personal law and muslim personal law • a … · hindu personal law and muslim personal law - a...

HINDU PERSONAL LAW AND MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW • A COMPARATIVE STUDY

ABSTRACT THESIS

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Boctor of $I)tlos(opIip

Under the Supervision of

Dr. (MUFTI) ZAHID ALI KHAN (Department of Sunni Theology)

DEPARTMENT OF SUNNI THEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2008

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HINDU PERSONAL LAW AND MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW - A COMPARATIVE STUDY

THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Boctor of litlosfoplii IN

/ SUNNI THEOLOGY \

if

BY

KAMAL ASHRAF

Under the Supervision of

Dr. (MUFTI) ZAHID ALI KHAN (Department of Sunni Theology) ^^

DEPARTMENT OF SUNNI THEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2008

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^ i l 3 ^ i c ^ fWA^ic^jii^'yji.^jiA^ici^Ojii^ r rt5j*,U;ii ffV'J^^Ji^l^LiL/^f^,

(51

- ( / i if\S^^ ( Adoption Act) Ji i ^^OK ^^ U L^u^ ^ 1975)

ar

< - J

( j r

6^* &"**'Vlrt L T ^ U'c^ J'-4'i i ^ r - ^ / Z ^ ^ ' ^ t ; ^ ^ > ^ t ^^ ^ ~ c / ^ t i ^ ^

^ c/f- ( Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939)(>rc/L' V i <? r<? j ^ i

6r

:(StateAct)^<Jlr^

:(Waqf Walidating Act, ^9^2y^^^J^3

^<i

^ ^ . L ^ ^ O j i f i !Lttyl?J>Zlc.bj^L^L/^^"w^(b^l^'Yfl9rq^yG•

9 ' > ' / o ^ (Special Marriage Act) "j^T»^y:^ J ^ i ' V M (i r, ^ ^>?;//J'-15*

^ £ .^TI i/i ^ I/. £ u J y (i^i ^ u j / ^ i< J > L: u ' ^ r ^w-^i ( / ( /

t^^ y c* >i *^ ' 1^ /c^9 '-> 1^^' 0^ u t ^ > y ( ^ ' f't/Zl ij J^y ( ' ^

( i ; u ± Zl j y / X i l c'i: ^>^ w ^ ' L / ^ ^ - ^ £ o L £ V ^ c'y 15*L ^

v i / !f^/Ji^yj>C u J y £ j O i i j y i > ^ ^ J lii'i i i - i (^ ^ ^ ^ > ^ b c y IT

^ L/jiJ^Yo^(^LT/jr''^(c^*)7^t3i;>:>>^''a^£.Mr^y^)^t>c{r4-j

t-i^^c^y IT

"'•^[fru^'£o^i^flyb ^JiJ^)£ u J y ^ ^ 0 j:ij\yij>, ^^\h^\}i,Jj.

^ 1

T

c^yi?± J1 jj^^k^-c^ o J^(/^u><^t/)y(/^Zl jy/Lr>t v i J ^

r^j^i:^! I

• •

9 I y

^A

("jiL^J^liM (I)

i U 7 tr I (3 ^o^ c^'I y^>^ u^ U V 1 71 f d ' - f-1'< J ^>'y: < d-^ l'~ > ^ u ^ ^

>?J i l 0 ^ 1 - ^ / i jyr (^ ^ yr (r If (/(Brahamanas); IX.</c/u{r c. i?^'

(i9

(Grammer)t^/L^-r (Kalpa)l^-r (Siksha)L^-i

(Nirukt) c /^y- ^ (Astronomy)JV- ^ (Chandas)^' >^ - ^

~£l^

(Dharma Shastra);^l^(yJ,^ (Dharma Sutra)^^^/^, !

Paras Diwan, Modern Hindu Law, Page 27 to 281

1*

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

u > ^

Jimutavahana

Yajnayawalkia

Mitramisra

Vachaspati Misra

Chandeshwara

Raghu Nandana

Sri Krishna

Devananda Bhatta

Madhavacharya

Nilkantha

5ij\

tbC>

Ji^r

i/^i/:

'/'ci ^^ (>^>c>

tOJ^

b i / j /

ui><o*<y^

LvJfjU'^

X '

wl7 *

Dayabhaga

Mitakshara

Viramitrodaya

Vivada Chintamani

Vivadaratnakarah

Dyatattwa

Dayaramasangraha

Smritichanrika

Prashara Madaviga

Vyavahara Mayakh

i3j\

JWi

s/^.

b:>7^lvj

(/"u^ijiy^

if^jSi^O

i / b

ifyjij

^;?(3/^' l^ji>c^i/iy

Hindu Law, R.K. Agrawal, Page 15, C.L. Publications Allahabad i

- < : : : _

j / y ^ > : ( ^ ( j / X l ^ ^ U - / a ^ J ^ ^ ^ l / ^ L j>^;y c. L ( / ( i ^ J^i ^^

