Pas de société numérique sans

technologies de l'information durables

Prof. Jean-Pierre Raskin

UDA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique - 6 octobre 2020

Nanoelectronics – a fantastic world

Materials

Devices

Circuits

F

s

eRF SOI technology in all smartphonesExploration of material nanoscale properties

Interrogeons la notion du PROGRÈS

-5,000,000 yearsSource: Keidanren Society 5.0 Co-Creating the Future 2018

[Lorenz Hilty, SICT 2020]

The speed of change is exponential with 50 billion devices connected by 2020 Digital Society

[World Materials Forum]

Digital Society Benefits

SecurityMonitoringWellness

Traffic routingSecurity Removalhuman error

PreventionElderly monitoringRemote healthcare

Energy savingStructural integrity

Energy distributionWaste managementEmergency services

Man

age

me

nt

et g

est

ion

de

s d

on

née

s

Source: Keidanren Society 5.0 Co-Creating the Future 2018

Connected devices

[Cisco & IOT Analytics, 2019][Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Global growth rate = + 10% / year

Bill

ion

of

dev

ices

Smartphones

IoT

• Global growth rate = + 46% / year

• Smartphone & IoT ~ 20% in 2020 (high growth rate + 47% / year)

Internet data traffic

[Cisco VNI Global IP Traffic Forecast, 2017-2022][Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Vid

eo

Video = 80%

1018

Below the iceberg: infrastructures

Access network

Data centers

Things

of

Internet

Bottom-up energy consumption model

[1] S. Baudoin, “Modélisation de la consommation énergétique de l'Internet selon une approche ascendante”, TFE (Supervision: D. Bol), UCL, 2013. [2] E. Taylor, “The environmental impact of smart grids communication systems: a case-study approach”, TFE (Supervision D. Bol and E. De Jaeger, UCL, 2015)

SectionElectrical power

2013 [MJ/GB][1,2]

Electrical power 2017 [MJ/GB](extrapolation)

Data center 1.00 0.66

Backbone 0.04 0.02

Ethernet access 0.64 0.42

Wifi access 1.17 0.77

Cellular access 2.89 1.88

Smartphone 0.02 0.02

Laptop PC 0.12 0.08

Desktop PC 0.56 0.37

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Smartphone battery ~1%

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Assumptions:• Total power includes the full connection (data center + backbone + access + terminal)• Caution to avoid car transport for DVD rental or copying files on USB stock

Application #1 – Watching videos

Application Data rate AccessInstantaneouspower (total)

Equivalentappliance

25 Mbps (UHD 4K)

WiFi 4500 W HVAC

5 Mbps(HD 1080p)

WiFi 750 W Microwave

DVD / USB stick

10 Mbps(HD 1080p)

- 100W Ceiling fan

Watching a series episode on laptop in bed

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

10 HD home cameras always-on:

-- Generates about 60% of the household

electrical energy consumption in the cloud

~4 TB / month

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Application #2 – Home video surveillance

~4 TB / day

Application #3 – Autonomous cars

• Information technologies = 5-10% of worldwide electrical power consumption.In France, 14% = 7 nuclear reactors, 5% of greenhouse gas emissions.

• The worldwide electrical power consumption has increased by 6.6% per yearbetween 2007-2017, while it was a crisis period. No reduction of the power consumption, even with the introduction of lower power consumptiondomestic and industrial equipment (fridge A++, etc.).

Need more Energy for ICT

~2/3 responsible of CO2 emission

More GHG Emissions

+8% CAGR when global GHG should drop by 5%

8%

4%

Energy consumption in ICT

~45% of consumed power for the fabricationof ICT equipment

> 80% of consumed power for the fabricationof the Smartphone

Smartphone carbon footprint

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

More complexity, more devices…

Chip unit fab energy: + 7% / year (techno scaling)Chip unit sale: + 9% / year (consumption, obsolescence)

Global chip fabricationenergy footprint: + 16% / year

+

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Information technologies = 30% of Silver

12% of Gold

30% of Copper

80% Indium

Need more Materials for ICT

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

108

1010

1012

Tra

nsis

tors

pe

r ch

ip

YearYear

Tra

nsis

tors

per

chip

DRAM

Microprocessor

Memories

Microprocessors

Tran

sist

ors

per

ch

ip

Tera

10 Giga

0.1 Giga

Year

Moore’s Law

400 billion

Number of stars in our galaxy

I II III IV V VI VII O

lithium

3

Li6.941(2)

beryllium

4

Be9.012182(3)

sodium

11

Na22.989770(2)

magnesium

12

Mg24.305(?)

