openoffice-mathguide
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Math Guide
The OpenOffice.org Equation Editor
This PDF is designed to be read onscreen, two pages at atime. If you want to print a copy, your PDF viewer shouldhave an option for printing two pages on one sheet ofpaper, but you may need to start with page 2 to get it toprint facing pages correctly. (Print this cover page
separately.
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Copyright
This document is !opyright 2""#$2"%" by its contributors as listedin the section titledAuthors. &ou may distribute it and'or modify itunder the terms of either the )* eneral Public +icense, version or
later, or the !reative !ommons -ttribution +icense, version ." orlater. -ll trademars within this guide belong to their legitimateowners.
Authors
Daniel !arrera-gnes /el0uncePeter 1upferIan +aurenson
anet 3. 4wisherean 5ollis 6eber3ichele 7arri
Feedback
Please direct any comments or suggestions about this document to8authors9documentation.openoffice.org
Publication date and software version
Published # :ctober 2"%". /ased on :pen:ffice.org .2.%.
You can downloadan editable version of this document from
http://oooauthors.org/english/userguide3/published/
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Contents
What is Math?..............................................................................4
etting started....................................................................................;
Entering a formula.......................................................................5
The clic (conte?t menu..................................................................@
3arup...............................................................................................A
ree characters................................................................................B
Customizations...........................................................................11
Formula editor as a floating window.................................................%%
5ow can I mae a formula biggerC...................................................%2Formula layout...........................................................................13
/racets are your friends..................................................................%
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What is Math?
3ath is :pen:ffice.org (::oGs component for writing mathematicaleuations. It is most commonly used as an euation editor for te?tdocuments, but it can also be used with other types of documents or
stand>alone. 6hen used inside 6riter, the euation is treated as anobHect inside the te?t document.
NoteThe euation editor is for writing euations in symbolic form, asin euation %. If you want to evaluate a numeric value, see the!alc uide.
dfx
dx
=ln x tan1
x2 (%
Getting started
To insert an euation, go to 'nsert ( )b*e"t ( Formula.
The euation editor opens at the bottom of the screen, and the floating
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ntering a for!ula
The euation editor uses a marup language to represent formulas. Fore?ample, &betacreates the ree character beta ( . This marup isdesigned to read similar to
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The
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"igure %: ,esult of selecting the multiplication s)mbol
The MCN symbols shown in Figure ; are placeholders that you canreplace by other te?t, for e?ample 5and 4. The euation will updateautomatically, and the result should resemble Figure #.
"igure *: ,esult of entering * and % ne-t to the times operator
"ipTo eep the euation from updating automatically, select,ie-(Auto+#ate #is+lay. To update a formula manually, press"or select,ie- ( +#ate.
#ight$click %conte&t' !enu
-nother way to access mathematical symbols is to right>clic on the
euation editor. This pops up the menu shown in Figure . The items inthis menu correspond e?actly to those in the
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"igure +: ,ight0clic1 2conte-t menu
Markup
&ou can type the marup directly in the euation editor. For e?ample,you can type 5 times 4to obtain 54 . If you now the marup, thiscan be the fastest way to enter a formula.
"ipThe formula marup resembles the way the formula reads in
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Greek characters
ree characters ( , , , , etc are common in mathematicalformulas. These characters are not available in the Elements windowor the right0clic1 menu. Fortunately, the marup for ree charactersis simple8 Type a sign followed the name of the character, in clic on a ree letterfrom the list. The marup name of the character is shown below the listwindow.
"igure : ()mbols catalog$ used for entering ree1 characters
and some special s)mbols
Entering a formula
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Example 2: 3.14159For this e?ample we will suppose that8
K 6e want to enter the above formula (the value of pi rounded to #decimal places.
K6e now the name of the ree character (pi.K /ut we do not now the marup associated with the symbol.
2te+ 18 Type %followed by the te?t pi. This displays the reecharacter .
2te+ 8 :pen the .
