pas de société numérique sans technologies de l ... · source: keidanren society 5.0 co-creating...
Post on 02-Jan-2021
0 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Pas de société numérique sans
technologies de l'information durables
Prof. Jean-Pierre Raskin
UDA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique - 6 octobre 2020
Nanoelectronics – a fantastic world
Materials
Devices
Circuits
F
s
eRF SOI technology in all smartphonesExploration of material nanoscale properties
Interrogeons la notion du PROGRÈS
-5,000,000 yearsSource: Keidanren Society 5.0 Co-Creating the Future 2018
[Lorenz Hilty, SICT 2020]
The speed of change is exponential with 50 billion devices connected by 2020 Digital Society
[World Materials Forum]
Digital Society Benefits
SecurityMonitoringWellness
Traffic routingSecurity Removalhuman error
PreventionElderly monitoringRemote healthcare
Energy savingStructural integrity
Energy distributionWaste managementEmergency services
Man
age
me
nt
et g
est
ion
de
s d
on
née
s
Source: Keidanren Society 5.0 Co-Creating the Future 2018
Connected devices
[Cisco & IOT Analytics, 2019][Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Global growth rate = + 10% / year
Bill
ion
of
dev
ices
Smartphones
IoT
• Global growth rate = + 46% / year
• Smartphone & IoT ~ 20% in 2020 (high growth rate + 47% / year)
Internet data traffic
[Cisco VNI Global IP Traffic Forecast, 2017-2022][Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Vid
eo
Video = 80%
1018
Below the iceberg: infrastructures
Access network
Data centers
Things
of
Internet
Bottom-up energy consumption model
[1] S. Baudoin, “Modélisation de la consommation énergétique de l'Internet selon une approche ascendante”, TFE (Supervision: D. Bol), UCL, 2013. [2] E. Taylor, “The environmental impact of smart grids communication systems: a case-study approach”, TFE (Supervision D. Bol and E. De Jaeger, UCL, 2015)
SectionElectrical power
2013 [MJ/GB][1,2]
Electrical power 2017 [MJ/GB](extrapolation)
Data center 1.00 0.66
Backbone 0.04 0.02
Ethernet access 0.64 0.42
Wifi access 1.17 0.77
Cellular access 2.89 1.88
Smartphone 0.02 0.02
Laptop PC 0.12 0.08
Desktop PC 0.56 0.37
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Smartphone battery ~1%
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Assumptions:• Total power includes the full connection (data center + backbone + access + terminal)• Caution to avoid car transport for DVD rental or copying files on USB stock
Application #1 – Watching videos
Application Data rate AccessInstantaneouspower (total)
Equivalentappliance
25 Mbps (UHD 4K)
WiFi 4500 W HVAC
5 Mbps(HD 1080p)
WiFi 750 W Microwave
DVD / USB stick
10 Mbps(HD 1080p)
- 100W Ceiling fan
Watching a series episode on laptop in bed
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
10 HD home cameras always-on:
-- Generates about 60% of the household
electrical energy consumption in the cloud
~4 TB / month
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Application #2 – Home video surveillance
~4 TB / day
Application #3 – Autonomous cars
• Information technologies = 5-10% of worldwide electrical power consumption.In France, 14% = 7 nuclear reactors, 5% of greenhouse gas emissions.
• The worldwide electrical power consumption has increased by 6.6% per yearbetween 2007-2017, while it was a crisis period. No reduction of the power consumption, even with the introduction of lower power consumptiondomestic and industrial equipment (fridge A++, etc.).