rubidium

37

Rb85.4678(3)

strontium

38

Sr87.62(1)

caesium

55

Cs132.90545(2)

barium

56

Ba137.327(7)

francium

87

Fr[223.0197]

radium

88

Ra[226.0254]

potassium

19

K39.0983(1)

calcium

20

Ca40.078(4)

lutetium

71

Lu174.967(1)

lawrencium

103

Lr[262.110]

scandium

21

Sc44.955910(8)

yttrium

39

Y88.90585(2)

hafnium

72

Hf178.49(2)

titanium

22

Ti47.867(1)

zirconium

40

Zr91.224(2)

tantalum

73

Ta180.9479(1)

vanadium

23

V50.9415(1)

niobium

41

Nb92.90638(2)

chromium

24

Cr51.9961(6)

molybdenum

42

Mo95.94(1)

rhenium

75

Re186.207(1)

manganese

25

Mn54.938049(9)

technetium

43

Tc[98.9063]

osmium

76

Os190.23(3)

iron

26

Fe55.845(2)

ruthenium

44

Ru101.07(2)

iridium

77

Ir192.217(3)

cobalt

27

Co58.933200(9)

rhodium

45

Rh102.90550(2)

platinum

78

Pt195.078(2)

nickel

28

Ni58.6934(2)

palladium

46

Pd106.42(1)

gold

79

Au196.96655(2)

copper

29

Cu63.546(3)

silver

47

Ag107.8682(2)

mercury

80

Hg200.59(2)

zinc

30

Zn65.39(2)

cadmium

48

Cd112.411(8)

thallium

81

Tl204.3833(2)

gallium

31

Ga69.723(1)

indium

49

In114.818(3)

boron

5

B10.811(7)

aluminium

13

Al26.981538(2)

lead

82

Pb207.2(1)

germanium

32

Ge72.61(2)

tin

50

Sn118.710(7)

carbon

6

C12.0107(8)

silicon

14

Si28.0855(3)

bismuth

83

Bi208.98038(2)

arsenic

33

As74.92160(2)

antimony

51

Sb121.760(1)

nitrogen

7

N14.00674(7)

phosphorus

15

P30.973761(2)

polonium

84

Po[208.9824]

selenium

34

Se78.96(3)

tellurium

52

Te127.60(3)

oxygen

8

O15.9994(3)

sulfur

16

S32.066(6)

astatine

85

At[209.9871]

bromine

35

Br79.904(1)

iodine

53

I126.90447(3)

fluorine

9

F18.9984032(5)

chlorine

17

Cl35.4527(9)

radon

86

Rn[222.0176]

krypton

36

Kr83.80(1)

xenon

54

Xe131.29(2)

neon

10

Ne20.1797(6)

argon

18

Ar39.948(1)

helium

2

He4.002602(2)

lanthanum

57

La138.9055(2)

cerium

58

Ce140.116(1)

thorium

90

Th232.038(1)

praseodymium

59

Pr140.90765(2)

protactinium

91

Pa231.03588(2)

nedodymium

60

Nd144.24(3)

uranium

92

U238.0289(1)

promethium

61

Pm[144.9127]

neptunium

93

Np[237.0482]

samarium

62

Sm150.36(3)

plutonium

94

Pu[244.0642]

europium

63

Eu151.964(1)

americium

95

Am[243.0614]

gadolinium

64

Gd157.25(3)

curium

96

Cm[247.0703]

terbium

65

Tb158.92534(2)

berkelium

97

Bk[247.0703]

dysprosium

66

Dy162.50(3)

californium

98

Cf[251.0796]

holmium

67

Ho164.93032(2)

einsteinium

99

Es[252.0830]

erbium

68

Er167.26(3)

fermium

100

Fm[257.0951]

thulium

69

Tm168.93421(2)

mendelevium

101

Md[258.0984]

ytterbium

70

Yb173.04(3)

nobelium

102

No[259.1011]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tungsten

74

W183.84(1)

1980'shydrogen

1

H1.00794(7)

Evolution of microelectronics – Pressure on materials

I II III IV V VI VII O

lithium

3

Li6.941(2)

beryllium

4

Be9.012182(3)

sodium

11

Na22.989770(2)

magnesium

12

Mg24.305(?)

rubidium

37

Rb85.4678(3)

strontium

38

Sr87.62(1)

caesium

55

Cs132.90545(2)

barium

56

Ba137.327(7)

francium

87

Fr[223.0197]

radium

88

Ra[226.0254]

potassium

19

K39.0983(1)

calcium

20

Ca40.078(4)

lutetium

71

Lu174.967(1)

lawrencium

103

Lr[262.110]

scandium

21

Sc44.955910(8)

yttrium

39

Y88.90585(2)

hafnium

72

Hf178.49(2)

titanium

22

Ti47.867(1)

zirconium

40

Zr91.224(2)

tantalum

73

Ta180.9479(1)

vanadium

23

V50.9415(1)

niobium

41

Nb92.90638(2)

chromium

24

Cr51.9961(6)

molybdenum

42

Mo95.94(1)

rhenium

75

Re186.207(1)

manganese

25

Mn54.938049(9)

technetium

43

Tc[98.9063]

osmium

76

Os190.23(3)

