particle dark matter andth e l u id the early...

Particle Dark Matter d th E l U iand the Early Universe

KICP Cosmology Short CourseSeptember 2010 Rocky Kolb University of Chicago

Mysteries of the Dark UniverseMysteries of the Dark UniverseMysteries of the Dark UniverseMysteries of the Dark UniverseDark Matter:Holds together individual galaxies.

(A new elementary particle?)( y p )

Dark Energy:Pushes apart different galaxies.

(The energy of empty space?)

Chemical Elements: (other than H & He) 0.025%

Radiation: 0.005%

Neutrinos: 0.17%

Stars:0 8%0.8%

H & He:H & He:gas 4%

Cold Dark Matter: (CDM) 25%

Dark Energy: 70%

CDM: Reality, Or a Substitute?CDM: Reality, Or a Substitute?

The construction of a model … consists of snatching from the enormous and complex mass of facts called reality a few simple,

il d k i t hi h h t t th ieasily managed key points which, when put together in some cunning way, becomes for certain purposes a substitute for reality itself.

Evsey DomarEssays on the TheoryEssays on the Theory

of Economic Growth

A PreviousA PreviousConsensusConvergencegDominantBest-FitStandardCosmologicalModelModel

Dark Matter GoalsDark Matter Goals

Discover dark matter and its role in shaping the universe

Particle PhysicsDiscover dark matter and how it is

p g

Discover dark matter and how it is …… grounded in physical law… part of a comprehensive model/theory

Cosmology/AstrophysicsUnderstand the role of dark matter in structure …

… formation… evolution

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter? (Dan Hooper)

M81Spitzer Space Telescope

Fritz Zwicky 1933 & 1937 Coma Cluster

s)

Dark MatterDark Matter

observed

v (k

m/s

100

vdark

50Vera Rubin

darkmatter

expectedfrom stars

105 R (kpc)M33 rotation curveM33 rotation curve

Dark MatterDark Matter

Abel 2218 HST

100 Myr 1 M-Myr

The growth of cosmic seedsThe growth of cosmic seeds00 y y

5 M Myr today5 M-Myr today

Kravtsov

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?

Critical density: g cm

Dark MatterDark Matter23 8H G

dynamics x-ray gaslensing

Critical density: g cm 03 8H G

simulations

cmb power spectrum

DarkMatter 0.25

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

Dark MatterDark Matter

QSO 1937-1009B

Burles et al.Burles et al.

Tytler

BWMAP: 0.0458 0.00015

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

4. How is it distributed?

Dark MatterDark Matter

Navarro, et al.

Tip of the IcebergTip of the IcebergTip of the IcebergTip of the Iceberg

Most of the matter is dark

and

it’s not even “normal” stuff!

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

4. How is it distributed?

5. Could Newton be wrong?

toonpool.com

Dark Matter

• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)The Bullet ClusterThe Bullet Cluster

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

5. Could Newton be wrong?

4. How is it distributed?

6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

5. Could Newton be wrong?

4. How is it distributed?

7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?

6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?

Dark Matter

• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)

• Planets

• Dwarf stars MACHOS

• Black holes

MACHOS

• Black holes

Large Magellanic Cloud150,000 light years distant150,000 light years distant100 million stars

brown dwarf

LMC

observer

Dark Matter

• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)

• Planets Microlensing

• Dwarf stars MACHOS

• Black holes

MACHOS

• Black holes

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Is there Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

5. Could Newton be wrong?

4. How is it distributed?

7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?

6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?

8. Well, what’s left?

Dark Matter

• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)

• Planets

• Dwarf stars MACHOS

• Black holes

MACHOS

P ti l li f th bi b

• Black holes

• Particle relic from the big bang

Meet two brainiacs with a l t t llot to learn. Leonard and Sheldon can tell their quarks from their quantum physics but havephysics, but have no clue how women add up. L it t th iLeave it to their pretty new neighbor, just off a messy breakup, to teach them a thing or two inthing or two in THE BIG BANG THEORY.

Absolute spaceSpace and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and Time

Absolute space … remains always similar and immovable.

Absolute, true, and mathematical time… flows without regard toflows without regard to anything external…

Isaac Newton 1687Isaac Newton, 1687Philosophiae NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica

Space and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and Time

Space & time are relative.Albert Einstein, 1905,

S & ti bSpace & time can be curved, warped, bent.

Albert Einstein 1915Albert Einstein, 1915

Modern Commandments of GenesisModern Commandments of GenesisModern Commandments of GenesisModern Commandments of Genesis

matterradiationradiation

forces

cosmological g

spaceandti cosmological

term(dark energy)

time

(10 nonlinear partial differential equations)

Einstein’sEinstein’sEinstein’sEinstein’sUniverseUniverse

19171917––19291929UniverseUniverse

19171917––19291929

• Gravity Geometry

19171917––1929192919171917––19291929

• A stationary universe

• Gravity Geometry

CCosmology becomes a science!!!!

