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HINDU PERSONAL LAW AND MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW • A COMPARATIVE STUDY
ABSTRACT THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Boctor of $I)tlos(opIip
Under the Supervision of
Dr. (MUFTI) ZAHID ALI KHAN (Department of Sunni Theology)
DEPARTMENT OF SUNNI THEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
2008
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HINDU PERSONAL LAW AND MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW - A COMPARATIVE STUDY
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Boctor of litlosfoplii IN
/ SUNNI THEOLOGY \
if
BY
KAMAL ASHRAF
Under the Supervision of
Dr. (MUFTI) ZAHID ALI KHAN (Department of Sunni Theology) ^^
DEPARTMENT OF SUNNI THEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
2008
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^ i l 3 ^ i c ^ fWA^ic^jii^'yji.^jiA^ici^Ojii^ r rt5j*,U;ii ffV'J^^Ji^l^LiL/^f^,
(51
- ( / i if\S^^ ( Adoption Act) Ji i ^^OK ^^ U L^u^ ^ 1975)
ar
< - J
( j r
6^* &"**'Vlrt L T ^ U'c^ J'-4'i i ^ r - ^ / Z ^ ^ ' ^ t ; ^ ^ > ^ t ^^ ^ ~ c / ^ t i ^ ^
^ c/f- ( Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939)(>rc/L' V i <? r<? j ^ i
6r
:(StateAct)^<Jlr^
:(Waqf Walidating Act, ^9^2y^^^J^3
^<i
^ ^ . L ^ ^ O j i f i !Lttyl?J>Zlc.bj^L^L/^^"w^(b^l^'Yfl9rq^yG•
9 ' > ' / o ^ (Special Marriage Act) "j^T»^y:^ J ^ i ' V M (i r, ^ ^>?;//J'-15*
^ £ .^TI i/i ^ I/. £ u J y (i^i ^ u j / ^ i< J > L: u ' ^ r ^w-^i ( / ( /
t^^ y c* >i *^ ' 1^ /c^9 '-> 1^^' 0^ u t ^ > y ( ^ ' f't/Zl ij J^y ( ' ^
( i ; u ± Zl j y / X i l c'i: ^>^ w ^ ' L / ^ ^ - ^ £ o L £ V ^ c'y 15*L ^
v i / !f^/Ji^yj>C u J y £ j O i i j y i > ^ ^ J lii'i i i - i (^ ^ ^ ^ > ^ b c y IT
^ L/jiJ^Yo^(^LT/jr''^(c^*)7^t3i;>:>>^''a^£.Mr^y^)^t>c{r4-j
t-i^^c^y IT
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c^yi?± J1 jj^^k^-c^ o J^(/^u><^t/)y(/^Zl jy/Lr>t v i J ^
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i U 7 tr I (3 ^o^ c^'I y^>^ u^ U V 1 71 f d ' - f-1'< J ^>'y: < d-^ l'~ > ^ u ^ ^
>?J i l 0 ^ 1 - ^ / i jyr (^ ^ yr (r If (/(Brahamanas); IX.</c/u{r c. i?^'
(i9
(Grammer)t^/L^-r (Kalpa)l^-r (Siksha)L^-i
(Nirukt) c /^y- ^ (Astronomy)JV- ^ (Chandas)^' >^ - ^
~£l^
(Dharma Shastra);^l^(yJ,^ (Dharma Sutra)^^^/^, !
Paras Diwan, Modern Hindu Law, Page 27 to 281
1*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
u > ^
Jimutavahana
Yajnayawalkia
Mitramisra
Vachaspati Misra
Chandeshwara
Raghu Nandana
Sri Krishna
Devananda Bhatta
Madhavacharya
Nilkantha
5ij\
tbC>
Ji^r
i/^i/:
'/'ci ^^ (>^>c>
tOJ^
b i / j /
ui><o*<y^
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Dayabhaga
Mitakshara
Viramitrodaya
Vivada Chintamani
Vivadaratnakarah
Dyatattwa
Dayaramasangraha
Smritichanrika
Prashara Madaviga
Vyavahara Mayakh
i3j\
JWi
s/^.