iron

26

Fe55.845(2)

ruthenium

44

Ru101.07(2)

iridium

77

Ir192.217(3)

cobalt

27

Co58.933200(9)

rhodium

45

Rh102.90550(2)

platinum

78

Pt195.078(2)

nickel

28

Ni58.6934(2)

palladium

46

Pd106.42(1)

gold

79

Au196.96655(2)

copper

29

Cu63.546(3)

silver

47

Ag107.8682(2)

mercury

80

Hg200.59(2)

zinc

30

Zn65.39(2)

cadmium

48

Cd112.411(8)

thallium

81

Tl204.3833(2)

gallium

31

Ga69.723(1)

indium

49

In114.818(3)

boron

5

B10.811(7)

aluminium

13

Al26.981538(2)

lead

82

Pb207.2(1)

germanium

32

Ge72.61(2)

tin

50

Sn118.710(7)

carbon

6

C12.0107(8)

silicon

14

Si28.0855(3)

bismuth

83

Bi208.98038(2)

arsenic

33

As74.92160(2)

antimony

51

Sb121.760(1)

nitrogen

7

N14.00674(7)

phosphorus

15

P30.973761(2)

polonium

84

Po[208.9824]

selenium

34

Se78.96(3)

tellurium

52

Te127.60(3)

oxygen

8

O15.9994(3)

sulfur

16

S32.066(6)

astatine

85

At[209.9871]

bromine

35

Br79.904(1)

iodine

53

I126.90447(3)

fluorine

9

F18.9984032(5)

chlorine

17

Cl35.4527(9)

radon

86

Rn[222.0176]

krypton

36

Kr83.80(1)

xenon

54

Xe131.29(2)

neon

10

Ne20.1797(6)

argon

18

Ar39.948(1)

helium

2

He4.002602(2)

lanthanum

57

La138.9055(2)

cerium

58

Ce140.116(1)

thorium

90

Th232.038(1)

praseodymium

59

Pr140.90765(2)

protactinium

91

Pa231.03588(2)

nedodymium

60

Nd144.24(3)

uranium

92

U238.0289(1)

promethium

61

Pm[144.9127]

neptunium

93

Np[237.0482]

samarium

62

Sm150.36(3)

plutonium

94

Pu[244.0642]

europium

63

Eu151.964(1)

americium

95

Am[243.0614]

gadolinium

64

Gd157.25(3)

curium

96

Cm[247.0703]

terbium

65

Tb158.92534(2)

berkelium

97

Bk[247.0703]

dysprosium

66

Dy162.50(3)

californium

98

Cf[251.0796]

holmium

67

Ho164.93032(2)

einsteinium

99

Es[252.0830]

erbium

68

Er167.26(3)

fermium

100

Fm[257.0951]

thulium

69

Tm168.93421(2)

mendelevium

101

Md[258.0984]

ytterbium

70

Yb173.04(3)

nobelium

102

No[259.1011]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tungsten

74

W183.84(1)

1980'shydrogen

1

H1.00794(7)

I II III IV V VI VII O

lithium

3

Li6.941(2)

beryllium

4

Be9.012182(3)

sodium

11

Na22.989770(2)

magnesium

12

Mg24.305(?)

rubidium

37

Rb85.4678(3)

strontium

38

Sr87.62(1)

caesium

55

Cs132.90545(2)

barium

56

Ba137.327(7)

francium

87

Fr[223.0197]

radium

88

Ra[226.0254]

potassium

19

K39.0983(1)

calcium

20

Ca40.078(4)

lutetium

71

Lu174.967(1)

lawrencium

103

Lr[262.110]

scandium

21

Sc44.955910(8)

yttrium

39

Y88.90585(2)

hafnium

72

Hf178.49(2)

titanium

22

Ti47.867(1)

zirconium

40

Zr91.224(2)

tantalum

73

Ta180.9479(1)

vanadium

23

V50.9415(1)

niobium

41

Nb92.90638(2)

chromium

24

Cr51.9961(6)

molybdenum

42

Mo95.94(1)

rhenium

75

Re186.207(1)

manganese

25

Mn54.938049(9)

technetium

43

Tc[98.9063]

osmium

76

Os190.23(3)

iron

26

Fe55.845(2)

ruthenium

44

Ru101.07(2)

iridium

77

Ir192.217(3)

cobalt

27

Co58.933200(9)

rhodium

45

Rh102.90550(2)

platinum

78

Pt195.078(2)

nickel

28

Ni58.6934(2)

palladium

46

Pd106.42(1)

gold

79

Au196.96655(2)

copper

29

Cu63.546(3)

silver

47

Ag107.8682(2)

mercury

80

Hg200.59(2)

zinc

30

Zn65.39(2)

cadmium

48

Cd112.411(8)

thallium

81

Tl204.3833(2)

gallium

31

Ga69.723(1)

indium

49

In114.818(3)

