part 1: stalin: origins and rise (1924-29)

Part 1:Part 1:Stalin: Origins and rise Stalin: Origins and rise

(1924-29)(1924-29)

I. Origins of StalinI. Origins of Stalin

A.A.Stalin Before the RevolutionStalin Before the Revolution• Josef Vissarionovich DzhugashviliJosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili• Influences: Influences: Messame Dassy, MarxismMessame Dassy, Marxism• Early Revolutionary Activity: Early Revolutionary Activity: RSDLPRSDLP

B.B. Stalin During the 1917 RevolutionStalin During the 1917 Revolution

C.C. Stalin After the Bolshevik RevolutionStalin After the Bolshevik Revolution• Sovnarkom: Sovnarkom: Commissar of NationalitiesCommissar of Nationalities• Conflict with LeninConflict with Lenin• Stalin as an Organizational Leader: Politburo, Stalin as an Organizational Leader: Politburo,

Orgburo, SecretariatOrgburo, Secretariat

II. Context of Stalin’s RiseII. Context of Stalin’s Rise

A.A. Russian Civil War Russian Civil War (1918-(1918-23)23)

• War CommunismWar Communism• Kronstadt UprisingKronstadt Uprising

B.B. Role of the PolitburoRole of the Politburo

C.C. Adoption of the NEP Adoption of the NEP (1921)(1921)• Scissors CrisisScissors Crisis

D.D. Resolution on Party UnityResolution on Party Unity

E.E. Lenin’s IllnessLenin’s Illness• Lenin’s TestamentLenin’s Testament

Stalin’s OppositionStalin’s Opposition

Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky

Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

Left

Op

posi

tion

Rig

ht

Opp

osi

tion

III. Russia by 1924III. Russia by 1924

A.A.Characteristics of Lenin’s Characteristics of Lenin’s State:State:

• Free Speech/Political DissentFree Speech/Political Dissent• Restrictions on Religious FreedomRestrictions on Religious Freedom• Purges & Show TrialsPurges & Show Trials• Abolition of Trade UnionsAbolition of Trade Unions• Concentration CampsConcentration Camps• Bureaucratic, One-Party StateBureaucratic, One-Party State• Secret PoliceSecret Police

IV. Communist Party IV. Communist Party StructureStructure

Congress of Soviets

Central Committee

Politburo

General Secretary

Pow

erDemocratic Centralism

Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky

Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s V. Key Stages in Stalin’s RiseRiseA.A. Stage One: Lenin & StalinStage One: Lenin & Stalin

• Lenin’s Poor HealthLenin’s Poor Health• Cult of LeninCult of Lenin• Lenin’s FuneralLenin’s Funeral• Suppression of Lenin’s TestamentSuppression of Lenin’s Testament• The Lenin EnrolmentThe Lenin Enrolment• Leninism/StalinismLeninism/Stalinism

B.B. Key IdeasKey Ideas

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s V. Key Stages in Stalin’s RiseRiseC.C. Stage Two: Elimination of TrotskyStage Two: Elimination of Trotsky

• Trotsky is Stalin’s Chief RivalTrotsky is Stalin’s Chief Rival• Ideological Differences: Ideological Differences:

• Formation of the Triumvir (1923-24)Formation of the Triumvir (1923-24)• Trotsky is marginalizedTrotsky is marginalized

“Permanent Revolution”

“Socialism in One Country”

Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky

Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

Triumvir

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s V. Key Stages in Stalin’s RiseRiseD.D. Stage Three: Defeat of the Left OppositionStage Three: Defeat of the Left Opposition

• Changes to the Politburo:Changes to the Politburo:• Stalin supporters: Molotov, Kalinin, and VoroshilovStalin supporters: Molotov, Kalinin, and Voroshilov

• Controversy Over the NEPControversy Over the NEP• Left Opposition: Kamenev and Zinoviev Left Opposition: Kamenev and Zinoviev • Stalin and Bukharin Stalin and Bukharin

E.E. Stage Four: Defeat of the United OppositionStage Four: Defeat of the United Opposition• Formation of the United Opposition (1926)Formation of the United Opposition (1926)• Reaction by StalinReaction by Stalin

• Expulsion of Kamenev and Zinoviev Expulsion of Kamenev and Zinoviev • Exile of TrotskyExile of Trotsky

Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev

Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

TriumvirTeam Stalin

Molotov Kalinin Voroshilov

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s V. Key Stages in Stalin’s RiseRiseF.F. Stage 5: Defeat of the Right Stage 5: Defeat of the Right

Opposition/Right Deviationists Opposition/Right Deviationists • Formation of the Right Opposition: Bukharin, Formation of the Right Opposition: Bukharin,

Rykov, and TomskyRykov, and Tomsky• The War ScareThe War Scare• The Turn Left (1927)The Turn Left (1927)• Defeat of the Right OppositionDefeat of the Right Opposition

G.G. Stalin as a SPS LeaderStalin as a SPS Leader

Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev

Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

Team Stalin

Molotov Kalinin Voroshilov

Leon Trotsky

UNITED OPPOSITION

FACTIONALISM

Right Opposition

War Scare!

Left Turn!

Down with the

NEP!

VI. Analysis of Stalin’s VI. Analysis of Stalin’s RiseRiseA.A. Was Stalin’s Rise Legal?Was Stalin’s Rise Legal?

• YES!YES!

B.B. Was Stalin’s Rise Popular?Was Stalin’s Rise Popular?• YESYES• NEPMEN & Kulaks VS RussiaNEPMEN & Kulaks VS Russia

VI. Analysis of Stalin’s VI. Analysis of Stalin’s RiseRiseC.C. What accounts for Stalin’s Rise What accounts for Stalin’s Rise

(Historiography)?(Historiography)?• TerminologyTerminology

• Liberal & Intentionalist (Great Man Liberal & Intentionalist (Great Man Theory/Strong Leader)Theory/Strong Leader)

• Structuralist & Determinist (Weak Leader)Structuralist & Determinist (Weak Leader)

What accounts for Stalin’s Rise What accounts for Stalin’s Rise (Historiography)?(Historiography)?

PowerPolitics

Structuralism Socio-Cultural Ideology

Key Ideas

Supporters