b:>7^lvj
(/"u^ijiy^
if^jSi^O
i / b
ifyjij
^;?(3/^' l^ji>c^i/iy
Hindu Law, R.K. Agrawal, Page 15, C.L. Publications Allahabad i
- < : : : _
j / y ^ > : ( ^ ( j / X l ^ ^ U - / a ^ J ^ ^ ^ l / ^ L j>^;y c. L ( / ( i ^ J^i ^^
(Local Custom)^(^7:>^-;(3ITii<= J
(ClassCustom)^/!^^;*^^^!^^ .r
(Family Custom)^'^v-jj^-/(3U'l^ . r
- > f
Modern Hindu Law, Paras Diwan, Page 45 to 46, Law Agency, Allahabad 1
i r
(Modern Sources)JI L>^>if
^cJU^'^^ J>Jr^'Equity and good conscience .(
j^ Precedent . r
(jJUc^y or Legislation . f
(Equity and Good Conscience)c;U^ii J>«f Jr <
c^~yr^^ J-^'>^iLf(/'c/>^''^'>^'^t-lf Ltef^v^c^.jl^T^C^U^i)^^
y c^vc^Jy^O^i^j ^J>j>l> t fa^/ t~If /J^yJ^ ^ ( y J>? t^ c^^y^il J f / ' '
(yt;iU^lJj^^)ci^)-t'j<
> (^^ If if"J^^/J:. L \Soi (XiX'^ ?^:^\)^Li)^d^ IT J / r ^ iTl^i / l ' '
(Precedent)>/ .r
^J'JI U>y/^ Jy^^ I^Precedent>^(Straedecisis(/Jx j^f^j^j S^^
Hindu Law R.K. Agrawal Page 20 to 21, C.L. Publications Allahabad i.
^^
I
(Legislation)JJU'c:^yir.r
- ^ (ivL)^ c^ c^. J v U C^yb*"^/' ^ ^ 0^ ^ U - l <:^ c^. \jt 'i^^, <L ^
1- Caste disabilities removal Act, 1850
2- Hindu widows remarriage Act 1856
3-Hindu wills Act, 1970
4- Hindu transfer of bequest Act, 1914
5- Child marriage restraint Act, 1929
6- Hindu gains of learning Act, 1930
7- Hindu inheritance (removal of disaibilities) Act, 1928
8- Hindu Law of inheritance (amendment) Act, 1928
9- Hindu women's right to property Act, 1937
10- Arya marriage validation Act, 1937
11- Hindu women's right to separate maintenance and residence Act, 1946
12- Hindu marriage (removal of disabilities) Act, 1946
13- Hindu marriage validity Act, 1949
/ j y v / ( J J I o^ i ^^ Hindu wonnen's right to property Act, 1 9 3 7 ^ ^ > 7
Modern Hindu Law, Paras Diwan, Page 47 to 48, Law Agency Allahabad I
Modern Hindu Law, Paras Diwan, Page 48 to 49, Law Agency Allahabad J,
i r
Hindu > fHindu Marriage Act, 1955. :5^T^-) i?^c;yb" |^)>U^D^^ '
Adoption and Maintenance Act, 'The Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956v^M956
i f>0 i_ (y 6 ^ ii>y ( / ^ I c/? (>f 1 K I ( ^ u :j A ^ *L If 0 Zl (jrTi c )
1(5
(Islamic Sources))^iLiJii^^<^/(^0
Ju>^i(i) dL^'(^) oTuCr) ^U ( ( r ) o ^ ( r ) ^ o ' ' ' / ( 0
/^>U^'^y^y/l/t^»^^3i^>^-5A>>^>L^'>^'-^/i^J^I^L^L^
>; i>JP> ic^ irc^ybViJ ''-'>^J>tj >v>y|> i>i( J V J ^ J T /
3 1 J'L-iirVy'''i'^(/'A(/»(i->t-i^(ilJ^'-^=!: IAS; / , jy f j^ l J_
1 ^
,o{r 4^c/!? /l^/J/J\^ E- Jt (fij LT (Precedent)/
1A
1 9
Cols' ^\j tUJb "jj ^ j ^ l ^ jUP'^b J-^l l^ ^ ^ ' i ^ ' ^ J ^ ^ 1 ^ U 3 _ « J i j
r>\J'0=^^^L ^j2^i>JJ^i}ii}J^.\j^.j^&r^it
L"
r
r ^ ,' - .
•^,^^/^L-r.^.Ucr.^o^/Ljyc^
rr^J ,Li (r r^v'^'i^T f^i/'LiJi^ c^'J^CyrV/'fiV'/^L/^i/^t-^Ju^i^i
^1
Lr
(Hindu Marriage) b^^^^iO)
^ r^ » A J d?-' J ! ^ ^ r/^ J > i ' C V i / if 6^ ' >r " ^ -^ i - U- ^ V
Jl-Sij/jtiS',f\/l cf ( / ^ ^ / / / f Jfij^i J^^ i u ' f> L i ( ' L - / J /
I)
l^
^r
LT^'^-'^! L^T't^^A ' ^ Jvj>/L5>i Uv tf lii ^ ^ 6'^-'''! ^ i5tL•
(Hindu Marriage Act 1955 (5) (iii)
(iii) the bridegroom has completed the age of twenty-one years
and the bride the age of eighteen years at the time of marriage;
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.3, C.L. Publication Allahabad^
^r
. ^ b-^^ 61^^; ! ^LT^ .^ J>> Uy cj:! i ^ / i c ; ^ ^ J ; li L5>C: u^ LTJ ^ L i ^
<;^^4 / u c/^-^^^ (-V ^ ^ 6 ' ^ ^ "! ^ If L i'if'^^^-^^ ^^^ ( i ^> i ^ ^ / ^ ^"^' Lt
^ ^ i ; Jt ^ ^ ^ J ^ u ^ , >-> L^i J y y i ; (X'/^ ^ f ^ j ^ J x ' r '^ J= i5"^
j>UI / l->f l/^^^- ( ^ i _ / ^ f i ^ ; ! y >> . ^ l ' t i^ (J^>Ij^^Zly:r-^IL^^
- : ^ l i . ; i ^ ( ( j X ) ( J ^ i ; i j
y:j>^u^>ii^ t-/Jic^)j ircTy'yrr'o^ 6'^^v'/^ J 'li J'-i^^^'/i-'-*e ^ r ^ ^
The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 5 (ii)
(ii) at the time of the marriage, neither party -
(a) is incapable of giving a valid consent to it in consequence of
unsoundness of mind; or
(b) though capable of giving a valid consent, has been suffering from
mental disorder of such a kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for
marriage and the procreation of children; or
(c) has been subject to recurrent attacks of insanity.
Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 12 (1)
Voidable Marriages - (1) Any marrige solemnized, whether before or
after the commencement of this act, shall be voidable and may be an
ulled by a decree of nullity on any of the following grounds, namely -
(a) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the
impotence of the respondent; or
(b) that the marriage is in contravention of the condition specified in
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.3, C.L. Publication Allahabad!
^ 1
clause (ii) of Section 5; or
(c) that the consent of the petitioner, or where the consent of the
guardian in marriage of the petitioner, the consent of such guardian was
obtained by force;
(d) that the respondent was at the time of the marriage pregnant by
some person other than the petitioner.
-:(Polygamy) ^hjjhjJ^
The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 5 (i)
(i) neither party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage.
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.5, C.L. Publication Allaiiabadi.
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.3, C.L. Publication Allahabad r
LL
The Hindu Widows Re-Marriage Act 1856
"The remarriage of widows had been validated and legalised by the
HINDU WIDOWS REMARRIAGE ACT 1856. It is valid and legal under
the provision of HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955" (R.K. AGARWAL p. 101)
The Hindu vii (} 0^1856 i ^ ^ ^ ^ c^Jlf I ( / J J L ? 6/>i ^^^^ >^^
* - , ^ L T / J - J ^ \ S / i i ^ j ^ i i i ^ 'j^^jj\}y./o;If <(/(i-Marriage Act 1955
Hindu Law, p.101, R.K. Agarwal, Law Agency^ 0>>sJ'Ar'j',^_ '^/;\r.^^.^l^jy \_^
?^
r
LS
.r.
i/)oLl/.i^«o.;/</l:«:jy^LJ|yj5r Ctr.(i>tJ?>,^^\,0\^Jc,l_ '^-L,^>('^i^jj>.^, \^
^^^
" ^ >T t IV iL £ ^^ J C* IJ Lf > d ' i^--L ^ i T ^ / t / ^ ^'/
t /^-^ tr U Lit ± ^ ^ J c ' ' j ^ LT-^/VU^'^^ ' '^ fe^c^'^ ( / ^ - ^ V l ^ ^ ' ^ d '
A*
^ 1 j ; i>? Zl ^'vi I £^ I. j j ^ j/y u^> e f t LT * (> ^ ^ i^ /^ '^^ ; ' / '
Al
c^ i< j> (/J^L> ir/uro5 (^ J1)^^ J^f ^7-iA,-/j »> u> ^(^i/'/b>'7<L
4^
Ar
' -a
•^-*^ t-^ ( ^ 6 6 ' ^ ^ < J^ ^^-y^c^ I
nr^/iA^.^.j^Uj'O^^^ n./ii^LZ-j^
Ar
(Divorce)(JlJii^
J.7 LTL^ C^ U L j> i 7 ^ y > 6'^^ t:f' '-i^ i ^ y > J 1 ^ ^ J>^ ^> iTy: J ^ y ^ / ^ I > 1/
The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Section 13 (i)
Divorce - (1) Any marriage solemnized, wiiether before or after ttie
commencement of this Act, may, on a petition presented by either the
husband or the wife, by dissolved by a decree of divorce on the ground
that the other party -
(i) has, after the solemnisation of the marriage, had voluntary sexual
intercourse with any person other than his or her spouse; or
(ia) has, after the solemnisation of the marriage, treated the petitioner
with cruelty; or
(ib) has deserted the petitioner for a continuous period of not less than
two years immediatelt preceding the presentation of the petition; or
(ii)has ceased to be Hindu by conversion to another religion; or
(iii) has been incurably of unsound mind, or lias been suffering
continuously or intermittently from mental disorder of such a kind and to
such an extent that the petitioner cannot reasonably by expected to live
with the respondent.