boron

5

B10.811(7)

aluminium

13

Al26.981538(2)

lead

82

Pb207.2(1)

germanium

32

Ge72.61(2)

tin

50

Sn118.710(7)

carbon

6

C12.0107(8)

silicon

14

Si28.0855(3)

bismuth

83

Bi208.98038(2)

arsenic

33

As74.92160(2)

antimony

51

Sb121.760(1)

nitrogen

7

N14.00674(7)

phosphorus

15

P30.973761(2)

polonium

84

Po[208.9824]

selenium

34

Se78.96(3)

tellurium

52

Te127.60(3)

oxygen

8

O15.9994(3)

sulfur

16

S32.066(6)

astatine

85

At[209.9871]

bromine

35

Br79.904(1)

iodine

53

I126.90447(3)

fluorine

9

F18.9984032(5)

chlorine

17

Cl35.4527(9)

radon

86

Rn[222.0176]

krypton

36

Kr83.80(1)

xenon

54

Xe131.29(2)

neon

10

Ne20.1797(6)

argon

18

Ar39.948(1)

helium

2

He4.002602(2)

lanthanum

57

La138.9055(2)

cerium

58

Ce140.116(1)

thorium

90

Th232.038(1)

praseodymium

59

Pr140.90765(2)

protactinium

91

Pa231.03588(2)

nedodymium

60

Nd144.24(3)

uranium

92

U238.0289(1)

promethium

61

Pm[144.9127]

neptunium

93

Np[237.0482]

samarium

62

Sm150.36(3)

plutonium

94

Pu[244.0642]

europium

63

Eu151.964(1)

americium

95

Am[243.0614]

gadolinium

64

Gd157.25(3)

curium

96

Cm[247.0703]

terbium

65

Tb158.92534(2)

berkelium

97

Bk[247.0703]

dysprosium

66

Dy162.50(3)

californium

98

Cf[251.0796]

holmium

67

Ho164.93032(2)

einsteinium

99

Es[252.0830]

erbium

68

Er167.26(3)

fermium

100

Fm[257.0951]

thulium

69

Tm168.93421(2)

mendelevium

101

Md[258.0984]

ytterbium

70

Yb173.04(3)

nobelium

102

No[259.1011]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tungsten

74

W183.84(1)

1980'shydrogen

1

H1.00794(7) 1990's

Evolution of microelectronics – Pressure on materials

I II III IV V VI VII O

lithium

3

Li6.941(2)

beryllium

4

Be9.012182(3)

sodium

11

Na22.989770(2)

magnesium

12

Mg24.305(?)

rubidium

37

Rb85.4678(3)

strontium

38

Sr87.62(1)

caesium

55

Cs132.90545(2)

barium

56

Ba137.327(7)

francium

87

Fr[223.0197]

radium

88

Ra[226.0254]

potassium

19

K39.0983(1)

calcium

20

Ca40.078(4)

lutetium

71

Lu174.967(1)

lawrencium

103

Lr[262.110]

scandium

21

Sc44.955910(8)

yttrium

39

Y88.90585(2)

hafnium

72

Hf178.49(2)

titanium

22

Ti47.867(1)

zirconium

40

Zr91.224(2)

tantalum

73

Ta180.9479(1)

vanadium

23

V50.9415(1)

niobium

41

Nb92.90638(2)

chromium

24

Cr51.9961(6)

molybdenum

42

Mo95.94(1)

rhenium

75

Re186.207(1)

manganese

25

Mn54.938049(9)

technetium

43

Tc[98.9063]

osmium

76

Os190.23(3)

iron

26

Fe55.845(2)

ruthenium

44

Ru101.07(2)

iridium

77

Ir192.217(3)

cobalt

27

Co58.933200(9)

rhodium

45

Rh102.90550(2)

platinum

78

Pt195.078(2)

nickel

28

Ni58.6934(2)

palladium

46

Pd106.42(1)

gold

79

Au196.96655(2)

copper

29

Cu63.546(3)

silver

47

Ag107.8682(2)

mercury

80

Hg200.59(2)

zinc

30

Zn65.39(2)

cadmium

48

Cd112.411(8)

thallium

81

Tl204.3833(2)

gallium

31

Ga69.723(1)

indium

49

In114.818(3)

boron

5

B10.811(7)

aluminium

13

Al26.981538(2)

lead

82

Pb207.2(1)

germanium

32

Ge72.61(2)

tin

50

Sn118.710(7)

carbon

6

C12.0107(8)

silicon

14

Si28.0855(3)

bismuth

83

Bi208.98038(2)

arsenic

33

As74.92160(2)

antimony

51

Sb121.760(1)

nitrogen

7

N14.00674(7)

phosphorus

15

P30.973761(2)

polonium

84

Po[208.9824]

selenium

34

Se78.96(3)

tellurium

52

Te127.60(3)

oxygen

8

O15.9994(3)