Need more Energy for ICT
~2/3 responsible of CO2 emission
More GHG Emissions
+8% CAGR when global GHG should drop by 5%
8%
4%
Energy consumption in ICT
~45% of consumed power for the fabricationof ICT equipment
> 80% of consumed power for the fabricationof the Smartphone
Smartphone carbon footprint
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
More complexity, more devices…
Chip unit fab energy: + 7% / year (techno scaling)Chip unit sale: + 9% / year (consumption, obsolescence)
Global chip fabricationenergy footprint: + 16% / year
+
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Information technologies = 30% of Silver
12% of Gold
30% of Copper
80% Indium
Need more Materials for ICT
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
108
1010
1012
Tra
nsis
tors
pe
r ch
ip
YearYear
Tra
nsis
tors
per
chip
DRAM
Microprocessor
Memories
Microprocessors
Tran
sist
ors
per
ch
ip
Tera
10 Giga
0.1 Giga
Year
Moore’s Law
400 billion
Number of stars in our galaxy
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra[226.0254]
potassium
19
K39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd106.42(1)
gold
79
Au196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga69.723(1)
indium
49
In114.818(3)
boron
5
B10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn118.710(7)
carbon
6
C12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S32.066(6)
astatine
85
At[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br79.904(1)
iodine
53
I126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar39.948(1)
helium
2
He4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd144.24(3)
uranium
92
U238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu151.964(1)
americium
95
Am[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W183.84(1)
1980'shydrogen
1
H1.00794(7)
Evolution of microelectronics – Pressure on materials
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra[226.0254]
potassium
19
K39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd106.42(1)
gold
79
Au196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga69.723(1)
indium
49
In114.818(3)
boron
5
B10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn118.710(7)
carbon
6
C12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S32.066(6)
astatine
85
At[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br79.904(1)
iodine
53
I126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar39.948(1)
helium
2
He4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd144.24(3)
uranium
92
U238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu151.964(1)
americium
95
Am[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W183.84(1)
1980'shydrogen
1
H1.00794(7)
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra[226.0254]
potassium
19
K39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd106.42(1)
gold
79
Au196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga69.723(1)
indium
49
In114.818(3)
boron
5
B10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn118.710(7)
carbon
6
C12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S32.066(6)
astatine
85
At[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br79.904(1)
iodine
53
I126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar39.948(1)
helium
2
He4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd144.24(3)
uranium
92
U238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu151.964(1)
americium
95
Am[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W183.84(1)
1980'shydrogen
1
H1.00794(7) 1990's
Evolution of microelectronics – Pressure on materials
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra[226.0254]
potassium
19
K39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd106.42(1)
gold
79
Au196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga69.723(1)
indium
49
In114.818(3)
boron
5
B10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn118.710(7)
carbon
6
C12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S32.066(6)
astatine
85
At[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br79.904(1)
iodine
53
I126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar39.948(1)
helium
2
He4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd144.24(3)
uranium
92
U238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu151.964(1)
americium
95
Am[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W183.84(1)
1980'shydrogen
1
H1.00794(7)
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra[226.0254]
potassium
19
K39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd106.42(1)
gold
79
Au196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga69.723(1)
indium
49
In114.818(3)
boron
5
B10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn118.710(7)
carbon
6
C12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S32.066(6)
astatine
85
At[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br79.904(1)
iodine
53
I126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar39.948(1)
helium
2
He4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd144.24(3)
uranium
92
U238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu151.964(1)
americium
95
Am[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W183.84(1)
1980'shydrogen
1
H1.00794(7) 1990's
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra[226.0254]
potassium
19
K39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd106.42(1)
gold
79
Au196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga69.723(1)
indium
49
In114.818(3)
boron
5
B10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn118.710(7)
carbon
6
C12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S32.066(6)
astatine
85
At[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br79.904(1)
iodine
53
I126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar39.948(1)
helium
2
He4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd144.24(3)
uranium
92
U238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu151.964(1)
americium
95
Am[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W183.84(1)
1980'shydrogen
1
H1.00794(7) 1990's
2000's
Evolution of microelectronics – Pressure on materials
12 elements
0 critical
29 elements
5 critical
60 elements
20 critical
2 x 107 per year
Life: 15 years
1956
107 per year
Life: 5 years
1986
> 109 per year
Life: 18 months
2016
> 5x1010 per year
Life: ? (short)
2020 and beyond
More critical andtoxic materials
Impact of the technology
[Prof. M. Ashby, Cambridge Univ.]
Sociétés 4.0 & 5.0 – vers une dématérialisation ?
Abundance, Sparsity
1 ton ore =
330 kg iron
1 ton ore =
3 g Platinum
Factor
of 1010
Products
in 1950Products
in 2019
[Prof. M. Ashby, Cambridge Univ.]
Pas de limites géologiques à court et moyen terme,mais de plus en plus d’énergiepour l’extraction
Pénurie de matériaux ?
Conflits géopolitiques
Rare earth,nearly only in China
Nearly nothing in Europe!
