day
The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review
The energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets stored as chemical energy in organic compounds
Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize the organic molecules of cells
Plants store excess sugar as starch in the chloroplasts and in structures such as roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits
In addition to food production, photosynthesis produces the O2 in our atmosphere
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Figure 8.19
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O2 CO2
Mesophyllcell
Chloroplast
H2O CO2
H2O
Sucrose(export)
Light
NADP+
LIGHTREACTIONS:Photosystem II
Electron transport chainPhotosystem I
Electron transport chain
ADP+P i
3-Phosphoglycerate
RuBP CALVINCYCLE
G3P
Starch(storage)
ATP
NADPH
O2 Sucrose (export)
CALVIN CYCLE REACTIONS
• Take place in the stroma
• Use ATP and NADPH to convert
CO2 to the sugar G3P
• Return ADP, inorganic phosphate,and NADP+ to the light reactions
LIGHT REACTIONS
• Are carried out by moleculesin the thylakoid membranes
• Convert light energy to the chemicalenergy of ATP and NADPH
• Split H2O and release O2H2O
36
Figure 8.19-1
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H2O
Light
NADP+
CO2
LIGHTREACTIONS:
Photosystem IIElectron transport chain
Photosystem IElectron transport chain
ADP+P i
3-Phosphoglycerate
RuBP CALVINCYCLE
G3P
Starch(storage)
ATP
NADPH
O2 Sucrose (export)
Figure 8.19-2
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LIGHT REACTIONS
• Are carried out by moleculesin the thylakoid membranes
• Convert light energy to the chemicalenergy of ATP and NADPH
• Split H2O and release O2
CALVIN CYCLE REACTIONS
• Take place in the stroma
• Use ATP and NADPH to convertCO2 to the sugar G3P
• Return ADP, inorganic phosphate,and NADP+ to the light reactions
Photosynthesis is one of many important processes conducted by a working plant cell
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37
Figure 8.20
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
MAKE CONNECTIONS: The Working Cell
Nucleus
mRNANuclear
pore
Protein
RibosomemRNA
DNA
Vacuole
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)Protein
in vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma
membrane
Vesicle
forming
Protein
Photosynthesis
in chloroplastCO2
H2OATP
Organic
moleculesCellular respiration
in mitochondrionO2
ATP
ATP
Transport
pump
ATP
Cell wall
H2OCO2
O2
Movement Across Cell Membranes(Chapter 5)
Energy Transformations in the Cell:Photosynthesis and CellularRespiration (Chapters 6-8)
Flow of GeneticInformation in the Cell:DNA → RNA → Protein(Chapters 3–5)
Figure 8.20-1
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nucleus
Nuclearpore
Protein
mRNA
DNA
Proteinin vesicle
Rough endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
RibosomemRNA
Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell:DNA → RNA → Protein (Chapters 3-5)
Figure 8.20-2
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Golgiapparatus
Plasmamembrane
Vesicleforming
Protein
Cell wall
Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell:DNA → RNA → Protein (Chapters 3-5)
38
Figure 8.20-3
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Photosynthesisin chloroplast
CO2
H2O
ATP
Organicmolecules
O2 ATP
ATP
Transportpump
ATP
Cellular respirationin mitochondrion
O2
H2OCO2
Movement Across CellMembranes(Chapter 5)
Energy Transformationsin the Cell: Photosynthesisand Cellular Respiration(Chapters 6-8)
Figure 8.UN04-1
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.UN04-2
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Corn plant surroundedby invasive velvetleafplants
39
Figure 8.UN05
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Primaryacceptor
Primaryacceptor
H2O
O2
Pq
Cytochromecomplex
Pc
Fd
NADP+
reductase
NADP+
+ H+
NADPH
ATPPhotosystem I
Photosystem II
Figure 8.UN06
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3 CO2
Carbon fixation
3 x 5C
CalvinCycle
Regeneration ofCO2 acceptor
5 x 3C
6 x 3C
Reduction
1 G3P (3C)
Figure 8.UN07
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pH 7 pH 4
pH 4 pH 8
ATP
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