sulfur

16

S32.066(6)

astatine

85

At[209.9871]

bromine

35

Br79.904(1)

iodine

53

I126.90447(3)

fluorine

9

F18.9984032(5)

chlorine

17

Cl35.4527(9)

radon

86

Rn[222.0176]

krypton

36

Kr83.80(1)

xenon

54

Xe131.29(2)

neon

10

Ne20.1797(6)

argon

18

Ar39.948(1)

helium

2

He4.002602(2)

lanthanum

57

La138.9055(2)

cerium

58

Ce140.116(1)

thorium

90

Th232.038(1)

praseodymium

59

Pr140.90765(2)

protactinium

91

Pa231.03588(2)

nedodymium

60

Nd144.24(3)

uranium

92

U238.0289(1)

promethium

61

Pm[144.9127]

neptunium

93

Np[237.0482]

samarium

62

Sm150.36(3)

plutonium

94

Pu[244.0642]

europium

63

Eu151.964(1)

americium

95

Am[243.0614]

gadolinium

64

Gd157.25(3)

curium

96

Cm[247.0703]

terbium

65

Tb158.92534(2)

berkelium

97

Bk[247.0703]

dysprosium

66

Dy162.50(3)

californium

98

Cf[251.0796]

holmium

67

Ho164.93032(2)

einsteinium

99

Es[252.0830]

erbium

68

Er167.26(3)

fermium

100

Fm[257.0951]

thulium

69

Tm168.93421(2)

mendelevium

101

Md[258.0984]

ytterbium

70

Yb173.04(3)

nobelium

102

No[259.1011]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tungsten

74

W183.84(1)

1980'shydrogen

1

H1.00794(7)

I II III IV V VI VII O

lithium

3

Li6.941(2)

beryllium

4

Be9.012182(3)

sodium

11

Na22.989770(2)

magnesium

12

Mg24.305(?)

rubidium

37

Rb85.4678(3)

strontium

38

Sr87.62(1)

caesium

55

Cs132.90545(2)

barium

56

Ba137.327(7)

francium

87

Fr[223.0197]

radium

88

Ra[226.0254]

potassium

19

K39.0983(1)

calcium

20

Ca40.078(4)

lutetium

71

Lu174.967(1)

lawrencium

103

Lr[262.110]

scandium

21

Sc44.955910(8)

yttrium

39

Y88.90585(2)

hafnium

72

Hf178.49(2)

titanium

22

Ti47.867(1)

zirconium

40

Zr91.224(2)

tantalum

73

Ta180.9479(1)

vanadium

23

V50.9415(1)

niobium

41

Nb92.90638(2)

chromium

24

Cr51.9961(6)

molybdenum

42

Mo95.94(1)

rhenium

75

Re186.207(1)

manganese

25

Mn54.938049(9)

technetium

43

Tc[98.9063]

osmium

76

Os190.23(3)

iron

26

Fe55.845(2)

ruthenium

44

Ru101.07(2)

iridium

77

Ir192.217(3)

cobalt

27

Co58.933200(9)

rhodium

45

Rh102.90550(2)

platinum

78

Pt195.078(2)

nickel

28

Ni58.6934(2)

palladium

46

Pd106.42(1)

gold

79

Au196.96655(2)

copper

29

Cu63.546(3)

silver

47

Ag107.8682(2)

mercury

80

Hg200.59(2)

zinc

30

Zn65.39(2)

cadmium

48

Cd112.411(8)

thallium

81

Tl204.3833(2)

gallium

31

Ga69.723(1)

indium

49

In114.818(3)

boron

5

B10.811(7)

aluminium

13

Al26.981538(2)

lead

82

Pb207.2(1)

germanium

32

Ge72.61(2)

tin

50

Sn118.710(7)

carbon

6

C12.0107(8)

silicon

14

Si28.0855(3)

bismuth

83

Bi208.98038(2)

arsenic

33

As74.92160(2)

antimony

51

Sb121.760(1)

nitrogen

7

N14.00674(7)

phosphorus

15

P30.973761(2)

polonium

84

Po[208.9824]

selenium

34

Se78.96(3)

tellurium

52

Te127.60(3)

oxygen

8

O15.9994(3)

sulfur

16

S32.066(6)

astatine

85

At[209.9871]

bromine

35

Br79.904(1)

iodine

53

I126.90447(3)

fluorine

9

F18.9984032(5)

chlorine

17

Cl35.4527(9)

radon

86

Rn[222.0176]

krypton

36

Kr83.80(1)

xenon

54

Xe131.29(2)

neon

10

Ne20.1797(6)

argon

18

Ar39.948(1)

helium

2

He4.002602(2)

lanthanum

57

La138.9055(2)

cerium

58

Ce140.116(1)

thorium

90

Th232.038(1)

praseodymium

59

Pr140.90765(2)

protactinium

91

Pa231.03588(2)

nedodymium

60

Nd144.24(3)

