other categories include hang glider, tiltwing/tiltrotor...
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Other categories include hang glider, tiltwing/tiltrotor, autogyro, heliplane and
ornithopter.
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DARPA’s airplane
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Parts of an Airplane
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Parts of an Airplane
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Parts of an Airplane
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Parts of an Airplane
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FuselageThe fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the passengers, cargo and crew go.
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FuselageThe fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction:
-Truss Type
-Monocoque
-Semi-monocoque
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Fuselage – Truss Type
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Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque
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EmpennageThe empennage is the rear portion of the airplane
It is integral to control and stability during flight
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Wing Construction
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Wing ConstructionSpars spanwise members
wood or metal
carry bending loads
Ribsweb or truss
give wing its cambered shape
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Wing ConstructionEdges Leading EdgeTrailing Edge Strength & Shape
Wires Internal / ExternalBracing for strength
CoveringMetal or FabricMetal strength
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Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
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Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
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Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
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Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
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Center of gravity (CG)
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Landing GearConventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel
Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel
Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing drag)
Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract
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Landing Gear
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Landing Gear
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Landing Gear
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Landing Gear
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Landing GearRetractable Landing Gear
PROS◦ Reduced drag at cruise
◦ Higher cruising speed
CONS◦ Added weight
◦ Added mechanical complexity
◦ Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based)
◦ Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)
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Landing GearShock Absorption
Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway.
◦ Spring steel Landing Gear
◦ Air/Oil oleos
◦ Rubber cords (bungee) or discs
◦ Low pressure tires
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Landing Gear
Main Landing Gear
- Spring Steel Cantilever -
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Landing Gear
Nose Landing Gear- Air / Oil Oleo -
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Landing Gear - BrakesBrakes
Provide a means of stopping the aircraft
Assist with steering on the ground
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Wing SpanWingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip
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ChordChord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing
A measure of the width of a wing
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Wing AreaWing Area
Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing
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PlanformPlanform
Shape of the wing as seen from above
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Aspect Ratio
Ratio of the span to chord of the wing
A measure of how SLENDER the wing is
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AirfoilA structure curved to produce lift
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Camber
◦ A measure of the curvature of an airfoil
◦ Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces
Camber
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Incidence Angle
Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis
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Relative AirflowRelative Airflow
◦ Airflow over the wing
◦ Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air
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Angle of Attack
The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow
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Multi Design Optimization (MDO) of aircrafts
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Commercial Air Transport System Architecture
Commercial
Air
Transport
System
Aircraft
System
Other
operational
Elements
Environmenta
l
segment
Avionics
segment
Electrical
segment
Interiors
segment
Mechanical
segment
Propulsion
segment
Auxiliary
segment
Airframe
segment
Air
Conditionin
g
Cabin
Pressure
Ice & Rain
Protection
Oxygen
Pneumatic
Auto
Flight
Communica-
tions
Indicating &
Recording
Navigation
Crew
Accom-
modations
Passengers
Accom-
modations
Water,
Waste
Lavs,Galley
s
& Plumbing
Emergency
Provisions
Signs &
Lights
Flight
Controls
Hydraulic
Power
Landing
Gears
Fuel
Pylon /
Structure
Power
Plant
Power
Control
Fuselage
Stablizer
Wing
Electrical
Power
Shipside
Lighting
Auxiliary
Power
System
Ground
Starting
Equipment
Flight
Deck
Crew
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A/CConcept
Review
A/C
Preliminary DesignReview
A/C
DetailedDesignReview
Concept Study Feasibility Study
Preliminary Detailed
Design
Production/SustainingPreliminary Development
Design
CertificationGo-Ahead
Business
OpportunityStudy
Feasibility
Study
Project
Definition
Full
Scale Development
Business
Opportunity
Review
Project
Requirements
Review
Critical
Project
Review
Enterprise Based Life-cycle
Enterprise Based Life Cycle Relationships
System Life-cycleDevelopment Process
Operational Deployment
Disposal
First Production
Article Simulation Product Upgrades
Engineering Life-cycleProcess
Prototype
Development
FirstDelivery
Requirements Development Design Development
A/CDefinition
Review
Life Cycle Framework
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References
http://94aircadets.ca/images/Training/Optional%20Training/GroundSchool/Po
werPoints/6.01%20Aircraft%20Design.ppt
https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture
_01.pdf
http://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground-
school?showall=&start=1
http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf
https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture_01.pdfhttps://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture_01.pdfhttp://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground-school?showall=&start=1http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf
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