2te+ 58 Delete the MCN te?t and add 3!4!5"at the end of theeuation. 6e end up with the marup %pi simeq 3!4!5". The resultis shown in Figure %".
#6 OpenOffice.org 3 Math uide
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"igure #6. "inal result
Custo!i(ations
For!ula editor as a floating window
The formula editor can cover a large part of the 6riter window. To turnthe formula editor into a floating window, do this8
% 5over the mouse over the editor frame, as shown in Figure %%.
2 5old down the !ontroley and double>clic.
"igure ##: Turning the formula editor into a floating window
Figure %2 shows the result. &ou can doc the floating window again by
using the same steps. 5old down the !ontroley and double>clic thewindow frame.
"igure #': "ormula editor as a floating window
!ustomi7ations ##
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)ow can * !ake a for!ula bigger?
This is one of the most common uestions people as about ::o 3ath.The answer is simple, but not intuitive8
% 4tart the formula editor and choose Format ( Font size.
"igure #3: !hanging the font si7e for a formula
2 4elect a larger font si0e under8ase si7e(top>most entry, asshown in Figure %.
"igure #%. Edit 8ase si7e 2top to ma1e a formula bigger
The result of this change is illustrated in Figure %;.
"igure #*. ,esult of changing the base font si7e.
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For!ula layout
The most difficult part of using ::o 3ath comes when writingcomplicated formulas. This section provides some advice.
+rackets are your friends
::o 3ath nows nothing about order of operation. &ou must usebracets to state the order of operations e?plicitly. !onsider thefollowing e?ample.
Markup Result
# $e& ' ( ! 2
x1
# $e& )' ( !* 2
x1
,uations over !ore than one line
4uppose you want to type an euation covering more than one line. For
e?ample8 x=3y=1
&our first reaction would be to simply press theEnterey. 5owever, ifyou press theEnterey, though the marup goes to a new line, theresulting euation does not. &ou must type the newline commande?plicitly. This is illustrated in the table below.
Markup Result
' + 3
, + ! x=3y=1
' + 3 -e.li-e
, + !
x=3y=1
)ow do * add li!its to !y su!-integral?
The sum and int commands can (optionally tae the parametersfromand to. These are used for lower and upper limits respectively. Theseparameters can be used singly or together. +imits for integrals areusually treated as subscripts and superscripts.
Markup Result
"ormula la)out #3
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Markup Result
i-t /&$m 0 t$ ' /1t2 t
or
i-t0' /1t2 t
0
x
f t dt or 0
x
f tdt
i-t /&$m 6e / f
s7m t$ i-/i-it, #)8-*
2n
Note For more details on integrals and sums, see page 22.
+rackets with !atrices look ugly.
For bacground, we start with an overview of the matri? command.
Markup Result
mat&i' ) a 9 b 99 : 9 * a b
c d
Note=ows are separated by two UGs and entries within each row areseparated by one U.
The first problem people have with matrices is that bracets do notscale with the matri?8
Markup Result
1 mat&i' ) a 9 b 99 : 9 * 2 a b
c d
::o 3ath provides scalable bracets. That is, the bracets grow in
si0e to match the si0e of their contents. *se the commands left2andrightto mae scalable bracets.
Markup Result
le/t1 mat&i' ) a 9 b 99 : 9 * &ight2 a bc d
"ip *se left9and rightto obtain suare bracets.
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)ow do * !ake a derivative?
3aing derivatives essentially comes down to one tric8 Tell OOo it;s afraction.
In other words, you have to use the overcommand. !ombine this with
either the letter d(for a total derivative or the partialcommand (for apartial derivative to achieve the effect of a derivative.
Note)otice that we have to use braces (suiggly bracets to maethe derivative.
Markup Result
)/* $e& )'* df
dx
)pa&tial /* $e& )pa&tial ,* f
y
)pa&tial# /* $e& )pa&tial t#* 2 f
t2
)ow do * align !y e,uations at the e,uals sign?
::o 3ath does not have a command for aligning euations on aparticular character, but you can use a matri? to do this, as shownbelow.