(Local Custom)^(^7:>^-;(3ITii<= J

(ClassCustom)^/!^^;*^^^!^^ .r

(Family Custom)^'^v-jj^-/(3U'l^ . r

- > f

Modern Hindu Law, Paras Diwan, Page 45 to 46, Law Agency, Allahabad 1

i r

(Modern Sources)JI L>^>if

^cJU^'^^ J>Jr^'Equity and good conscience .(

j^ Precedent . r

(jJUc^y or Legislation . f

(Equity and Good Conscience)c;U^ii J>«f Jr <

c^~yr^^ J-^'>^iLf(/'c/>^''^'>^'^t-lf Ltef^v^c^.jl^T^C^U^i)^^

y c^vc^Jy^O^i^j ^J>j>l> t fa^/ t~If /J^yJ^ ^ ( y J>? t^ c^^y^il J f / ' '

(yt;iU^lJj^^)ci^)-t'j<

> (^^ If if"J^^/J:. L \Soi (XiX'^ ?^:^\)^Li)^d^ IT J / r ^ iTl^i / l ' '

(Precedent)>/ .r

^J'JI U>y/^ Jy^^ I^Precedent>^(Straedecisis(/Jx j^f^j^j S^^

Hindu Law R.K. Agrawal Page 20 to 21, C.L. Publications Allahabad i.

^^

I

(Legislation)JJU'c:^yir.r

- ^ (ivL)^ c^ c^. J v U C^yb*"^/' ^ ^ 0^ ^ U - l <:^ c^. \jt 'i^^, <L ^

1- Caste disabilities removal Act, 1850

2- Hindu widows remarriage Act 1856

3-Hindu wills Act, 1970

4- Hindu transfer of bequest Act, 1914

5- Child marriage restraint Act, 1929

6- Hindu gains of learning Act, 1930

7- Hindu inheritance (removal of disaibilities) Act, 1928

8- Hindu Law of inheritance (amendment) Act, 1928

9- Hindu women's right to property Act, 1937

10- Arya marriage validation Act, 1937

11- Hindu women's right to separate maintenance and residence Act, 1946

12- Hindu marriage (removal of disabilities) Act, 1946

13- Hindu marriage validity Act, 1949

/ j y v / ( J J I o^ i ^^ Hindu wonnen's right to property Act, 1 9 3 7 ^ ^ > 7

Modern Hindu Law, Paras Diwan, Page 47 to 48, Law Agency Allahabad I

Modern Hindu Law, Paras Diwan, Page 48 to 49, Law Agency Allahabad J,

i r

Hindu > fHindu Marriage Act, 1955. :5^T^-) i?^c;yb" |^)>U^D^^ '

Adoption and Maintenance Act, 'The Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956v^M956

i f>0 i_ (y 6 ^ ii>y ( / ^ I c/? (>f 1 K I ( ^ u :j A ^ *L If 0 Zl (jrTi c )

1(5

(Islamic Sources))^iLiJii^^<^/(^0

Ju>^i(i) dL^'(^) oTuCr) ^U ( ( r ) o ^ ( r ) ^ o ' ' ' / ( 0

/^>U^'^y^y/l/t^»^^3i^>^-5A>>^>L^'>^'-^/i^J^I^L^L^

>; i>JP> ic^ irc^ybViJ ''-'>^J>tj >v>y|> i>i( J V J ^ J T /

3 1 J'L-iirVy'''i'^(/'A(/»(i->t-i^(ilJ^'-^=!: IAS; / , jy f j^ l J_

1 ^

,o{r 4^c/!? /l^/J/J\^ E- Jt (fij LT (Precedent)/

1A

1 9

Cols' ^\j tUJb "jj ^ j ^ l ^ jUP'^b J-^l l^ ^ ^ ' i ^ ' ^ J ^ ^ 1 ^ U 3 _ « J i j

r>\J'0=^^^L ^j2^i>JJ^i}ii}J^.\j^.j^&r^it

L"

r

r ^ ,' - .

•^,^^/^L-r.^.Ucr.^o^/Ljyc^

rr^J ,Li (r r^v'^'i^T f^i/'LiJi^ c^'J^CyrV/'fiV'/^L/^i/^t-^Ju^i^i

^1

Lr

(Hindu Marriage) b^^^^iO)

^ r^ » A J d?-' J ! ^ ^ r/^ J > i ' C V i / if 6^ ' >r " ^ -^ i - U- ^ V

Jl-Sij/jtiS',f\/l cf ( / ^ ^ / / / f Jfij^i J^^ i u ' f> L i ( ' L - / J /

I)

l^

^r

LT^'^-'^! L^T't^^A ' ^ Jvj>/L5>i Uv tf lii ^ ^ 6'^-'''! ^ i5tL•

(Hindu Marriage Act 1955 (5) (iii)