EdwinHubbleHubble

University of Chicago 1909 National ChampionsUniversity of Chicago 1909 National Champions

SpaceSpaceExpandsExpands

SpaceSpaceExpandsExpandsExpandsExpandsExpandsExpands

Edwin HubbleEdwin Hubble1929

Time MachinesTime MachinesTime MachinesTime MachinesHubble Space TelescopeKeck Telescope Hawaii Hubble Space TelescopeKeck Telescope – Hawaii

Magellan Telescope – ChileSouth Pole Telescope

The Universe Is RadiantThe Universe Is RadiantThe Universe Is RadiantThe Universe Is Radiant

Penzias & Wilson 1965 Temperature of the Universe is K ( F)

Our UniverseOur UniverseOur UniverseOur Universe

emerged from a state of high temperature and… emerged from a state of high temperature and density 13.78 billion years ago, and is expanding and cooling evolving and dynamicand cooling, evolving and dynamic.

Possible FuturesPossible Futuresof the Universeof the Universe

Possible FuturesPossible Futuresof the Universeof the Universe

Sun burns

Today

Terror of the Universeof the Universeof the Universeof the Universeout

HellFEMA

responds

Terrorthreat

red

Cubs win

Hell freezes

over

Series

Universeends

1000 billion ye

18billion ye

13.78billion ye

billion-bibillion ye

100billion y e

19billion y e

18billion ye

Cosmic Time Line

ears

ears

ears

llionears

ears

ears

ears

NeutronsP t1015

Complete historyComplete historyf th if th i

Complete historyComplete historyf th if th i

TProtons

born1015

1012

of the universeof the universe(abridged)(abridged)

of the universeof the universe(abridged)(abridged)

Nuclei

10

109

(elements)born

106

Atomsborn

Quasars

103

TodayHot as

hell

Quasarsborn

ns ms s d y mn a1 tTodayhell

Sunborn

nano-second

micro-

second

second

day

year

millen-

nium

aeon

10-3

110

1age (seconds)(10 )T K

(10 )T K

Looking out in space isLooking out in space islooking back in timelooking back in time

Looking out in space isLooking out in space islooking back in timelooking back in timelooking back in time.looking back in time.looking back in time.looking back in time.

CBR: a snapshot of theuniverse 380,000 AB

opaquue

DARK MATTERDARK MATTERfrom thefrom the

DARK MATTERDARK MATTERfrom thefrom thefrom the from the

Primordial SoupPrimordial Soupfrom the from the

Primordial SoupPrimordial Soupfraction of a second later

Hot Primordial Soupp

380,000 years laterRadiation Last Scattered

13 78 th d illi l t13.78 thousand-million years laterToday

Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Chemist)(Chemist)

Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)

Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)

M t lMetals

MetalsMetals

The Universe today:The Universe today:The Universe today:The Universe today:

73% Hydrogen (10-5 2H-deuterium)5 326% Helium (10-5 3He)

1% Metals

The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:76% Hydrogen (10-5 2H- deuterium)76% Hydrogen (10 H deuterium)24% Helium (10-5 3He)10-8% Lithium10 % Lithium

The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:

Big bang (rate of change of the temperature)N l h i (bi di i ti )Nuclear physics (binding energies, reactions)

76% Hydrogen (10-5 2H- deuterium)24% Helium (10-5 3He)24% Helium (10 He)10-8% Lithium

Kepler’s supernova Observed 1604in Ophiuchusin OphiuchusPeak magnitude = 2.25Distance < 10 kpc

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Is there Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

5. Could Newton be wrong?

4. How is it distributed?

7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?

6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?

9 Could it be a particle we know?

8. Well, what’s left?

9. Could it be a particle we know?

NeutrinosNeutrinosN i i• Neutrinos exist:three active + sterile?

• Neutrinos have mass:Atmospheric ( eV)S l ( V)Solar ( eV)

• Contribute to

m

hot thermal relic:

• Not most of dark matter

45 eV

• Not most of dark mattertoo light!too hot!

Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions

2. How much Dark Matter is there?

1. Is there Dark Matter?

4 How is it distributed?

3. Could it be normal stuff?

5. Could Newton be wrong?

4. How is it distributed?

7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?

6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?

9 Could it be a particle we know?

8. Well, what’s left?

10. Then what?

9. Could it be a particle we know?

Particle Relic from the BangParticle Relic from the Bang• neutrinos• sterile neutrinos, gravitinos thermal

• LKP (lightest Kaluza-Klein particle)• LSP (neutralino, axino, …)

thermalrelics

• B.E.C.s, axions, axion clusters• LKP (lightest Kaluza-Klein particle)

nonthermal

• supermassive wimpzillas• solitons (Q-balls; B-balls; ….)

nonthermalrelics

B E C22 5610 eV (10 g)

Mass rangeNoninteracting: wimpzillas

Interaction strength range

B.E.C.axion clusters8 25

10 eV (10 g)10 M (10 g)

Noninteracting: wimpzillasStrongly interacting: B balls

• Particle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)

Cold Thermal Relics*Cold Thermal Relics*Particle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)

• There is no associated asymmetry (like baryons)• Particle is in thermal equilibrium at “high” temperatureq g p• Particle remains in LTE until T M (cold)

* An object of particular veneration.