(iv) has been suffering from a virulent and incurable form of leprosy; or
(v) has been suffering from venereal disease in a communicable form; or
(vi) has renounced the world by entering any religious order; or
(vii) has not been heard of as being alive for a period of seven years or
more by those persons who would naturally have heard of it, has that
party been alive.
U >i L >f J>f 4 j ^ A ct u I J J l> L^ J / / ^ c:^ Ui L T ^ L o I ^ cT^a'
- ty.^^y 1 t ^ c T ^ jt cC^/( i)
*
->r ^ l iJ^U LTC Leprosy)^ j / / j y / i / ^ o^ / ( iv)
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.6-7, C.L. Publications Allahabad!
Ai i
( Maintenance) >^i d t
For Hindu Undevide Family: Act Amended
L)jl/y^jljJ^}C)t Ji^tJj^Uj jh^jlji/\^ j:f)iUli Jiff cJl
The Hindu Maintenance Act 1956 Section 21
21. Dependants Defined - For the purposes of this Chapter
"dependants" mean the following relatives of the deceased:
(i) his or her father;
(ii) his or her mother;
(iii) his wodow, so long as she does not re-marry;
(iv) his or her son or the sone of this pre-deceased son or the son of a
pre-deceased son of his pre-deceased son, so long as he is a minor;
provided and to the extent that he is unable to obtain maintenance, in
the case of a grandson from his father's or mother's estate, and in the
A 1
case of a great-grandson, from the estate of his father or mother or
father's father or father's mother;
(v) his or her unmarried daughter, or the unmarried daughter of his
pre-deceased son or the unmarried daughter of a pre-deceased son of
his pre-deceased son, so long as she remains unmarried; provided and
to the extent that she is unable to obtain maintenance in the case of a
granddaughter from her father's or mother's estate and in the case of a
great-grandduaghter from the estate of her father or mother or father's
father or father's mother;
(vi) his widowed daughter: provided and to the extent that she is unable
to obtain maintenance -
(a) from the estate of her husband; or
(b) from her son or daughter, if any, or his or her estate; or
(c) from her father-in-law or his father or the estate of either of them;
(vii) any widow of his son or of a son of his pre-deceased son, so long
as she does not remarry : provided and to the extent that she is unable
to obtain maintenance from her husband's estate, or from her son or
daughter, if any, or his or her estate; or in the case of a grandson's
widow, also from her father-in-law's estate;
'>f K> >7 J li> I U'J ) >;j n J b r ( / ) . fy y U>f ^ / ^ I g ' l / i ^ fy L e;t ^ ^ li i _ / ( r ' )
SL
~y:\^j {jzJt c-~^i
£ w L ^ ' 5 J w > ( / » r . ( A ) , >f 5, b J ; I i / 1 ^ . ^ (j^ ( ^ ) >: ^ L J r ^ ^ i;* ( 1 )
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.40, C.L. Publications, Allahabad i .
AA
M
The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act Section 18(3) Maintenance of Wife - (3) A Hindu wife shall not be entitled to
separtae residence and maintenance from her husband if she is
unchaste or ceases to be a Hindu by conversion to another religion.
A9
•^- 0^ I , If J""); J i ^ ^ 5 jc-
, i j i _ If >f J> i j ^ J (j y iTcfv ( j ^ J J li^ IM ( j ^ 4 1 ^ * ^ L/'-^
^ r i L 7 : > l i / ^ l f > r t f > b ^ J j y i r J v b ^ j j D f ) 5 i y > f c . ^ l j | > r ^ U ^ < > ^ ^ i ^ / ^
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.39, C.L. Publications AllahabdJ,
9*
ii U^/o^l/>7^ Jv b^ J (/^^ C t £ t / l ^ i J'f'li (Zl7-1^(VJ y>r l J /
rMj.rci^.j^j/jL:^Ji,fii^f\i..ji,^y_l nrt/,n^,^v/jLi3^y^b.jLg:i
91
The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act Section 20(2)
Maintenance of Children and Aged Parents - (2) A legitimate or
illegitimate child may claim maintenance from his or her father or mother
so long as the child is a minor.
The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
Section 18(2) Maintenance of Wife - (2) A Hindu wife shall be entitled to live
separately from her husband without forfeiting her claim to maintenance-
(a) if he is guilty of desertion, that is to say, of abandoning her without
reasonable cause and without her consent or against her wish, or of
wilfully nelecting her;
(b) if he has treated her with such cruely as to cause a reasonable
apprehension in her mind that it will be harmful or injurious to live with
her husband;
(c) if he is suffering fronm a virulent form of leprosy;
(d) if he has any other wife living;
(e) if he keeps, a concubine in the same house in which his wife is living
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.39-40, C.L. Publications Allahabad J,
or habitually resides with a concubine elsewhere;
(f) if he has ceased to be a Hindu by conversion to another religion;
(g) if there is any other cause justifying her living separately.