(iii) the bridegroom has completed the age of twenty-one years

and the bride the age of eighteen years at the time of marriage;

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.3, C.L. Publication Allahabad^

^r

. ^ b-^^ 61^^; ! ^LT^ .^ J>> Uy cj:! i ^ / i c ; ^ ^ J ; li L5>C: u^ LTJ ^ L i ^

<;^^4 / u c/^-^^^ (-V ^ ^ 6 ' ^ ^ "! ^ If L i'if'^^^-^^ ^^^ ( i ^> i ^ ^ / ^ ^"^' Lt

^ ^ i ; Jt ^ ^ ^ J ^ u ^ , >-> L^i J y y i ; (X'/^ ^ f ^ j ^ J x ' r '^ J= i5"^

j>UI / l->f l/^^^- ( ^ i _ / ^ f i ^ ; ! y >> . ^ l ' t i^ (J^>Ij^^Zly:r-^IL^^

- : ^ l i . ; i ^ ( ( j X ) ( J ^ i ; i j

y:j>^u^>ii^ t-/Jic^)j ircTy'yrr'o^ 6'^^v'/^ J 'li J'-i^^^'/i-'-*e ^ r ^ ^

The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 5 (ii)

(ii) at the time of the marriage, neither party -

(a) is incapable of giving a valid consent to it in consequence of

unsoundness of mind; or

(b) though capable of giving a valid consent, has been suffering from

mental disorder of such a kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for

marriage and the procreation of children; or

(c) has been subject to recurrent attacks of insanity.

Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 12 (1)

Voidable Marriages - (1) Any marrige solemnized, whether before or

after the commencement of this act, shall be voidable and may be an

ulled by a decree of nullity on any of the following grounds, namely -

(a) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the

impotence of the respondent; or

(b) that the marriage is in contravention of the condition specified in

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.3, C.L. Publication Allahabad!

^ 1

clause (ii) of Section 5; or

(c) that the consent of the petitioner, or where the consent of the

guardian in marriage of the petitioner, the consent of such guardian was

obtained by force;

(d) that the respondent was at the time of the marriage pregnant by

some person other than the petitioner.

-:(Polygamy) ^hjjhjJ^

The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 5 (i)

(i) neither party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage.

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.5, C.L. Publication Allaiiabadi.

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.3, C.L. Publication Allahabad r

LL

The Hindu Widows Re-Marriage Act 1856

"The remarriage of widows had been validated and legalised by the

HINDU WIDOWS REMARRIAGE ACT 1856. It is valid and legal under

the provision of HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955" (R.K. AGARWAL p. 101)

The Hindu vii (} 0^1856 i ^ ^ ^ ^ c^Jlf I ( / J J L ? 6/>i ^^^^ >^^

* - , ^ L T / J - J ^ \ S / i i ^ j ^ i i i ^ 'j^^jj\}y./o;If <(/(i-Marriage Act 1955

Hindu Law, p.101, R.K. Agarwal, Law Agency^ 0>>sJ'Ar'j',^_ '^/;\r.^^.^l^jy \_^

?^

r

LS

.r.

i/)oLl/.i^«o.;/</l:«:jy^LJ|yj5r Ctr.(i>tJ?>,^^\,0\^Jc,l_ '^-L,^>('^i^jj>.^, \^

^^^

" ^ >T t IV iL £ ^^ J C* IJ Lf > d ' i^--L ^ i T ^ / t / ^ ^'/

t /^-^ tr U Lit ± ^ ^ J c ' ' j ^ LT-^/VU^'^^ ' '^ fe^c^'^ ( / ^ - ^ V l ^ ^ ' ^ d '

A*

^ 1 j ; i>? Zl ^'vi I £^ I. j j ^ j/y u^> e f t LT * (> ^ ^ i^ /^ '^^ ; ' / '

Al

c^ i< j> (/J^L> ir/uro5 (^ J1)^^ J^f ^7-iA,-/j »> u> ^(^i/'/b>'7<L

4^

Ar

' -a

•^-*^ t-^ ( ^ 6 6 ' ^ ^ < J^ ^^-y^c^ I

nr^/iA^.^.j^Uj'O^^^ n./ii^LZ-j^

Ar

(Divorce)(JlJii^

J.7 LTL^ C^ U L j> i 7 ^ y > 6'^^ t:f' '-i^ i ^ y > J 1 ^ ^ J>^ ^> iTy: J ^ y ^ / ^ I > 1/

The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 13 (i)

Divorce - (1) Any marriage solemnized, wiiether before or after ttie

commencement of this Act, may, on a petition presented by either the

husband or the wife, by dissolved by a decree of divorce on the ground

that the other party -

(i) has, after the solemnisation of the marriage, had voluntary sexual

intercourse with any person other than his or her spouse; or

(ia) has, after the solemnisation of the marriage, treated the petitioner

with cruelty; or

(ib) has deserted the petitioner for a continuous period of not less than

two years immediatelt preceding the presentation of the petition; or

(ii)has ceased to be Hindu by conversion to another religion; or

(iii) has been incurably of unsound mind, or lias been suffering

continuously or intermittently from mental disorder of such a kind and to

such an extent that the petitioner cannot reasonably by expected to live

with the respondent.

