ocean food webs. outline final overview foundations of ecology bottom up/top down control...

OCEAN FOOD WEBS

OUTLINE

• Final Overview

• Foundations of Ecology

• Bottom Up/Top down control

• Representative Ocean Food Webs

• Marine Pollution

FINAL – Friday 4PM (300 pts)

Bring GREEEN SCANTRON

30 X 7pts Mutli-choice Qs.

2 X 10pts Math Qs from H-work

5 X 14pts Short Answers

ALL ASSIGNMENTS MUST TURNED In today or FRIDAY

Grades turned in/posted following Week

OUTLINE

• Final Overview

• Foundations of Ecology

• Bottom Up/Top down control

• Representative Ocean Food Webs

• Marine Pollution

• What is Ocean Ecology?– Interactions b/w oceanic organisms and their

environment

Described using FOOD Chains & FOOD Webs

- contain various Trophic levels (mode of Nutrition)

Trophoic FOOD Pyramids may be based on numbers of BioMass and Energy

• Challenge Question– What is Trophic Efficiency?

• Ratio of E in one trophic level / E vs next lowest trophic level

Et/Et-1

– Trophic efficiency represents efficiency of transfer of E b/w trophic levels

– Provide theoretical basis for calculating productivity given food web will support

» E.g. fisheries management

• IF Trophic Effeciency was say 10%– How many calories of Copepods (zooplank) could be sustained from

• 10,000,000 calories of Phytoplakton ?

• How many calories of anchovies could then survive from– 1,000,000 calories of copepods?

• Lindeman (1941) Defines an Ecosystem– Challenge Question - What is it?

• “a system of Physical, Chemical and Biological processes active within a space-time unit of any magnitude”

• Or Community of organisms and the abiotic factors

with which they interact

OUTLINE

• Final Overview

• Foundations of Ecology

• Bottom Up/Top down control

• Representative Ocean Food Webs

• Marine Pollution

Bottom Up/Top down control– Challenge Questions?

• What is the difference b/w – Bottom Up,

– Top Down and

– Wasp waste control of Food Webs in Ocean Ecology

Bottom Up

Top Down

Wasp/Waste

• Seasonal (water temp) changes along Monterrey CA coast– Influence fisheries distribution– Wasp-Waste Control (middle trophic level control)

• Classical Food Web, Alistair Hardy (1924)

• The Microbial Food web– Marine bacteria– A new perspective

OUTLINE

• Final Overview

• Foundations of Ecology

• Bottom Up/Top down control

• Representative Ocean Food Webs

• Marine Pollution

•Representative Ocean Food Webs• Upwelling Event – Food Web Dynamics

• Representative Ocean Food Webs– Upwelling Ecosystems

• Most productive in Worlds Oceans

• Good example of Transitional Food webs– Upwelled Nutrients phyto blooms zoo grazing anchovies large fish seals Sharks

– 10% Ocean Primary Productivity

– 20% worlds Fisheries Catch

•Representative Ocean Food Webs• Marginal Ice Zone Ecosystem – Food Web Dynamics

Fig. 14.12

•Representative Ocean Food Webs•Ice edge Ecosystem –spring/summer- Food Web Dynamics

•Representative Ocean Food Webs• Mid water food web Ecosystem – The Biological Pump

•Representative Ocean Food Webs•Hydrothermal Vent – Food Web Dynamics•Chemosynthesis!

• Representative Ocean Food Webs

• Confirming your knowledge– Where are the 5 areas Major Oceanic Fisheries Industry?

• West Coast N. America

• Peru Coast

• N.W. Africa

• S.W. Africa

• Ethiopia

– What physical/chemical and biological factors cause them to be so productive?

• Prevailing winds upwelling of Nutrients phyto blooms

• Marine Pollution

– National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1970– 40 years of environmental protection is showing some benefits

– Terrestrial Acid rain levels in U.S. declining • (SO2, NO – from Coal burning / autos) Catalytic converters

• ACID Rain– Weakens trees defense against severe weather/ pests etc.

– Most destructive to aquatic life. . . Corals etc. . .

• Marine Pollution– BP Oil Spill – Major News

• Chronology Of A Catastrophe• http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/88/8824cover4.html

– BP dispersants? Are they Necessary for Clean up

– http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/18/bp-must-stop-using-toxic_n_617334.html

• BP Oil Spill– Oil dispersal as of June 4 2010

• Marine Pollution – BP Oil Spill – Clean up– Alternate methods exists as well

• Bioremediation (biodegradation)

• Alcanivorax borkumensis bacteria

• form biofilms - chew up oil’s alkanes.

• Long Term outcome ???Not clear. . .

• To be determined

• Marine Pollution – We can Make a Difference– A short story of Lead (Pb) –– Effective Anti-knocking agent added to Gasoline (1930s)

• 1970s - Pb shown to be toxic – retards growth and develop.– Causes lesions in CNS (blood brain barrier) (toxins easily enter brain)

• Legislation - US Govt. phase out leaded gas. . .(aka Unleaded)

Figure A9.1: Lead concentration in Perth's atmosphere over time [Data source: Department of Environment [ver. 2005].]          

• Marine Pollution (Global Scale) _ Hole in the Ozone – Challenge Question?

• Where is the Ozone layer hole and Why is it located there?– Located in S. Hemisphere above Antarctica

– Why - B/c of the weather there. . .

– Specific stratospheric clouds required (surface chemistry occurs)

» CFC w/ O3 (ozone) w/ Sun Ozone Depletion

» ONLY during Winter –Cold enough to form these clouds. .

» Artic Winter ~avg. 10˚ warmer then Antarctic –

» little to no Ozone depletion

• Marine Pollution (Global Scale) _ Hole in the Ozone – What steps have we taken to mitigate Ozone Depletion?

• Ban of Chlorinated Fluorocarbons (CFCs) early 1990s

• See reduction in Atmospheric levels • Next decades will tell whether Ozone Layer truly replete

– i.e. hole actually shrinking

Cl(2)-C-(F2)

FINAL Thoughts – The World Ocean and U

U R almost DONE ~ got your IN, your Q, Your Units . . .– R u Happy ? Did u learn something?

• Marine Environment- Think Globally - Act Locally • (set a GOOD example)

• others will follow• We Can Make a Difference!!!• Starts with U

– What can you do?– Don’t by CFCs products– Use unleaded Gasoline– Reduce Carbon Footprint– RECYCLE– Anything else?

– GET INFORMED (Chance Favors the Prepared Mind!)» Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Respect & Enjoy the Ocean

Have A Good Summer!

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Fig. 14.20

PHOTOS

Opener

So Sfor confirmation purposes - please send her a former landlord reference asap ok - this will help to stabilize thingsT

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Figure 14a

Fig. 14.14

Fig. 14.19

Fig. 14.19.a

Fig. 14.19.b

Figure 14b

TABLES

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