origin and economic importance of maize

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST MERCIFULL

AND MOST BENEFICIENT

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

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A Presentation By

Ishtiaq Shariq

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B. Sc. (Hons.) 6th Semester Plant Breeding and Genetics

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ORIGIN

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• Indigenous to the Americas • Principle food grain of Americans • Domesticated about 8000 years ago

• Building on this legacy, early

American farmers evolved

high-yielding, open-pollinated

dent cultivars adapted to.......

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Native Americans accomplished remarkable feats by evolving races of flint, flour, gourd-seed dent, pop, and sweet corn.

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• Differ from primitive corn in having more

productive plants due to an increased

number and weight of individual kernels

on a cob of corn.

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Teosinte

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A POINT IN DISCUSSION

Whether corn originated by a single domestication from the basal branching

teosinte subspecies Zea mays L. spp. parviglumis

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OR

From the lateral branching subspecies Z. mays L. spp. mexicana, or by a dual

domestication from the two subspecies.

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• Proposed pathways for double origin of corn from different subspecies of teosinte.

• Upper: Basal branching type from subspecies parviglumis. Note proliferation of tillers at the base of the plant.

• Lower: Lateral branching type from subspecies mexicana.

• Note that branching is lateral, with each branch terminating in a tassel.

Teosinte

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Native to

The wild annual forms of teosinte have the same chromosome

number as corn

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Teosinte X corn = fertile

corn and teosinte

• Teosinte, like corn, is monoecious in flowering habit, with staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate inflorescences

• Differs from corn in that the pistillate spikes bear 6 to 12 kernels in hard triangular, shelllike structures. The teosinte seed structures break apart and shatter when mature, forming a natural means of seed dispersal

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CORN HAS TWO POSSIBLE CENTERS OF ORIGIN

• The highlands of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia; and the region of southern Mexico and Central America.

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ECONOMY

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MILLING

Wet Milling

Dry Milling

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WET MILLING PRODUCTS

• Modified maize starch for paper lamination

• Textile

• Wrap

• Sizing and laundry finishing

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• Animal feed

• Brewing

• Breakfast cereals

• Other food.

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• In India, dry milling is the predominant process for:

• Flour

• Animal feed

• Fermentation

• Distilling industries

• Composite flours.

• In the new millennium, it is an alternate crop to rice and wheat

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WORLD PRODUCTION

• 700 million tonnes, one-third of world cereal output.

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• Over the past two decades, global maize production has increased by

nearly 50 percent, or 1.8 percent annual compound growth rate.

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Most of the increase in world maize production during the past decade can

be attributed to a rapid expansion

IN

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ASIA • 35 percent during the past decade • Accounting for 30 % of global growth

CHINA CONTRIBUTION IN ASIA

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60 PERCENT

Highlights of the Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12

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13%

7%

13%

56%

18%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

CONSUMPTION

CONSUMPTION

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SOURCES

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Applications: Field Crops Utilizing Hybrid Breeding Procedures Chapter 17 Origin of Corn, page 321

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Economic Section Competitive Commercial Agriculture in Sub–Saharan Africa (CCAA) Study Maize International Market Profile

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