^ U>7 Jy Ir. (/(Virulent LeprosyV j/i/, - t ( ^ )
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.39, C.L. Publications Allahabad!
X ^ c: If L/J u) (^ (v (i>*i c t (^ c. v ^ ( / l ^ >f 9 4 ; j >t T J"
(ii(^)->r(ii/i/LZlc^iJli:(r)_JiB'(J^.(r).Jliri^(r)-/r^^i/lf(i)
/ l / ' i / ^ ( A ) > f / j y l , x - ^ c f i r ( ^ ) _ > f b - U j ' L ^ ^ ) J l i > ( i ) t ^ ^ ^ j i / l f / L '
^ y > J l> If tt I C ^ ^ > LTW L ^ ^ I j / ^ L J O ^ ^ U ( A A1J^. I > ; : ^ ) J / j ^
--<^c:^>u^;)y(jr>*.c'ti:j^.^j^Lriyri^
i^)
uri/->r(j^If LTJ^^J J l £ I f L O > I*J>)J^JyJ(> If^IJrc^^j-l^fC^>7^1£:-|r>'j
^ > ^ C t utc^jy^S(<^Sj '>" If f^^J^/^.-yi^ ^\S^i c) LV J1/ If J - l / ^
'^- ^ If JV^LT^ W/I J r ^
<\Ci
V<i 6' v/Jlu^b><JgS: ,'t:J'i>'i>/r rci\J',\r^.),pi/'-„i^,^„^\^,,\::-/j>/ji
11
(Adoption) -^rr
<\L
The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956 Section No.11 (6)
(vi) the child to be adopted must be actually given and taken in adoption
by the parents or guardian concerned or under their authority with intent
to transfer the child from the family of its birth [or in the case of an
adbandoned child or a child whose parentage is not known, from the
pace or family, where it has been brought up] to the family of its
adoption:
Provided that the performance of datta homam shall not be essential to
the validity of adoption.
f ^ jT j^ i I . u^J t> If U j : : c ^ t b. J^/^ t/'X fe'^ L uTI u^ Section No. 11 (6)
C ^ ^ jfj^y^- £ c . ; UI LT Court of Wards J i ?^^jti \/S Court of Wards
r
>n*
The Hindu Adoption and IVIanitenance Act 1956 Section No.8 8. Capacity of a female Hindu to take in adoption - Any female Hindu -
(a) who is of sound mind,
(b) who is not a minor, and
(c) who is not married, or if married whose marriage has been dissoved
or whose husband is dead or has completely and finally renounced the
world or has ceased to be a Hindu or has been declared by a court of
competent jurisdiction to be of unsound mind,
has the capacity to take a son or daughter in adoption.
i/'}Al^:>'^*J''J'ir^Ji>^;>'\>f/')ti Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.37, C.L. Publication Aliahabadl
^q
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.35, C.L. Publication Allahabad!
c)^) ii/j^'iC'd'5^viI ^U>f Jjl>(/2l 'jfsytihiitic^j\ii^L 'JjS^A^
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.8 (C)
(c) who is not married, or if married whose marriage has been dissoved
or whose husband is dead or has completely and finally renounced the
world or has ceased to be a Hindu or has been declared by a court of
competent jurisdiction to be of unsound mind, has the capacity to take a
son or daughter in adoption.
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.35, C.L. Publication AllaJiabad^ r'^/\ij''i{y'(^'d^/f'b:jh l
c/)/. (/2_ o^J^^ ^^'if' LT"^-Jiiyi^»^ J>f c^^ J ^ ^ ( i^^ ^;ui LTS^
i L y If t j j t / ( - ^ L i _ j ^ / ^ V l l/sJC- if'J^ o ^ J ' ^ •> L c . ; If I t V l T
^ ^ ^ y y > i; j : t >W L 5 ^ / ^ J ^ ^ LT 15 jr-/• - ^ 6 U * < J'-1?^ iji^f'v^ ^> ^ ^
)*r
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.9(1) Persons capable of giving In adoption - (1) No person except the
father or mother or the guardian of a child shall habe the capacity to give
the child in adoption.
; u 2^ J c/c^~^ X>y i l (/If»
• ^ - j K r ) j i ( r ) ^ L ( i )
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabad r
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.9 (2) (2) Subject to the provisions of [sub-section (3) and sub-section (4)] the
father, if alive, shall alone have the right to give in adoption, but such
right shall not be exercised save with the consent of the mother unless
the mother has completely and finally renounced the world or has
ceased to be a Hindu or has been declared by a court of competent
jurisdiction to be of unsound mind.
J ; t l ( i > c > U v L f u l ^ C ^ < L ^ j ^ L / ^ o ^ U i ( / c . L u r ' c ^ S e c t i o n 9 (2)
Section No. 9 (3) (3) The mother may give the child in adoption if the father is dead or has
completely and finally renounced the world or has ceased to be a Hindu
or has been declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be of
unsound mind.