Blood minerals: Democratic Republic of Congo where army groups manage the mines. Since the 90’s several hundreds thousand people have died due to mine conflicts.
From the soil of your backyardLet us take 1 m depth over an area of 1,000 m²You get 2,000 tons of soil in which…
We get…
Everything we need for modern nanoelectronics…
[Prof. Eric Pirard, ULiège]
Are there minerals in Europe?
Une mine - pollution de l’air, des sols et sous-sols- nuisances sonores et olfactives- dégradation de la biodiversité
Ouverture de mines en Europe ?
HIGH TECH
Mine – activité artisanale
Mine de coltan au Nord Kivu (RDC)Photographe : Stefano Stranges
Afrique du Sud
Pérou
Canada
Conflits sociaux
Conflits sociaux
Technology is not neutral
Electronics waste Poor recycling under extreme dangerous conditions
Environmental & human disaster
North-South dependence
[Documentary: La tragédie électronique, ARTE 2014]
La société digitale à deux vitesses
Un monde globalisé
- Flux de la matière et des richesses
- Où sont les gagnants et les perdants
- Dominants-Dominés
[LaRevueDurable, no. 63, 2019]
Source: Oxfam
Une société humaine à deux vitesses
Think, design, innovate and act differently
Sustainable Development…
Innovate with limits!
Mission of the engineersKey Performance Indicator
Our daily work: reach KPI Set KPI to increase financial gains
[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]
Effet rebond
Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des date centers
2018 2019
Efficacitéénergétique
1 unité d’énergie / Gb 0,85 unité d’énergie / Gb
Echanges de données
1 utilisateur = 1 Gb 1 utilisateur = 1,3 Gb
Consommationénergique absolue
1 unité 1,3 x 0,85 = 1,1 unité
Plus efficacePlus de vidéos ouplus haute définition
Plus d’énergieconsommée
RELATIF ABSOLU
[Lorenz Hilty, 2015]
Approche systémique
Mike Ashby, 2017
Design under additional constraints - 3 Capitals
Natural capital
Clean atmosphere, productive
land, fresh water, oceans,
material and energy resources
Manufactured capital
Built environment, Industrial
capacity, Financial health
(sometimes measured by GDP)
Human and Social capital
Knowledge, education, skills,
culture, human health and
happiness
▪ Sustainable Development: is one that provides needed products or services in ways that reduce the drain on resources, is legal, economically viable and acceptable to all stakeholders.
Accelerometers:
Maximize signal per unit force
Material index = Piezo charge coeff. g33
Additional constraint: non-toxic
Mechanical energy harvesting:
Maximize efficiency of conversion of mechanical
to electrical energy
Material index = Electro-mech coupling const
Accelerometers and Energy harvesting
Thermo-electric energy recovery
▪ Thermoelectrics are clean, no moving parts, long life
▪ Can be applied on small scale
Waste heat is “free”
From: J-P Fleurial et al “Waste Heat Recovery
Opportunities for Thermoelectric Generators,
Thermoelectrics Application Workshop, JPL, 2009.
▪ 62% of car fuel energy lost as heat
▪ Recover energy from car exhaust system
Thermo-electric energy recovery
Thermoelectric figure of merit (index)
TS
zT e2
= Temperature
Electrical
conductivity
Seebeck
coefficient
Thermal
conductivity Skutterudite
antimonide
▪ Ytterbium, Cobalt: Critical
▪ Antimony: Restricted
XX
X
X
Need zT > 1.5 for acceptable
conversion efficiency
Research differently
European Nanoelectronics consortium on sustainability (ENCOS)
• Reduce the power consumption and industrial waste• Substitute or decrease the use of toxic, hazardous, and critical raw materials• Extend the lifetime of electronics devices by design• Innovative recycling solutions• Reduce power consumption of electronic• Increase the transparency of the supply chain within the consumer electronics sector• Develop new business models to overcome the planned obsolescence• Advocacy - public authorities and governments to anticipate the new laws, labels, norms, regulations, etc.