(iv) has been suffering from a virulent and incurable form of leprosy; or

(v) has been suffering from venereal disease in a communicable form; or

(vi) has renounced the world by entering any religious order; or

(vii) has not been heard of as being alive for a period of seven years or

more by those persons who would naturally have heard of it, has that

party been alive.

U >i L >f J>f 4 j ^ A ct u I J J l> L^ J / / ^ c:^ Ui L T ^ L o I ^ cT^a'

- ty.^^y 1 t ^ c T ^ jt cC^/( i)

*

->r ^ l iJ^U LTC Leprosy)^ j / / j y / i / ^ o^ / ( iv)

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.6-7, C.L. Publications Allahabad!

Ai i

( Maintenance) >^i d t

For Hindu Undevide Family: Act Amended

L)jl/y^jljJ^}C)t Ji^tJj^Uj jh^jlji/\^ j:f)iUli Jiff cJl

The Hindu Maintenance Act 1956 Section 21

21. Dependants Defined - For the purposes of this Chapter

"dependants" mean the following relatives of the deceased:

(i) his or her father;

(ii) his or her mother;

(iii) his wodow, so long as she does not re-marry;

(iv) his or her son or the sone of this pre-deceased son or the son of a

pre-deceased son of his pre-deceased son, so long as he is a minor;

provided and to the extent that he is unable to obtain maintenance, in

the case of a grandson from his father's or mother's estate, and in the

A 1

case of a great-grandson, from the estate of his father or mother or

father's father or father's mother;

(v) his or her unmarried daughter, or the unmarried daughter of his

pre-deceased son or the unmarried daughter of a pre-deceased son of

his pre-deceased son, so long as she remains unmarried; provided and

to the extent that she is unable to obtain maintenance in the case of a

granddaughter from her father's or mother's estate and in the case of a

great-grandduaghter from the estate of her father or mother or father's

father or father's mother;

(vi) his widowed daughter: provided and to the extent that she is unable

to obtain maintenance -

(a) from the estate of her husband; or

(b) from her son or daughter, if any, or his or her estate; or

(c) from her father-in-law or his father or the estate of either of them;

(vii) any widow of his son or of a son of his pre-deceased son, so long

as she does not remarry : provided and to the extent that she is unable

to obtain maintenance from her husband's estate, or from her son or

daughter, if any, or his or her estate; or in the case of a grandson's

widow, also from her father-in-law's estate;

'>f K> >7 J li> I U'J ) >;j n J b r ( / ) . fy y U>f ^ / ^ I g ' l / i ^ fy L e;t ^ ^ li i _ / ( r ' )

SL

~y:\^j {jzJt c-~^i

£ w L ^ ' 5 J w > ( / » r . ( A ) , >f 5, b J ; I i / 1 ^ . ^ (j^ ( ^ ) >: ^ L J r ^ ^ i;* ( 1 )

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.40, C.L. Publications, Allahabad i .

AA

M

The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act Section 18(3) Maintenance of Wife - (3) A Hindu wife shall not be entitled to

separtae residence and maintenance from her husband if she is

unchaste or ceases to be a Hindu by conversion to another religion.

A9

•^- 0^ I , If J""); J i ^ ^ 5 jc-

, i j i _ If >f J> i j ^ J (j y iTcfv ( j ^ J J li^ IM ( j ^ 4 1 ^ * ^ L/'-^

^ r i L 7 : > l i / ^ l f > r t f > b ^ J j y i r J v b ^ j j D f ) 5 i y > f c . ^ l j | > r ^ U ^ < > ^ ^ i ^ / ^

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.39, C.L. Publications AllahabdJ,

9*

ii U^/o^l/>7^ Jv b^ J (/^^ C t £ t / l ^ i J'f'li (Zl7-1^(VJ y>r l J /

rMj.rci^.j^j/jL:^Ji,fii^f\i..ji,^y_l nrt/,n^,^v/jLi3^y^b.jLg:i

91

The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act Section 20(2)

Maintenance of Children and Aged Parents - (2) A legitimate or

illegitimate child may claim maintenance from his or her father or mother

so long as the child is a minor.