: ^ t / ^ JL^c.>:^-'^/((^o^"y^.UlJ:Lci^U;.Jc.t 0 1 o^ Section 9 (3)
^ / i ^ytiifj} ^J, >J I ( r )_^ l / ^ U J( J S t- ( r ) _>: i / ^ J ' l ^ I / ( ( I )
Section No. 9 (4) (4) Where both the father and mother are dead or have completely and
finally renounced the world or have abandoned the child or have been
declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be of unsound mind or
where the parentage of the child is not known, the guardian of the child
may give the child in adoption with the previous permission of the court
to any person including the guardian himself.
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabad 1
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabadi
^ ) jt ^ ^ ^L ^j/i/U 6 >/'^ ^ U^ J"^ L a ' o^ Section 9 (4)
^^O^^^cf ^>
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36, C.L. Publication Allahabad J,
>r (j" > y Au^ I . J ^ ^ J > t /c; U'i; J^b li i I cfu I y>f ^ >T 5,1:, ; I ^ t / ^ u U cT
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.10 10. Persons who may be adopted - No person shall be capable of
being taken in adoption unless the following conditions are fulfilled,
namely:
(i) he or she is a Hindu;
(11) he ir she has not already been adopted;
(iii) he or she has not been married, unless there is a custom or usage
applicable to the parties which permits persons who are married being
taken in adoption;
(iv) he or she has not completed the age of fifteen years, unless there is
a custom or usage applicable to the parties which permits persons who
have completed the age of fifteen years being taken in adoption.
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956
J^)j!^'Utfi}}\>t,\^tyijt.zJ^tii^/^i/j:^^[J\j:Sec\:\on No.11 (6)
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.36-37, C.L. Publication A\\ahabadI c'^vll^<<^rj^JCr-Jlr'';>-[>('/'ji
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, C.L, Publication Allahabad r
1*1
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956
{/^'^nJ^i/<^^f:^^j:>i/\^j:f{S'<^fJli^f^'jf)Section No.11 (6)
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.37, C.L. Publication i rA(j(/<ri^,yyy^(/i->(/iy>if'k-.J^J^;^ j_
( • ^
'^Jl^lr J»\.'hje'^'S>J''jit^:^Jy'y\i'<^f,r_ ij'<rr^,j-tjj..j'.j}fii.,i^il_,^jii
\»<^
i^i yf,:i/\fCJ'J^^^ i i ^ ^ ^ j!- (/VZ 'LT^SJC- .^i\fi y(^^tJ^^L
Jljt />;S'JC' ^cfi{jy^^dr^ ^. J^jt cv^L^I-LT^If >f S^}^S>^'
y *
£a^r^/j^uj^r^4ii^L^y£^i^Lr^z:.u>^ij>r^~.^(i)
i
The Hindu Adoption and Manitenance Act 1956 Section No.7 & 8
This Act made the following changes in the law relating to adoption:-
(1) A female also may be adopted (Section 7 and 8)
Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.184, Central Law Agency, AllahabadJl r<\rJ'Mjj,j\j^,i)\jf!^\i.ji^
i i r
(Guardianship)
y ^ O * ) ^ J U n C/L L-y>r t f i j (j:! j i / ( / ( C o u r t of Warcls);i>ij w3Tj .v/ j i>>
The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 Section 4 (a)
(a)"minor" means a person who has not complete the age of eighteen
years;
tyt/^/f^ J U IA J iji. ( r ( Minor) {fi f / ^ c:^ U'i cfc. L t / ' o^ J^J^
J^U-y>: i ^ y / ' j j ) ^ 4^7 J ^ J ^ ^ / j ^ ^ d ' / ' - L T ^ If ( i t i / ' J u IA (Minor i ty )
/ T h e Hindu Minority and Guardianship jtjj^i
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.29, C.L. Publication Allahabad i r . i j ' ,N^,^>-Vf ' l^>-^k*,
i i r
The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 Section 4 (b)
(b) "guardian" means a person having the care of the person of a minor
or of his property or of both his person and property, and includes -
(i) a natural guardian
(ii) a guardian appointed by the will of the minor's father or mother.
(iii) a guardian appointed or declared by a court, and
(iv) a person empowered to act as such by or under any enactment
relating to any Court of Wards.