• Substitution of critical and toxic raw materials or consumption reduction
In, Ga, Co, W, Pt, Ru, Pb, Sb, Nb, Ta, Hf, Sc
- Introduction of new materials like 2D, others
- Development of large scale processes (additive processes)
• Silicon-based RF ICs for wireless communication systems instead of III-V (trap-rich likeRF SOI)
• Ultra-low power electronics for IoT, such as FD SOI
• Paper-based electronics for disposable electronic/microfluidic devices for environmental or medical sensing
• Combined with skills in human sciences: knowledge of supply chain, new regulations, acceptability of sustainability issues in R&D organizations from the early design stage...
• Development of simulation tools including a holistic approach
ENCOS
https://sites.uclouvain.be/sict/
Doctoral school on Sustainable ICT
Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve
September 7-11, 2020
Circular Economy
Electronics recycling - UMICORE
• Only 17 out of 60 elements
• Gold pays for the others
• Not profitable because raw materials are really too cheap
Educate differently
Need to teach systemic approach
Enlarge the scope of analysis, not limited to strict technical parameters, inputs.
Barriers between scientific disciplines must vanish
Embrace the complexity of the world
Cours-projet IngénieuxSud à l’UCLouvain
www.ingenieuxsud.be
LEPL1804 - Développement durable et transition
Environment
SocialEconomic
IngénieuxSud
500ETUDIANTSUCLOUVAIN
20PAYS
100PROJETS
25UNIVERSITESPARTENAIRES
400ETUDIANTSDU SUD
1 PRIX EUROPEEN D’EXCELLENCE
52% 48%
New legislationsInformation to the consumers, transparencyYour iPhone has traveled the distance of the moon and back to reach you.Display of the product lifetimeNot only the total price, by cost per year
Longer warranty for the sold products (5 years)
Repairability: guarantee the detached parts of the product, plans, instructions,…
Labels, certification,…
Official fuel economy figures:
Combined: 6 – 11 litre / 100km
CO2 emissions: 158 – 276 g / km
Efficiency rating: A
Volume 0.3 m3
330 kWhr / year
Only energy in use phase!
[Prof. Valérie Swaen, UCLouvain]
[Interreg, SHAREPAIR]
New legislations
Lower taxes for repair
Limitation of data by user’s abonnement
Modular hardware/software: the right tool for the right task, evolutive, custom high-tech
Against planned obsolescence
• Consumer market
• Economy based on ownership and high replacement rate
• Planned obsolescence
New economic modelsCurrent situation
How could we move to economics of functionality? Where the performance and the
durability of the products are key.
Sell the use of the product and not the ownership.
Parternship between the producer and the consumer (client).
Michelin: they do not sell tires but kilometers and they teach the drivers how to drive to reduce tires and gasoline consumption.Orange: internet box
Economic Business model canvas
[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]
Environmental Life Cycle Business model canvas
[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]
Social Stakeholder Business model canvas
[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]
Conclusions
• Sciences and technologies are great!
• They are NOT neutral
• Technology cannot do anything alone
• We must think, research, teach and act differently
Adopt a holistic approach
• Lifecycle of data
How to live x times better
by using x times lesser resources?
How to get x times more meaning
with x times less things?
Défis de notre société
Courants de pensées : est-ce que la solution sera technologique ?
Est-ce que la technologie va nous sauver ?
“nous” de qui parle-t-on ?
Classes sociales, Nord-Sud, faune-flore,…
Regards croisés !
Environment
SocialEconomic
Economy
Society
Environment
Environment
Society
Economy
?
?
Quels chemins ?Quelles visions ?Quelles valeurs ?
Books
Podcasts
[Les couilles sur la table] Des ordis, des souris et des hommeshttps://podcastaddict.com/episode/100077123
[AFROTOPIQUES] MALCOM FERDINAND // Penser une écologie décoloniale, une écologie-du-mondehttps://podcastaddict.com/episode/83329476
TED talk - Chimanda Adichie : Le danger d'une histoire uniqueIl y a différents centres de production du savoir, occident, Asie, Afrique, pas idéaliser, écouter les différents récits, prendre et construire son imaginairehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg&t=131s
TED talk - Hans RoslingNew insight on poverty:https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_new_insights_on_poverty?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yoGlobal population growth, box by box:https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_global_population_growth_box_by_box?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yoThe magic of washing machine:https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_the_magic_washing_machine?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yo
#SMARTer2030 – ICT Solutions for 21st Century Challengeshttp://smarter2030.gesi.org/downloads/Full_report.pdf
top related