The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act

Section 18(2) Maintenance of Wife - (2) A Hindu wife shall be entitled to live

separately from her husband without forfeiting her claim to maintenance-

(a) if he is guilty of desertion, that is to say, of abandoning her without

reasonable cause and without her consent or against her wish, or of

wilfully nelecting her;

(b) if he has treated her with such cruely as to cause a reasonable

apprehension in her mind that it will be harmful or injurious to live with

her husband;

(c) if he is suffering fronm a virulent form of leprosy;

(d) if he has any other wife living;

(e) if he keeps, a concubine in the same house in which his wife is living

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.39-40, C.L. Publications Allahabad J,

or habitually resides with a concubine elsewhere;

(f) if he has ceased to be a Hindu by conversion to another religion;

(g) if there is any other cause justifying her living separately.

^ U>7 Jy Ir. (/(Virulent LeprosyV j/i/, - t ( ^ )

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.39, C.L. Publications Allahabad!

X ^ c: If L/J u) (^ (v (i>*i c t (^ c. v ^ ( / l ^ >f 9 4 ; j >t T J"

(ii(^)->r(ii/i/LZlc^iJli:(r)_JiB'(J^.(r).Jliri^(r)-/r^^i/lf(i)

/ l / ' i / ^ ( A ) > f / j y l , x - ^ c f i r ( ^ ) _ > f b - U j ' L ^ ^ ) J l i > ( i ) t ^ ^ ^ j i / l f / L '

^ y > J l> If tt I C ^ ^ > LTW L ^ ^ I j / ^ L J O ^ ^ U ( A A1J^. I > ; : ^ ) J / j ^

--<^c:^>u^;)y(jr>*.c'ti:j^.^j^Lriyri^

i^)

uri/->r(j^If LTJ^^J J l £ I f L O > I*J>)J^JyJ(> If^IJrc^^j-l^fC^>7^1£:-|r>'j

^ > ^ C t utc^jy^S(<^Sj '>" If f^^J^/^.-yi^ ^\S^i c) LV J1/ If J - l / ^

'^- ^ If JV^LT^ W/I J r ^

<\Ci

V<i 6' v/Jlu^b><JgS: ,'t:J'i>'i>/r rci\J',\r^.),pi/'-„i^,^„^\^,,\::-/j>/ji

11

(Adoption) -^rr

<\L

The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956 Section No.11 (6)

(vi) the child to be adopted must be actually given and taken in adoption

by the parents or guardian concerned or under their authority with intent

to transfer the child from the family of its birth [or in the case of an

adbandoned child or a child whose parentage is not known, from the

pace or family, where it has been brought up] to the family of its

adoption:

Provided that the performance of datta homam shall not be essential to

the validity of adoption.

f ^ jT j^ i I . u^J t> If U j : : c ^ t b. J^/^ t/'X fe'^ L uTI u^ Section No. 11 (6)

C ^ ^ jfj^y^- £ c . ; UI LT Court of Wards J i ?^^jti \/S Court of Wards

r

>n*

The Hindu Adoption and IVIanitenance Act 1956 Section No.8 8. Capacity of a female Hindu to take in adoption - Any female Hindu -

(a) who is of sound mind,

(b) who is not a minor, and

(c) who is not married, or if married whose marriage has been dissoved

or whose husband is dead or has completely and finally renounced the

world or has ceased to be a Hindu or has been declared by a court of

competent jurisdiction to be of unsound mind,

has the capacity to take a son or daughter in adoption.

i/'}Al^:>'^*J''J'ir^Ji>^;>'\>f/')ti Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.37, C.L. Publication Aliahabadl

^q

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.35, C.L. Publication Allahabad!

c)^) ii/j^'iC'd'5^viI ^U>f Jjl>(/2l 'jfsytihiitic^j\ii^L 'JjS^A^

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.8 (C)

(c) who is not married, or if married whose marriage has been dissoved

or whose husband is dead or has completely and finally renounced the

world or has ceased to be a Hindu or has been declared by a court of

competent jurisdiction to be of unsound mind, has the capacity to take a

son or daughter in adoption.

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.35, C.L. Publication AllaJiabad^ r'^/\ij''i{y'(^'d^/f'b:jh l

c/)/. (/2_ o^J^^ ^^'if' LT"^-Jiiyi^»^ J>f c^^ J ^ ^ ( i^^ ^;ui LTS^

i L y If t j j t / ( - ^ L i _ j ^ / ^ V l l/sJC- if'J^ o ^ J ' ^ •> L c . ; If I t V l T

^ ^ ^ y y > i; j : t >W L 5 ^ / ^ J ^ ^ LT 15 jr-/• - ^ 6 U * < J'-1?^ iji^f'v^ ^> ^ ^

)*r

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.9(1) Persons capable of giving In adoption - (1) No person except the

father or mother or the guardian of a child shall habe the capacity to give

the child in adoption.