6)/^^ w J ^ e'(Guardianship)vi<li^/^ c ^ U ^ L T ^ \ ^ ^ \ J ' i / ^ J '
'''->? UC/ 'J i i , (Court of Wards) c^ <> cf(J4^ ('^ )
Z l ^^A^^ ( ( i i ) ^ i ^ I ^ b j ; ! j / ^ . - t f ^ fji U ^ / J \> ^ Ix^iJ c^ i - 1 ^ ^ jjrf:
^i>c/<r^oLTji,jiYk:(jl^/i: Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.29, C.L Publication AllahabadJ,
^ I M y>r^ c fw^ i ^ ) ^ ^ U l v i l ^ t->7 ^ ^ L ^ C)l->: ^ t- r L ' . ^ i S'UJ^--0>^
- * j ^ l/> l ^ I i ^ U I LTC (^ i j ^ /
, i f ^ L^u^b/Uj(-u^ j y ^ ^ J ^ J f f>y i^ L;^JiZ_ W^ fc^ j ' i ; J i ^ ( j ^ i
i) j ^ ^ . U l/t/1 ^ )> y>r L J j)€'tL. 2 l Jji^J L
I l l
(Stridhana)c/j(i7^i
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Section 14 (1) 14. Property of female Hindu to be her absolute property - (1) Any
property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after
the commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof
and not as a limited owner. In this sub-section, "property" includes both
movable and immovable property acquired by a female Hindu by
inheritance, or devise, or at a partition, or in lieu of maintenance or
arrears of maintenance, or by her own skill or exertion, or by purchase of
by prescription, or in any other manner whatsoever, and also any such
property held by her as stridhana immediately before the
commencement of this Act.
^ Act ^ < ^ U i/>r ^ L J^ ( / J I C l ^ / j A / ^ c^^ Ui (/c. L (/I ^ cT^c^l
I, ^ • I • • • •
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.22-23, C.L. Publication Allahabad r
\\c
: f-/iTf^^Ii J JL^ ifc/ ^ JT^ ' O! > (J/"-*j^' J IJ^'X^
, ^U>?>^ Uvy i _ ^ j L / , i ^ ' ^ ^ » 5 / ^ I f l i^^u^/uTl/ j '> '>r Jl> If M ( I)
• ' ^ - ^ i f ^ f v i ^ U v - i L ^ l . i f
r i j r^^,rA(^<jt^,i/Y'^Jt^r '^iA;/,r<s5,oLTji.LfYt=-^^X '^^^J'^^b'^^'J-J'c^J^jA L
119
X >r ij^i (t)^ If ij V"
S^hjji c^uf^}/iZ^ J^'-^ -> 4- ^^i/j J^if"' J '/If ^ ^ t/!?
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The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Section 15 (1)
15. General rules of succession in the case of female Hindus -
(a) firstly, upon the sons and daughters (including the children or any
pre-deceased son or daughter) and the husband;
(b) secondly, upon the heirs of the husband;
(c) thirdly, upon the mother and father;
(d) fourthly, upon the heirs of the father; and
(e) lastly, upon the heirs of the mother.
/j)jhj>jjly:y'^^h^/j}i//:r'tC{jh^/ ( w )
/ j^v ( ;> vZl J f i i i l J ( < L / ( ^ )
• • • ^ *
Bare Act Hindu Law 2008, p.23, C.L. Publication Allahabad I
in
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\rr
'*^ j i ^v 4:; 5> i r i l / > L^^ i/if/(;)<>• i; d 1^ '-^ >^ *^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ c ; ' - / / ^ /
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ij >f c< Lv > ^ > y c^^ L5 I c^^ t / ^ J L; c^J J. lii j'1^ I 7-1? ZJ
What property may be disposed of by will? - Under the pure Hindu
Law, a Hindu could not by will bequeath property which he could not
have alienated by gift inter vivos nor can he by will so dispose of his
property as to defeat the legal right of his wife or any other person to
maintenance. (R.K. Agarwal, p.378)
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R.K. Agarwal , ) " - - L / ^ ^ V - J l i - ^ > i f ^:>^i y ^ f - .=^J) .::^)^/i^\^ y ^.^/^
p.379)
Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.378, Central Law Agency Allahabad J
Hindu Law, R.K. Aganwal, p.379, Central Law Agency Allahabad^
i n
(Inheritance) b:: Oi
,r-A r j ^ i ( i > j^yy^ \f')^hi(ki ^ - ^ ^ Z , r ? c ^ v b ^ U ^ ( ^ y y ^ ^ (
^ ^^ L ^( i^^: j ) >f r i^ A~ ^ 6 i^d ' t-y L tt ^^ u^'y^jirr* t-y n:> i^- iL^ ic5^
-JL>fff>';y*L^c.y^u^i^.-^ZlciU*i;J^:r^Cla!^^v:>^o^(/6l>o^i
w ^ cTf i; f iT^ 6 ^ u ' t-y L i>: ^u^ I y>r/>f c . y^t J^>o-LT^ t t>r J / / ^
/ j i i i lJ 'c^»y(J>?>i .y l iZ l j l /U iL*^o^)y^>:c .yZl j< / l f^ l j7T^
- ^ > : u ^ U i J ^ ^ ( > L . J ' l / j L y y v ^ l ^ A i L ^ U ^ I y i _ > z ^ ^ b Z l u r i /
The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 20
Right of Child in Womb- A child who was in the womb at the time of the
death of an intestate, and who is subsequently born alive shall have the
same right to inherit to the intestate as if he or she had been born before
the death of the intestate, and the inheritance shall be deemed to vest in
such a case with effect from the death of the intestate.
tji^L / > L ^ j i / i f y i_>f ^ > 2 l u^iy>f /j ^//^d^^^^[ ^;i{Sh/\
Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.24, C.L.Publications, Allahabad!