uranium

92

U238.0289(1)

promethium

61

Pm[144.9127]

neptunium

93

Np[237.0482]

samarium

62

Sm150.36(3)

plutonium

94

Pu[244.0642]

europium

63

Eu151.964(1)

americium

95

Am[243.0614]

gadolinium

64

Gd157.25(3)

curium

96

Cm[247.0703]

terbium

65

Tb158.92534(2)

berkelium

97

Bk[247.0703]

dysprosium

66

Dy162.50(3)

californium

98

Cf[251.0796]

holmium

67

Ho164.93032(2)

einsteinium

99

Es[252.0830]

erbium

68

Er167.26(3)

fermium

100

Fm[257.0951]

thulium

69

Tm168.93421(2)

mendelevium

101

Md[258.0984]

ytterbium

70

Yb173.04(3)

nobelium

102

No[259.1011]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tungsten

74

W183.84(1)

1980'shydrogen

1

H1.00794(7) 1990's

I II III IV V VI VII O

lithium

3

Li6.941(2)

beryllium

4

Be9.012182(3)

sodium

11

Na22.989770(2)

magnesium

12

Mg24.305(?)

rubidium

37

Rb85.4678(3)

strontium

38

Sr87.62(1)

caesium

55

Cs132.90545(2)

barium

56

Ba137.327(7)

francium

87

Fr[223.0197]

radium

88

Ra[226.0254]

potassium

19

K39.0983(1)

calcium

20

Ca40.078(4)

lutetium

71

Lu174.967(1)

lawrencium

103

Lr[262.110]

scandium

21

Sc44.955910(8)

yttrium

39

Y88.90585(2)

hafnium

72

Hf178.49(2)

titanium

22

Ti47.867(1)

zirconium

40

Zr91.224(2)

tantalum

73

Ta180.9479(1)

vanadium

23

V50.9415(1)

niobium

41

Nb92.90638(2)

chromium

24

Cr51.9961(6)

molybdenum

42

Mo95.94(1)

rhenium

75

Re186.207(1)

manganese

25

Mn54.938049(9)

technetium

43

Tc[98.9063]

osmium

76

Os190.23(3)

iron

26

Fe55.845(2)

ruthenium

44

Ru101.07(2)

iridium

77

Ir192.217(3)

cobalt

27

Co58.933200(9)

rhodium

45

Rh102.90550(2)

platinum

78

Pt195.078(2)

nickel

28

Ni58.6934(2)

palladium

46

Pd106.42(1)

gold

79

Au196.96655(2)

copper

29

Cu63.546(3)

silver

47

Ag107.8682(2)

mercury

80

Hg200.59(2)

zinc

30

Zn65.39(2)

cadmium

48

Cd112.411(8)

thallium

81

Tl204.3833(2)

gallium

31

Ga69.723(1)

indium

49

In114.818(3)

boron

5

B10.811(7)

aluminium

13

Al26.981538(2)

lead

82

Pb207.2(1)

germanium

32

Ge72.61(2)

tin

50

Sn118.710(7)

carbon

6

C12.0107(8)

silicon

14

Si28.0855(3)

bismuth

83

Bi208.98038(2)

arsenic

33

As74.92160(2)

antimony

51

Sb121.760(1)

nitrogen

7

N14.00674(7)

phosphorus

15

P30.973761(2)

polonium

84

Po[208.9824]

selenium

34

Se78.96(3)

tellurium

52

Te127.60(3)

oxygen

8

O15.9994(3)

sulfur

16

S32.066(6)

astatine

85

At[209.9871]

bromine

35

Br79.904(1)

iodine

53

I126.90447(3)

fluorine

9

F18.9984032(5)

chlorine

17

Cl35.4527(9)

radon

86

Rn[222.0176]

krypton

36

Kr83.80(1)

xenon

54

Xe131.29(2)

neon

10

Ne20.1797(6)

argon

18

Ar39.948(1)

helium

2

He4.002602(2)

lanthanum

57

La138.9055(2)

cerium

58

Ce140.116(1)

thorium

90

Th232.038(1)

praseodymium

59

Pr140.90765(2)

protactinium

91

Pa231.03588(2)

nedodymium

60

Nd144.24(3)

uranium

92

U238.0289(1)

promethium

61

Pm[144.9127]

neptunium

93

Np[237.0482]

samarium

62

Sm150.36(3)

plutonium

94

Pu[244.0642]

europium

63

Eu151.964(1)

americium

95

Am[243.0614]

gadolinium

64

Gd157.25(3)

curium

96

Cm[247.0703]

terbium

65

Tb158.92534(2)

berkelium

97

Bk[247.0703]

dysprosium

66

Dy162.50(3)

californium

98

Cf[251.0796]

holmium

67

Ho164.93032(2)

einsteinium

99

Es[252.0830]

erbium

68

Er167.26(3)

fermium

100

Fm[257.0951]

thulium

69

Tm168.93421(2)

mendelevium

101

Md[258.0984]

ytterbium

70

Yb173.04(3)

nobelium

102

No[259.1011]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

tungsten

74

W183.84(1)

1980'shydrogen

1

H1.00794(7) 1990's

2000's

Evolution of microelectronics – Pressure on materials

12 elements

0 critical

29 elements

5 critical

60 elements

20 critical

2 x 107 per year

Life: 15 years

1956

107 per year

Life: 5 years

1986

> 109 per year

Life: 18 months

2016

> 5x1010 per year

Life: ? (short)

2020 and beyond

More critical andtoxic materials

Impact of the technology

[Prof. M. Ashby, Cambridge Univ.]

