nutritional manipulations

Dr. Chandrakant N. PatilPh D (Animal Nutrition)

Consulting Animal Nutritionist

Dramatic Changes in Dairy Industry

With Large Herds

In High Producing Cows

DECREASE FERTILITY

Metabolic Disorders

Conception Rate Cycling Interval

BASIC CONCEPTS: METABOLIC DISORDERS

More Manifest

Increase in Milk Yield Pathological Phenomena

Metabolic Process

Organs

Uterus Ova Udder

Not Genuine Disease A ‘Symptom’

Can be effectively controlled by:

Improved Methods of Feeding and Husbandry

Fatty Liver Acidosis Hypocalcaemia

Ketosis Milk Fat Depression Hypomagnaesemia

Ruminal Acidosis Udder Edema

Laminitis Retained Placenta

Milk Fat Depression Metritis

Energy Related Fiber Related Mineral Related

Reduced Production

Impaired Reproductive Performance

Risk to develop other disease

Broken Homeostatic Mechanisms

Hepatic Lipidosis/ Fat Cow Syndrome

- Characterized by high lipids and triglycerides in Liver

- Especially Sub- clinical form (40-50%)

- Occurrence in Peri-parturient period (1st 4 wks of calving)

- Risk factors (Nutritional, Managerial or Genetics)

Pre- partum Post- partum

Obesity Diseases and Infection

Severe feed restriction Fasting/ Feed restriction

Excess energy feeding Ketogenic diets

Long calving intervals Sudden feed changes

-Characterized by high conc. Of KETONE bodies

in blood (acetoacetate, BHBA and acetone)

- Low blood glucose

- Sub- clinical/ Clinical (1st 2 weeks of lactation)

- Often signs of CNS dysfunction

- Inappetance

- Leads to NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE

- Lower milk production

Nutritional Intervention:

Proper energy nutrition before and after calving (KEY FACTOR)

Keep early lactation cows slightly hungry for concentrates

But, never without access to high quality forages

- Results from ingestion of large amount of readily fermentable CHOs

- Usually occurs in high producing cows

- SARA- Major threat to WELFARE of lactating dairy cow

- SARA (Rumen pH: 6.0); Acute Acidosis (Rumen pH: Below 5.5)

Leads to:

Rumenitis Metabolic acidosis

Lameness Hepatic abscesses

Pneumonia Even Death

SPECIFICS FOR PREVENTION

Yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Malate supplementation

Ionophore supplementation

Associated specifically with RUMINAL ACIDOSIS

Reduces Profitability of herd

Reduces production and reproduction performance

Yeast culture

Zinc

Biotin

KETOSIS DISPLACED ABOMASUM (LEFT)

Risk Factors:

Low feed intake

NEB

Hypocalcaemia

Correct Acidosis

Surgical intervention

Diet with HIGH CONCENTRATE

Low DIETARY FIBER

Feeding UNSATURATED OILS

Typical nutritional disorder

Most common MD in dairy farming

Non- febrile disease

Accompanied with:

- General weakness

- Circulatory collapse

- Depression of sensation

Total calcium in blood level: < 2 mmol/ lit

Accompanied by :

- Hypophosphataemia

- Less serious Hypomangnesaemia

- Pronounced by Hypocalaemia

Clinical Milk Fever Produces 14% less milk in subsequent lactation

25% cases relapse, need treatment

(with sternal recumbancy) 15% will be culled or die

Impaired Reproductive Performance:

2.5 times greater risk of dystokia

2.4 times risk for ketosis

2.3 times risk for displaced abomasum

2.2 times risk for retained placenta

2.1 times risk for Metritis

6.0 times risk for Metritis

Increased Incidences of Cystic Ovarian Diseases

Dietary Restriction of Ca in dry period

Dietary acidification of prior to calving

Feeding anionic salts

Inadequate antioxidant status, “OXIDATIVE STRESS”

Se, Zn, Mn and Vit. E supplementation

Sporadic in cows and heifers near parturition

Unless complicated, recovery is faster

Inherent physiological phenomena

‘Steaming up’ feeding method in Pregnancy

Addition of Na or K in diet before calving

Best Remedy:

Avoid feeding SODIUM BICARBONATE

during DRY PERIOD

Live yeast:

60 days pre- partum

90 days post- partum

Bypass fat (CaSFA):

60 days- 14 days pre- partum

14 days- 90 days post- partum

Mineral premix:

365 days a year (min. 135g per day)

MHA Chelated premix:

14g/ animal/ day in transition phase

Yeast metabolites: 50g/ animal/ day

Concentrate Feed

Crude Protein level:

• Max. 19% during 90 days post- partum

• Max.18% during mid- lactation

• Max. 16% during late lactation

• Max. 12% during dry period and

transition period

Lower incidences of Lactic Acidosis

Lower incidences of mastitis and metritis

Lower incidences locomotive disorders