010

Cold Thermal RelicsCold Thermal Relicsce 5

010

actual

unda

nc 510

freeze outX1010

ve a

bu

equilibrium

Rel

ativ

1510

/e M TR

20101 2 31 10 10 10

e

/T/MX

Smaller annihilation rate larger X

• Particle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)

Cold Thermal RelicsCold Thermal RelicsParticle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)

• There is no associated asymmetry (like baryons)• Particle is in thermal equilibrium at “high” temperatureq g p• Particle remains in LTE until T M (cold)• Particle annihilates

• Calculate freeze-out abundance, depends on annihilation rate

• Contributes to • Contributes to X

• If annihilation rate depends on M, then X determines M

The WIMP MiracleThe WIMP MiracleCross section (& mass ?) of order weak scale (GeV)Cross section (& mass ?) of order weak scale ( GeV)

Cold thermal relic: WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle)

mir·a·cle\ˈmir-i-kəl \noun

1 : an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs

WIMP Causationor

WIMP Coincidence?

XWIMPsWIMPs

XX X

X q X q q q

XX q

X X q q X q

Xq XX X q q

Xq

q X

q q X X Xq

WIMPsWIMPsModeling Dark Matter

Minimalist Maximalist

• WIMP is only new particle • WIMP is one of many newbies

• Use effective field theory

• Example: Fermi interaction

• Use a motivated model

• Example: SUSY (Marcela)

• “Maverick” dark matter

• “Invent” as little new as possible

• “SUSY” dark matter

• Invent a lotInvent as little new as possible Invent a lot

The Equation that Describes Everything

If I had been present at creation, I would h t d i l hhave suggested a simpler scheme.

- Alfonse the Wise

WIMPsWIMPs

Dark matter is a complex physical phenomenon.

“WIMPs are a simple, elegant, compelling explanation for a complex physical phenomenon.”p p y p

“For every complex natural phenomenon there is a y p psimple, elegant, compelling, wrong explanation.”

- Tommy Gold

DirectDetection

DirectDetectionDetectionDetection

Frieman

Detect Relic WIMPs Detect Relic WIMPs Detect Relic WIMPs Detect Relic WIMPs

WIMP (300 km s-1)

change in temperaturep

ultrapurematerial ionization

Collar

COUPP CDMS

XENON

DAMA/LIBRACoGeNT

IndirectDetectionIndirect

DetectionDetectionDetection

Galactic Center

Detect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicWIMPs WIMPs Detect RelicDetect RelicWIMPs WIMPs

Khomas Highland of Namibia

ATIC Fermi/GLAST PAMELAWMAP

IceCube

H E S S Veritas H.E.S.S. Veritas

Hooper

Productionin CollidersProductionin Collidersin Collidersin Colliders

FermilabFermilabFermilabFermilab

Particle Accelerator is a Time Machine and a Telescope

“KNOWN” INGREDIENTS:56% QUARKS16% GLUONS16% GLUONS9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES9% W’s AND Z’s9% W s AND Z s5% NEUTRINOS3% PHOTONS3% PHOTONS2% HIGGS BOSONS (to be discovered any day)

SECRET INGREDIENT:DARK MATTERDARK MATTER

Production in CollidersProduction in Colliders

SUSY MaverickJet

gq Jet

q X

Missingq

XET

Carena

A Decade of Excitement & ConfusionA Decade of Excitement & ConfusionI th WIMP i l ?• Is there a WIMP miracle?

• Situation now is muddled (direct hints/indirect hints)( )

• Ten years from now the WIMP hypothesis will have either:Convincing evidence or

Di d i di d & llid f di

Convincing evidence, orNear-death experience

• Direct detectors, indirect detectors, & colliders race for discovery

• Suppose by 2015 have credible signals from all three???

How will we know they are all seeing the same phenomenon?

• Lots of opinions (papers)• Lots of opinions (papers)

• Let’s hope for this problem!!!!

Other Dark QuestionsOther Dark Questions• Why only one WIMP?

• More strongly interacting:• More strongly interacting:― Easier to detect― Smaller contribution to

• SuperWIMPs

• Self-interacting WIMPs

• Haze fog mist• Haze, fog, mist

And this is just for WIMPs!

Dark AnswerDark Answer

Dark matter is a …

… fuzzy, decaying, repulsive, self-interacting, supermassive, inelastic particle that lives on another brane in a supersymmetric, modified gravity theorymodified gravity theory.

“To me every hour of the light and dark is

i l Ea miracle. Every cubic inch of space is a miracle.”

– Walt Whitman

is a miracle.

Every cubic inch of yspace is a miracle!• cosmic radiation

dark matter• dark matter• dark energy• virtual particlesp• Higgs potential• extra dimensions

The Dark Side of the UniverseThe Dark Side of the UniverseThe Dark Side of the UniverseThe Dark Side of the Universe

95% of theUniverse Is Dark!

“The most beautiful thing we canthing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. Those t h thi tito whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause tono longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, are as good as , gdead: their eyes are closed.”

Albert Einstein

Particle Dark Matter d th E l U iand the Early Universe

KICP Cosmology Short CourseSeptember 2010 Rocky Kolb University of Chicago