Sociétés 4.0 & 5.0 – vers une dématérialisation ?

Abundance, Sparsity

1 ton ore =

330 kg iron

1 ton ore =

3 g Platinum

Factor

of 1010

Products

in 1950Products

in 2019

[Prof. M. Ashby, Cambridge Univ.]

Pas de limites géologiques à court et moyen terme,mais de plus en plus d’énergiepour l’extraction

Pénurie de matériaux ?

Conflits géopolitiques

Rare earth,nearly only in China

Nearly nothing in Europe!

Blood minerals: Democratic Republic of Congo where army groups manage the mines. Since the 90’s several hundreds thousand people have died due to mine conflicts.

From the soil of your backyardLet us take 1 m depth over an area of 1,000 m²You get 2,000 tons of soil in which…

We get…

Everything we need for modern nanoelectronics…

[Prof. Eric Pirard, ULiège]

Are there minerals in Europe?

Une mine - pollution de l’air, des sols et sous-sols- nuisances sonores et olfactives- dégradation de la biodiversité

Ouverture de mines en Europe ?

HIGH TECH

Mine – activité artisanale

Mine de coltan au Nord Kivu (RDC)Photographe : Stefano Stranges

Afrique du Sud

Pérou

Canada

Conflits sociaux

Conflits sociaux

Technology is not neutral

Electronics waste Poor recycling under extreme dangerous conditions

Environmental & human disaster

North-South dependence

[Documentary: La tragédie électronique, ARTE 2014]

La société digitale à deux vitesses

Un monde globalisé

- Flux de la matière et des richesses

- Où sont les gagnants et les perdants

- Dominants-Dominés

[LaRevueDurable, no. 63, 2019]

Source: Oxfam

Une société humaine à deux vitesses

Think, design, innovate and act differently

Sustainable Development…

Innovate with limits!

Mission of the engineersKey Performance Indicator

Our daily work: reach KPI Set KPI to increase financial gains

[Prof. D. Bol, UCLouvain]

Effet rebond

Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des date centers

2018 2019

Efficacitéénergétique

1 unité d’énergie / Gb 0,85 unité d’énergie / Gb

Echanges de données

1 utilisateur = 1 Gb 1 utilisateur = 1,3 Gb

Consommationénergique absolue

1 unité 1,3 x 0,85 = 1,1 unité

Plus efficacePlus de vidéos ouplus haute définition

Plus d’énergieconsommée

RELATIF ABSOLU

[Lorenz Hilty, 2015]

Approche systémique

Mike Ashby, 2017

Design under additional constraints - 3 Capitals

Natural capital

Clean atmosphere, productive

land, fresh water, oceans,

material and energy resources

Manufactured capital

Built environment, Industrial

capacity, Financial health

(sometimes measured by GDP)

Human and Social capital

Knowledge, education, skills,

culture, human health and

happiness

▪ Sustainable Development: is one that provides needed products or services in ways that reduce the drain on resources, is legal, economically viable and acceptable to all stakeholders.

Accelerometers:

Maximize signal per unit force

Material index = Piezo charge coeff. g33

Additional constraint: non-toxic

Mechanical energy harvesting:

Maximize efficiency of conversion of mechanical

to electrical energy

Material index = Electro-mech coupling const

Accelerometers and Energy harvesting

Thermo-electric energy recovery

▪ Thermoelectrics are clean, no moving parts, long life

▪ Can be applied on small scale

Waste heat is “free”

From: J-P Fleurial et al “Waste Heat Recovery

Opportunities for Thermoelectric Generators,

Thermoelectrics Application Workshop, JPL, 2009.

▪ 62% of car fuel energy lost as heat

▪ Recover energy from car exhaust system

Thermo-electric energy recovery

Thermoelectric figure of merit (index)

TS

zT e2

= Temperature

Electrical

conductivity

Seebeck

coefficient

Thermal

conductivity Skutterudite

antimonide

▪ Ytterbium, Cobalt: Critical

▪ Antimony: Restricted

XX

X

X

Need zT > 1.5 for acceptable

conversion efficiency

Research differently

European Nanoelectronics consortium on sustainability (ENCOS)

• Reduce the power consumption and industrial waste• Substitute or decrease the use of toxic, hazardous, and critical raw materials• Extend the lifetime of electronics devices by design• Innovative recycling solutions• Reduce power consumption of electronic• Increase the transparency of the supply chain within the consumer electronics sector• Develop new business models to overcome the planned obsolescence• Advocacy - public authorities and governments to anticipate the new laws, labels, norms, regulations, etc.