Markup Result
mat&i')
alig-& '(, 9 )*+)* 9 alig-l # 99
alig-& ' 9 )*+)* 9 alig-l #8,
*
xy = 2x = 2y
The empty braces around O are necessary because O is a binaryoperator and thus needs an e?pression on each side.
&ou can reduce the spacing around O if you change the inter>columnspacing of the matri?8
% 6ith the euation editor open, choose Format ( 2+a"ingfromthe menu bar.
"ormula la)out #*
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"igure #+: !hanging spacing in a matri- formula
2 In the 4pacing dialog (Figure %, clic the Categorybutton andselect Matri"esin the drop>down menu.
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DoneE If you later add more euations to the paper before thereferenced euation, all the euations will automatically renumber andthe cross>references will update.
"igure #.
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Math co!!ands $ #eference
/nary - binary operators
Operation Command Display Vsign V% 1
$sign $% 1
V'$ sign V$% 1
$'V sign +1 1
/oolean not neg a a
-ddition V a V b ab
Dot product a cdot b ab
3ultiplication (W a times b ab
3ultiplication (asteris a X b a!b
/oolean YandG a and b a"b
4ubtraction ($ a $ b ab
Division (as a fraction a over b a
b
Division (as an operator a div b a#bDivision (with a slash a ' b a $b
/oolean YorG a or b a%b
!oncatenation a circ b a &b
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#elational operators
Operation Command Display
Is eual a O b a=b
Is not eual a MN b a'2
-ppro?imately a appro? 2 a(2
Divides a divides b a)b
Does not divide a ndivides b a * b
+ess than a M 2 a+2
reater than a N 2 a,2
4imilar to or eual a sime b ab
Parallel a parallel b a-b:rthogonal to a ortho b a . b
+ess than or eual to a leslant b a/b
reater than or eual to a geslant b a0b
4imilar to a sim b a1b
!ongruent a euiv b a2b
+ess than or eual to a MO b ab
reater than or eual to a NO b a3b
Proportional a prop b a 4 b
Toward a toward b a b
-rrow left a dlarrow b a 5 b
Double arrow left and right a dlrarrow b a 6 b
-rrow right a drarrow b a 7 b
Math commands 0 ,eference #
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0et operations
Operation Command Display
Is in a in / a 8B
Is not in a notin / a 9B
:wns - owns b A:b
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Functions
Operation Command Display
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1perators
-ll operators can be used with the limit functions (fromJ and toJ.
Operation Command Display
+imit limaQ lim a
4um sumaQ a
Product prodaQ N a
!oproduct coprodaQ O a
*pper and lower boundsshown with integral
int from rS"Q to rStQ a r0
rt
a
Integral intaQ a
Double integral iintaQ Pa
Triple integral iiintaQ Qa
+ower bound shown withsummation symbol
sum fromQb 3
b
!ontour integral lint a Ra
Double curved integral llint a S a
Triple curved integral lllint a Ta*pper bound shown withproduct symbol
prod toQ r N3
r
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Attributes
Operation Command Display
-cute accent acute a Ua
rave accent grave a Va
=everse circumfle? chec a Wa
/reve breve a Xa
!ircle circle a Ya
Lector arrow vec a Za
Tilde tilde a [a
!ircumfle? hat a \a
+ine above bar a ]aDot dot a a
6ide vector arrow widevec abc Zabc
6ide tilde widetilde abc [abc
6ide circumfle? widehat abc \abc
Double dot ddot a _a
+ine over overline abc abc
+ine under underline abc abc
+ine through overstrie abc acb
Triple dot dddot a a
Transparent (useful to get aplaceholder of a given si0e
phantom a
/old font bold a a
Italic font% ital aJ a
=esi0e font si0e % v qv
Following item in sans serif font2 font sans v qv
Following item in serif font font serif v qv
Following item in fi?ed font font fi?ed v qv
% *nuoted te?t that is not a command is considered to be a variable. Lariables are, bydefault, italici0ed.