; u 2^ J c/c^~^ X>y i l (/If»

• ^ - j K r ) j i ( r ) ^ L ( i )

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabad r

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.9 (2) (2) Subject to the provisions of [sub-section (3) and sub-section (4)] the

father, if alive, shall alone have the right to give in adoption, but such

right shall not be exercised save with the consent of the mother unless

the mother has completely and finally renounced the world or has

ceased to be a Hindu or has been declared by a court of competent

jurisdiction to be of unsound mind.

J ; t l ( i > c > U v L f u l ^ C ^ < L ^ j ^ L / ^ o ^ U i ( / c . L u r ' c ^ S e c t i o n 9 (2)

Section No. 9 (3) (3) The mother may give the child in adoption if the father is dead or has

completely and finally renounced the world or has ceased to be a Hindu

or has been declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be of

unsound mind.

: ^ t / ^ JL^c.>:^-'^/((^o^"y^.UlJ:Lci^U;.Jc.t 0 1 o^ Section 9 (3)

^ / i ^ytiifj} ^J, >J I ( r )_^ l / ^ U J( J S t- ( r ) _>: i / ^ J ' l ^ I / ( ( I )

Section No. 9 (4) (4) Where both the father and mother are dead or have completely and

finally renounced the world or have abandoned the child or have been

declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be of unsound mind or

where the parentage of the child is not known, the guardian of the child

may give the child in adoption with the previous permission of the court

to any person including the guardian himself.

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabad 1

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabadi

^ ) jt ^ ^ ^L ^j/i/U 6 >/'^ ^ U^ J"^ L a ' o^ Section 9 (4)

^^O^^^cf ^>

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabad J,

>r (j" > y Au^ I . J ^ ^ J > t /c; U'i; J^b li i I cfu I y>f ^ >T 5,1:, ; I ^ t / ^ u U cT

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.10 10. Persons who may be adopted - No person shall be capable of

being taken in adoption unless the following conditions are fulfilled,

namely:

(i) he or she is a Hindu;

(11) he ir she has not already been adopted;

(iii) he or she has not been married, unless there is a custom or usage

applicable to the parties which permits persons who are married being

taken in adoption;

(iv) he or she has not completed the age of fifteen years, unless there is

a custom or usage applicable to the parties which permits persons who

have completed the age of fifteen years being taken in adoption.

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956

J^)j!^'Utfi}}\>t,\^tyijt.zJ^tii^/^i/j:^^[J\j:Sec\:\on No.11 (6)

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36-37, C.L. Publication A\\ahabadI c'^vll^<<^rj^JCr-Jlr'';>-[>('/'ji

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, C.L, Publication Allahabad r

1*1

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956

{/^'^nJ^i/<^^f:^^j:>i/\^j:f{S'<^fJli^f^'jf)Section No.11 (6)

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.37, C.L. Publication i rA(j(/<ri^,yyy^(/i->(/iy>if'k-.J^J^;^ j_

( • ^

'^Jl^lr J»\.'hje'^'S>J''jit^:^Jy'y\i'<^f,r_ ij'<rr^,j-tjj..j'.j}fii.,i^il_,^jii

\»<^

i^i yf,:i/\fCJ'J^^^ i i ^ ^ ^ j!- (/VZ 'LT^SJC- .^i\fi y(^^tJ^^L

Jljt />;S'JC' ^cfi{jy^^dr^ ^. J^jt cv^L^I-LT^If >f S^}^S>^'

y *

£a^r^/j^uj^r^4ii^L^y£^i^Lr^z:.u>^ij>r^~.^(i)

i

The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.7 & 8

This Act made the following changes in the law relating to adoption:-

(1) A female also may be adopted (Section 7 and 8)

Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.184, Central Law Agency, AllahabadJl r<\rJ'Mjj,j\j^,i)\jf!^\i.ji^

i i r

(Guardianship)

y ^ O * ) ^ J U n C/L L-y>r t f i j (j:! j i / ( / ( C o u r t of Warcls);i>ij w3Tj .v/ j i>>

The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 Section 4 (a)

(a)"minor" means a person who has not complete the age of eighteen

years;

tyt/^/f^ J U IA J iji. ( r ( Minor) {fi f / ^ c:^ U'i cfc. L t / ' o^ J^J^

J^U-y>: i ^ y / ' j j ) ^ 4^7 J ^ J ^ ^ / j ^ ^ d ' / ' - L T ^ If ( i t i / ' J u IA (Minor i ty )

/ T h e Hindu Minority and Guardianship jtjj^i

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.29, C.L. Publication Allahabad i r . i j ' ,N^,^>-Vf ' l^>-^k*,

i i r

The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 Section 4 (b)

(b) "guardian" means a person having the care of the person of a minor

or of his property or of both his person and property, and includes -

(i) a natural guardian

(ii) a guardian appointed by the will of the minor's father or mother.

(iii) a guardian appointed or declared by a court, and

(iv) a person empowered to act as such by or under any enactment

relating to any Court of Wards.