• Substitution of critical and toxic raw materials or consumption reduction

In, Ga, Co, W, Pt, Ru, Pb, Sb, Nb, Ta, Hf, Sc

- Introduction of new materials like 2D, others

- Development of large scale processes (additive processes)

• Silicon-based RF ICs for wireless communication systems instead of III-V (trap-rich likeRF SOI)

• Ultra-low power electronics for IoT, such as FD SOI

• Paper-based electronics for disposable electronic/microfluidic devices for environmental or medical sensing

• Combined with skills in human sciences: knowledge of supply chain, new regulations, acceptability of sustainability issues in R&D organizations from the early design stage...

• Development of simulation tools including a holistic approach

ENCOS

https://sites.uclouvain.be/sict/

Doctoral school on Sustainable ICT

Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve

September 7-11, 2020

Circular Economy

Electronics recycling - UMICORE

• Only 17 out of 60 elements

• Gold pays for the others

• Not profitable because raw materials are really too cheap

Educate differently

Need to teach systemic approach

Enlarge the scope of analysis, not limited to strict technical parameters, inputs.

Barriers between scientific disciplines must vanish

Embrace the complexity of the world

Cours-projet IngénieuxSud à l’UCLouvain

www.ingenieuxsud.be

LEPL1804 - Développement durable et transition

Environment

SocialEconomic

IngénieuxSud

500ETUDIANTSUCLOUVAIN

20PAYS

100PROJETS

25UNIVERSITESPARTENAIRES

400ETUDIANTSDU SUD

1 PRIX EUROPEEN D’EXCELLENCE

52% 48%

New legislationsInformation to the consumers, transparencyYour iPhone has traveled the distance of the moon and back to reach you.Display of the product lifetimeNot only the total price, by cost per year

Longer warranty for the sold products (5 years)

Repairability: guarantee the detached parts of the product, plans, instructions,…

Labels, certification,…

Official fuel economy figures:

Combined: 6 – 11 litre / 100km

CO2 emissions: 158 – 276 g / km

Efficiency rating: A

Volume 0.3 m3

330 kWhr / year

Only energy in use phase!

[Prof. Valérie Swaen, UCLouvain]

[Interreg, SHAREPAIR]

New legislations

Lower taxes for repair

Limitation of data by user’s abonnement

Modular hardware/software: the right tool for the right task, evolutive, custom high-tech

Against planned obsolescence

• Consumer market

• Economy based on ownership and high replacement rate

• Planned obsolescence

New economic modelsCurrent situation

How could we move to economics of functionality? Where the performance and the

durability of the products are key.

Sell the use of the product and not the ownership.

Parternship between the producer and the consumer (client).

Michelin: they do not sell tires but kilometers and they teach the drivers how to drive to reduce tires and gasoline consumption.Orange: internet box

Economic Business model canvas

[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]

Environmental Life Cycle Business model canvas

[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]

Social Stakeholder Business model canvas

[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]

Conclusions

• Sciences and technologies are great!

• They are NOT neutral

• Technology cannot do anything alone

• We must think, research, teach and act differently

Adopt a holistic approach

• Lifecycle of data

How to live x times better

by using x times lesser resources?

How to get x times more meaning

with x times less things?

Défis de notre société

Courants de pensées : est-ce que la solution sera technologique ?

Est-ce que la technologie va nous sauver ?

“nous” de qui parle-t-on ?

Classes sociales, Nord-Sud, faune-flore,…

Regards croisés !

Environment

SocialEconomic

Economy

Society

Environment

Environment

Society

Economy

?

?

Quels chemins ?Quelles visions ?Quelles valeurs ?

Books

Podcasts

[Les couilles sur la table] Des ordis, des souris et des hommeshttps://podcastaddict.com/episode/100077123

[AFROTOPIQUES] MALCOM FERDINAND // Penser une écologie décoloniale, une écologie-du-mondehttps://podcastaddict.com/episode/83329476

TED talk - Chimanda Adichie : Le danger d'une histoire uniqueIl y a différents centres de production du savoir, occident, Asie, Afrique, pas idéaliser, écouter les différents récits, prendre et construire son imaginairehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg&t=131s

TED talk - Hans RoslingNew insight on poverty:https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_new_insights_on_poverty?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yoGlobal population growth, box by box:https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_global_population_growth_box_by_box?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yoThe magic of washing machine:https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_the_magic_washing_machine?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yo

#SMARTer2030 – ICT Solutions for 21st Century Challengeshttp://smarter2030.gesi.org/downloads/Full_report.pdf