2 There are three custom fonts8 sans serif (without ics, serifs (with ics, and fi?ed(non>proportional. To change the actual fonts used for custom fonts and the fontsused for variables (unuoted te?t, numbers and functions, use Format ( Fonts.
Math commands 0 ,eference '3
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Operation Command Display
3ae color of following te?t cyan color cyan v qv
3ae color of following te?t yellow color yellowv qv
3ae color of following te?t white color white v qv
3ae color of following te?t green color green v qv
3ae color of following te?t blue color blue v qv
3ae color of following te?t red color red v qv
3ae color green returns to defaultcolor blac
color green W v Xqv
/race items to change color of morethan one item
color green W vQ X qv
For all coloring, the color will apply only to the te?t immediately following thecommand until the ne?t space is encountered. In order to have the color apply tomore characters, place the te?t you want in color in curly bracets.
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Miscellaneous
Operation Command Display
Infinity infinity
Partial partial
)abla nabla a
There e?ists e?ists b
For all forall c
5 bar hbar d
+ambda bar lambdabar e
=eal part re
Imaginary part im f6eierstrass p wp g
+eft arrow leftarrow h
=ight arrow rightarrow
*p arrow uparrow i
Down arrow downarrow j
Dots at bottom dotslow k
Dots at middle dotsa?is l
Dots vertical dotsvert m
Dots diagonal upward dotsup n
Dots diagonal downward dotsdown o
Math commands 0 ,eference '*
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+rackets
Operation Command Display
=ound /racets (a a
4uare /racets [b\ p bq
Double 4uare /racets ldbracet c rdbracet rcs
4ingle line lline a rline )a)
Double line ldline a rdline -a-
/races lbrace w rbrace twu
-ngle /racets langle d rangle vdw
:perator /racets langle a mline b rangle v a)bw
roup bracets (used forprogram control aQ a
4calable round bracets(add the word leftJ beforea left bracet and rightJbefore a right bracet
left ( staca U b U 0Qright
a
b
z4uare bracets scalable
(as above
left [ stac ? U yQ right \ pxy qDouble suare bracetsscalable
left ldbracet c rightrdbracet
r c s
+ine scalable left lline a right rline )a)
Double line scalable left ldline d right rdline -d-
/race scalable left lbrace e right rbrace t e u
-ngle bracet scalable left langle f right rangle v fw
:perator bracets scalableleft langle g mline h rightrangle
vg)h w
:ver brace scalableThe brace is aboveQoverbrace a Thebraceis abvex
a
*nder brace scalablethe brace isbelowQunderbrace fQ
the braceis belwyf
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For!ats
Operation Command Display
+eft superscript a lsupbQ ab
!enter superscript a csupbQ a
b
=ight superscript aRbQ ab
+eft subscript a lsubbQ ab
!enter subscript a csubbQ ab
=ight subscript aSbQ ab
-lign character to left (te?tis aligned center by default
stac 5ello world Ualignl(a Q
!ell wrld
a
-lign character to center stac5ello world Ualignc(aQ
!ell wrld
a
-lign character to rightstac 5ello world Ualignr(aQ
!ell wrld
a
Lertical stac of 2 binomaQbQ a
b
Lertical stac, more than 2 staca U b U 0Qa
b
z
3atri?
matri?a U b UUc U dQ
a b
c d
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Caution
In locali0ed versions of 6riter, the marup names of ree andspecial characters are locali0ed. If this document is not locali0edto the same language, then the names below ma) not wor1forinput. &ou may still use the 4ymbol catalog (Figure @ to selectthe desired character by its glyph. This will also display the
character]s locali0ed marup name.:nce entered, the characters will display properly in anylanguage.
Characters 2 Greek
-+P5- A /
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*nde&
7bracets (3ath %bracets commands (3ath 2
Ccharacters $ special (3ath 2Acharacters $ ree (3ath 2A
8derivative marup (3ath %#
Eeuation
inserting ;
numbering %euation editor ;euation editor
bracets %derivative marup %#
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