6)/^^ w J ^ e'(Guardianship)vi<li^/^ c ^ U ^ L T ^ \ ^ ^ \ J ' i / ^ J '

'''->? UC/ 'J i i , (Court of Wards) c^ <> cf(J4^ ('^ )

Z l ^^A^^ ( ( i i ) ^ i ^ I ^ b j ; ! j / ^ . - t f ^ fji U ^ / J \> ^ Ix^iJ c^ i - 1 ^ ^ jjrf:

^i>c/<r^oLTji,jiYk:(jl^/i: Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.29, C.L Publication AllahabadJ,

^ I M y>r^ c fw^ i ^ ) ^ ^ U l v i l ^ t->7 ^ ^ L ^ C)l->: ^ t- r L ' . ^ i S'UJ^--0>^

- * j ^ l/> l ^ I i ^ U I LTC (^ i j ^ /

, i f ^ L^u^b/Uj(-u^ j y ^ ^ J ^ J f f>y i^ L;^JiZ_ W^ fc^ j ' i ; J i ^ ( j ^ i

i) j ^ ^ . U l/t/1 ^ )> y>r L J j)€'tL. 2 l Jji^J L

I l l

(Stridhana)c/j(i7^i

The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Section 14 (1) 14. Property of female Hindu to be her absolute property - (1) Any

property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after

the commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof

and not as a limited owner. In this sub-section, "property" includes both

movable and immovable property acquired by a female Hindu by

inheritance, or devise, or at a partition, or in lieu of maintenance or

arrears of maintenance, or by her own skill or exertion, or by purchase of

by prescription, or in any other manner whatsoever, and also any such

property held by her as stridhana immediately before the

commencement of this Act.

^ Act ^ < ^ U i/>r ^ L J^ ( / J I C l ^ / j A / ^ c^^ Ui (/c. L (/I ^ cT^c^l

I, ^ • I • • • •

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.22-23, C.L. Publication Allahabad r

\\c

: f-/iTf^^Ii J JL^ ifc/ ^ JT^ ' O! > (J/"-*j^' J IJ^'X^

, ^U>?>^ Uvy i _ ^ j L / , i ^ ' ^ ^ » 5 / ^ I f l i^^u^/uTl/ j '> '>r Jl> If M ( I)

• ' ^ - ^ i f ^ f v i ^ U v - i L ^ l . i f

r i j r^^,rA(^<jt^,i/Y'^Jt^r '^iA;/,r<s5,oLTji.LfYt=-^^X '^^^J'^^b'^^'J-J'c^J^jA L

119

X >r ij^i (t)^ If ij V"

S^hjji c^uf^}/iZ^ J^'-^ -> 4- ^^i/j J^if"' J '/If ^ ^ t/!?

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The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Section 15 (1)

15. General rules of succession in the case of female Hindus -

(a) firstly, upon the sons and daughters (including the children or any

pre-deceased son or daughter) and the husband;

(b) secondly, upon the heirs of the husband;

(c) thirdly, upon the mother and father;

(d) fourthly, upon the heirs of the father; and

(e) lastly, upon the heirs of the mother.

/j)jhj>jjly:y'^^h^/j}i//:r'tC{jh^/ ( w )

/ j^v ( ;> vZl J f i i i l J ( < L / ( ^ )

• • • ^ *

Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.23, C.L. Publication Allahabad I

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(Wllls)c^i

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'*^ j i ^v 4:; 5> i r i l / > L^^ i/if/(;)<>• i; d 1^ '-^ >^ *^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ c ; ' - / / ^ /

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ij >f c< Lv > ^ > y c^^ L5 I c^^ t / ^ J L; c^J J. lii j'1^ I 7-1? ZJ

What property may be disposed of by will? - Under the pure Hindu

Law, a Hindu could not by will bequeath property which he could not

have alienated by gift inter vivos nor can he by will so dispose of his

property as to defeat the legal right of his wife or any other person to

maintenance. (R.K. Agarwal, p.378)

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R.K. Agarwal , ) " - - L / ^ ^ V - J l i - ^ > i f ^:>^i y ^ f - .=^J) .::^)^/i^\^ y ^.^/^

p.379)

Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.378, Central Law Agency Allahabad J

Hindu Law, R.K. Aganwal, p.379, Central Law Agency Allahabad^

i n

(Inheritance) b:: Oi

,r-A r j ^ i ( i > j^yy^ \f')^hi(ki ^ - ^ ^ Z , r ? c ^ v b ^ U ^ ( ^ y y ^ ^ (

^ ^^ L ^( i^^: j ) >f r i^ A~ ^ 6 i^d ' t-y L tt ^^ u^'y^jirr* t-y n:> i^- iL^ ic5^

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/ j i i i lJ 'c^»y(J>?>i .y l iZ l j l /U iL*^o^)y^>:c .yZl j< / l f^ l j7T^

- ^ > : u ^ U i J ^ ^ ( > L . J ' l / j L y y v ^ l ^ A i L ^ U ^ I y i _ > z ^ ^ b Z l u r i /

The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 20

Right of Child in Womb- A child who was in the womb at the time of the

death of an intestate, and who is subsequently born alive shall have the

same right to inherit to the intestate as if he or she had been born before

the death of the intestate, and the inheritance shall be deemed to vest in

such a case with effect from the death of the intestate.

tji^L / > L ^ j i / i f y i_>f ^ > 2 l u^iy>f /j ^//^d^^^^[ ^;i{Sh/\

Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.24, C.L.Publications, Allahabad!

