peer-to-peer oppotunities
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Peer-to-PeerIntroduction to a New Set of Opportunities
Gwendal Simon
Department of Computer ScienceTELECOM Bretagne
Jan. 2008
2/ 17 Birth
Context : Napster Shutdown• early adopters are addicted• early majority is just joining• legal perspectives are dark
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Gnutella : Serverless Napster• simple but bad idea• just a piece of software• viral bazaar diffusion
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Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
2/ 17 Birth
Context : Napster Shutdown• early adopters are addicted• early majority is just joining• legal perspectives are dark
Server
0 1 2 3 4 5
Gnutella : Serverless Napster• simple but bad idea• just a piece of software• viral bazaar diffusion
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Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
2/ 17 Birth
Context : Napster Shutdown• early adopters are addicted• early majority is just joining• legal perspectives are dark
Server
0 1 2 3 4 5
Gnutella : Serverless Napster• simple but bad idea• just a piece of software• viral bazaar diffusion
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Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
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Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
4/ 17 Peer-to-Peer is not only File Sharing
. . .but also large-scale legal applications :• where peers just have to be introduced : phone, storage. . .• where server become bottleneck : broadcasting . . .• where nobody should be responsible : virtual world, forums. . .
Attractive Issues : no governance, nor understanding• academic : what exactly is scalable ?• developers : is the Bazaar consistent ?• users : what is the value when I contribute ?
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
4/ 17 Peer-to-Peer is not only File Sharing
. . .but also large-scale legal applications :• where peers just have to be introduced : phone, storage. . .• where server become bottleneck : broadcasting . . .• where nobody should be responsible : virtual world, forums. . .
Attractive Issues : no governance, nor understanding• academic : what exactly is scalable ?• developers : is the Bazaar consistent ?• users : what is the value when I contribute ?
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
5/ 17
Part I
Is there any Opportunity in the Bazaar ?
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
6/ 17 Motivations
network empirical law value per user global valuebroadcast (TV) Sarnoff 1 none-to-one (phone) Metcalfe n n2
peer-to-peer Reed 2n 2n
Stirring up a community is the actual challenge :• aggregate a vast population• incite them to contribute
⇒ joining an existing community may be far easier(1047 projects referenced in Sourceforge)
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
6/ 17 Motivations
network empirical law value per user global valuebroadcast (TV) Sarnoff 1 none-to-one (phone) Metcalfe n n2
peer-to-peer Reed 2n 2n
Stirring up a community is the actual challenge :• aggregate a vast population• incite them to contribute
⇒ joining an existing community may be far easier(1047 projects referenced in Sourceforge)
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
7/ 17 Yahoo’s Gnutella Developer Forum
"a forum for active Gnutella developers without distractions"• developers from a company hosting an "official" client• independent open-source developers• just some curious guys. . .
Emerging usage : normalization forum• protocol update, feature proposal, idea exchanges• Collateral usage : innovation center
• feedback from users : chunk swarming• external opportunities : URN by Bitzi• technical development : bootstrap, NAT traversal
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
8/ 17 Innovator’s Dilemma
Cooperative or competitive behavior ?• actors are competitors : have to differentiate• the value is in Gnutella usefulness : have to cooperate
Conciliate gain for the user and progressive adoption• no innovation should require full agreement• for most innovations, gain grows with the number of adopters• individual innovations (e.g. ergonomics) allow differentiating
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
9/ 17 Business Opportunity
A complex ecosystem :• leery of market economy :
• bazaar culture implies free software• contributors are reluctant to pay
• but attractive :• several millions of active users• a technophile population of online influencers
Requires a hook mixing technical expertise and social understanding• out of the peer-to-peer system• but in the peer-to-peer activities
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
10/ 17
Part II
When Academic Studies Become Reality
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
11/ 17 Peer-to-Peer Fundamentals
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→ each peer chooses some direct neighbors among all peers=⇒ it creates an overlay
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11/ 17 Peer-to-Peer Fundamentals
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→ each peer chooses some direct neighbors among all peers=⇒ it creates an overlay
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→ each peer chooses some direct neighbors among all peers=⇒ it creates an overlay
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11/ 17 Peer-to-Peer Fundamentals
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→ each peer chooses some direct neighbors among all peers=⇒ it creates an overlay
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
12/ 17 Few Mature Works
Scientists have focused on few services :• diffusion of large files (bit-torrent)• distributed hash tables (DHT) :
• store a pair (key, resource) in the system• give the key, retrieve the related resource• if a resource has been stored, it must be accessible
Attractive implementations for controlled network :• server farm : managing a vast amount of resources• content delivery network (CDN) : pushing contents• network of boxes : the new eldorado
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
13/ 17 DHT Principles (Chord)
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Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
13/ 17 DHT Principles (Chord)
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13/ 17 DHT Principles (Chord)
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14/ 17 Business opportunities
Any cost reduction on existing services ?• one overlay per need : initial development may be costly• decreasing server cost : gain for large-scale systems
But new services are possible :• lightweight and immediately worldwide• relying on networking skills
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Part III
Conclusive Thoughts
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
16/ 17 I&R activities on peer-to-peer
Few projects claim studying peer-to-peer :• Solipsis : a bazaar peer-to-peer virtual world• P2P-images : a industrial peer-to-peer streaming system
However many academic skills on peer-to-peer in Bretagne :• computer sciences : world-class teams at IRISA and Telecom Bretagne• social and human sciences : M@rsouin gathers high-level institutes
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
17/ 17 A ShiftAlong with Web2.0 trend :
• capturing money requires complex models• empower a community → beta web-based eye-candy• both technical and social wow effect
Also a deep scientific trend :• toward “one billion computers per human”• balancing power between edges and core network
Few possible projects :• self-administered network : distributed package management• mixed reality : distributed “1.5 life”• tangible gifts : distributed Wikipedia
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
17/ 17 A ShiftAlong with Web2.0 trend :
• capturing money requires complex models• empower a community → beta web-based eye-candy• both technical and social wow effect
Also a deep scientific trend :• toward “one billion computers per human”• balancing power between edges and core network
Few possible projects :• self-administered network : distributed package management• mixed reality : distributed “1.5 life”• tangible gifts : distributed Wikipedia
Gwendal Simon : Peer-to-Peer
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