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: (J j ^ C ifjjj ff J I ; i i ^ u/ ' l w ^
j O^>r J ^ l?y ^ I i ^ I ^ / i l ^ l> I / , kt J'j b> 17^I y ^ / J 1>^ u ^ i>> t/^
J / j j y <L>f c^y^ 5j 4^0^l ^^ J^ j x ; IT ^LC * L^ lAy>7 J ^ iTy ,J2>.^ (5JJJ j /
Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.280, C.L. Publicationsil ArAj1r')5,<^-y//U(-k,j>-('iyj^
Allahabad
Unchastity of a female heir also is no disqualification under this Act.
(Hindu Law, R.K. Agarwal, p.280)
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• -f>r j f I (/'fe'^ u I yy: > JI - cT f L / i J r^ J u> i? i
•^-^^^^('^^^l^^wL^n>t^Jl^^Jic.vJ^-'L5:!'y^u>rc.y
bS Oi (i^ </If f<r (/1? t
-^^^rBjU^jric^i^^i/^t/^ji/WL^iJyj) ( ^ )
i r r
(ju cf(^*ji> i i t Aj^t^^^t-S^ ± ^ uy /^ t-1 LC L> 1^ A ^ (ji^
y^^ J>> I wTi J / ^ j : ! j y »• (^iLj^-if-^i J^> iy:>> j ^ ^ ^ (1)
i r r
_ (i (5 9 i ^ i > Ij;^. j > c/f'ki
, ^ ^ U JK y ?y> M * ^ / l / d . V I) I : j / ir ^ ^3 L r ( i ^ > / » J ^ / ^ L^^ i ^ ^ I
• - O^ J /u^ '/^>^- j fe' f/^ tV -^^
The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 28
Disease, defect, etc. not to disqualify - No person shall be disqualified
from succeeding to any property on the ground of any disease, defect or
deformity, or save as provided in this Act, on any other ground
whatsoever.
Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.26, C.LPublications, Allahabad^
irr
The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 25
Murderer Disqualified - A person who commits murder or abets the
commission of murder shall be disqualified from inheriting the property of
the person murdered, or any other property in furtherance of the
succession to which he or she committed or abetted the commission of
the murder.
_ | | - A 5 / ' . I »
The Hindu Succession Act 1956 Section 26
Convert's descendants disqualified - Where, before or after the
commencement of this Act, a Hindu has ceased or ceases to be a Hindu
by conversion to another religion, children born to him or her after such
conversion and their descendants shall be disqualified from inheriting the
Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.25, C.L.Publications, Allahabad £
property of any of their Hindu relatives, unless such children or
descendants are Hindus at the time when the succession opens.
Bare Act, Hindu Law 2008, p.25, C.L.Publications, Allahabad J,
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English Books
Hindu Law R.K. Agarwal C.L. Agency . 30-D/l, Motilal Nehru Road, Allahabad
Modern Hindu Law Paras Diwan, Law Agency, Mathura Road, Faridabad
Muslim Li>ws Bare Act 2006 Universal Law Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Hindu Laws Bare Act 2006 Universal Law Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Hindu Bare Act 2008 C.L. Publications 107, Darbhanga Colony, Allahabad
Hindu Code Dr. Hari Singh Gour Law Publishers-Sardar Palel Marg Allahabad
Hindu Law of Marriage and Divorce Dr. Hari Singh Gour Law Publishers-Sardar Patel
Marg Allahabad
Introduction to Modern Hindu Law J. Duncan M. Derret Oxford University
Press-1963
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics James Hastings, New York, Vol. 13
A dictionary of Comparative Religion S.O.F. Brandon MA DO WEIDENFELD
and NICOLSON, 5 Winsley Street London Wl Vol.1
IVIuslim Law Syed Khaiid Rashid Eastern Book Company, Lucknow 2004
ly/lohammedon Law Aqil Ahmad Revised by: Prof. I.A. Khan, C.L. Agency,
Allahabad
Hindi Books
rri
Hindu Vidhi
Hindu Vidhi
Hindu Vidhi
2007
Adhunil( Hindu Vidhi
Allahabad
R.K. Agawal C.L. Agency, 30-D/l, Motilal Nehru Road, Allahabad
Kamlesh Shukia C.L. Agency , 30-D/l, Motilal Nehru Road, Allahabad
Dr. U.P.D. Kesari C.L. Publications , 107, Darbhanga Colony, Allahabad,
Paras Diwan, Law Agency Publications, 10 Sir P.C.C. Banerjee Road,