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: (J j ^ C ifjjj ff J I ; i i ^ u/ ' l w ^

j O^>r J ^ l?y ^ I i ^ I ^ / i l ^ l> I / , kt J'j b> 17^I y ^ / J 1>^ u ^ i>> t/^

J / j j y <L>f c^y^ 5j 4^0^l ^^ J^ j x ; IT ^LC * L^ lAy>7 J ^ iTy ,J2>.^ (5JJJ j /

Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.280, C.L. Publicationsil ArAj1r')5,<^-y//U(-k,j>-('iyj^

Allahabad

Unchastity of a female heir also is no disqualification under this Act.

(Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.280)

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•^-^^^^('^^^l^^wL^n>t^Jl^^Jic.vJ^-'L5:!'y^u>rc.y

bS Oi (i^ </If f<r (/1? t

-^^^rBjU^jric^i^^i/^t/^ji/WL^iJyj) ( ^ )

i r r

(ju cf(^*ji> i i t Aj^t^^^t-S^ ± ^ uy /^ t-1 LC L> 1^ A ^ (ji^

y^^ J>> I wTi J / ^ j : ! j y »• (^iLj^-if-^i J^> iy:>> j ^ ^ ^ (1)

i r r

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, ^ ^ U JK y ?y> M * ^ / l / d . V I) I : j / ir ^ ^3 L r ( i ^ > / » J ^ / ^ L^^ i ^ ^ I

• - O^ J /u^ '/^>^- j fe' f/^ tV -^^

The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 28

Disease, defect, etc. not to disqualify - No person shall be disqualified

from succeeding to any property on the ground of any disease, defect or

deformity, or save as provided in this Act, on any other ground

whatsoever.

Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.26, C.LPublications, Allahabad^

irr

The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 25

Murderer Disqualified - A person who commits murder or abets the

commission of murder shall be disqualified from inheriting the property of

the person murdered, or any other property in furtherance of the

succession to which he or she committed or abetted the commission of

the murder.

_ | | - A 5 / ' . I »

The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 26

Convert's descendants disqualified - Where, before or after the

commencement of this Act, a Hindu has ceased or ceases to be a Hindu

by conversion to another religion, children born to him or her after such

conversion and their descendants shall be disqualified from inheriting the

Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.25, C.L.Publications, Allahabad £

property of any of their Hindu relatives, unless such children or

descendants are Hindus at the time when the succession opens.

Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.25, C.L.Publications, Allahabad J,

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English Books

Hindu Law R.K. Agarwal C.L. Agency . 30-D/l, Motilal Nehru Road, Allahabad

Modern Hindu Law Paras Diwan, Law Agency, Mathura Road, Faridabad

Muslim Li>ws Bare Act 2006 Universal Law Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Hindu Laws Bare Act 2006 Universal Law Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Hindu Bare Act 2008 C.L. Publications 107, Darbhanga Colony, Allahabad

Hindu Code Dr. Hari Singh Gour Law Publishers-Sardar Palel Marg Allahabad

Hindu Law of Marriage and Divorce Dr. Hari Singh Gour Law Publishers-Sardar Patel

Marg Allahabad

Introduction to Modern Hindu Law J. Duncan M. Derret Oxford University

Press-1963

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics James Hastings, New York, Vol. 13

A dictionary of Comparative Religion S.O.F. Brandon MA DO WEIDENFELD

and NICOLSON, 5 Winsley Street London Wl Vol.1

IVIuslim Law Syed Khaiid Rashid Eastern Book Company, Lucknow 2004

ly/lohammedon Law Aqil Ahmad Revised by: Prof. I.A. Khan, C.L. Agency,

Allahabad

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rri

Hindu Vidhi

Hindu Vidhi

Hindu Vidhi

2007

Adhunil( Hindu Vidhi

Allahabad

R.K. Agawal C.L. Agency, 30-D/l, Motilal Nehru Road, Allahabad

Kamlesh Shukia C.L. Agency , 30-D/l, Motilal Nehru Road, Allahabad

Dr. U.P.D. Kesari C.L. Publications , 107, Darbhanga Colony, Allahabad,

Paras Diwan, Law Agency Publications, 10 Sir P.C.C. Banerjee Road,