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IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 081
Jacques BOUCHARDChairman of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
Advisor to the Chairman of CEAChairman of the SAGNE
Nuclear Energy
The Role of the IAEA in Meeting Energy Needs
IAEA General Conference Scientific Forum
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 082
IAEA - Paris, 21-22 March 2005« Nuclear Power for the 21st Century »
International Ministerial Conference
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 083
Next Generation Reactors
- A new generation of reactors which design takes benefit of the large experience acquired in the operation of Gen II plants and of the lessons coming from TMI;
- Light Water Reactors are still dominating;
- To make new improvements in safety while keeping economic competitiveness have been the main objective;
- Different approaches have been studied and are still competing in the industrial offer :- small vs. large reactors,- passive vs. active safety systems;
- Mitigation of severe accident consequences is a major step.
Near term deployment of industrial reactors: Gen III Reactors
To meet the Sustainability requirements of the 21st century:- Economy- Safety- Uranium Resources- Waste Management- Proliferation resistance
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 084
Nuclear Energy : Economy
• Production cost is among the lowest, and stable with time
1 3 . 87 . 6 5 . 3
1 0 . 2 1 3 . 0
4 0 . 17 . 2
7 . 46 . 5
8 . 2
1 0 . 0
1 7 . 1 1 5 . 8
1 8 . 4
1 . 5
2 3 . 7
3 . 0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
E ls p ot -h i n ta
E ls p ot -h i n ta
Y D IN H I IL I K A A S U T U R V E P U U T U U L I
P o lt t o a in e
K ä yt tö - jak u n n o s sa p ito
P ä ä o m a ku s t.
S Ä H K Ö N T U O T A N T O K U ST A N N U K S ET
2 0 0 0S u o m i
V u o s i k äy t tö a ik a = 8 0 0 0 tu n t i a
R T ar ja n n e & K Lu o st a r in e n 12 .2 . 200 2
V u o s i k ä y ttö -a i k a = 2 2 0 0 t un ti a
2 0 0 1S u o m i
R e a a li k o rk o = H i n t a t a s o : m a r r a s k u u 2 0 0 1
T u ot a n to k u s ta n n u k s e t i l m a n i n v e s t oi n ti tuk e a j a s ä hk ö v e r o hy v i ty s tä
1 4 .9
2 2 .8 2 4 .1
3 2 .1 3 0 .5 3 2 .5
3 9 .6
5 0 .1e u r o /M W h
5 .0 %Interest rate = 5,0 %Price level: November 2001
Elspot-price
Elspot-price
Nuclear Coal Gas Peat W ood W ind
operation 2200 h / a
generation cost wihtoutinvestment helps and taxreductions
ELECTRICITY GENERATION COST
Fuel
Maintenanceand opera-tion
capital cost
IAEA’s decisive role in putting in place information exchange processes, peer reviews, policy approaches has enabled reliable construction schedules, licensing review procedures, and other factors affecting nuclear electricity costs.
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 085
Nuclear : a safe and reliable energy
Civaux NPP
Safety :
• Gen II : satisfactory data for 20 years Civaux NPP
2,38
1,66
0,85 0,880,77
0,460,28 0,3 0,26 0,21
0,12 0,09 0,08 0,04
0.03
0
1
2
3
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
Safety performances at high levels
• A new step with Gen III reactors • Gradual improvements to be pursued for Gen IV reactors
IAEA’s efforts to develop strong international nuclear safety networks over the past two decades have paid off. However, gaps still exist: existing facilities with older design features still require upgrades or compensatory measures to ensure acceptable safety levels. Also, the IAEA’s role is crucial in ensuring that lessons learned at one NPP are effectively incorporated into the operational practices of all other relevant facilities
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 086
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Years
Mt
Uranium Resources
Estimated resources
Speculative resources
Phosphate
Sea water,others
< 13
0 $/
kg
< 20
0 $/
kg Betw
een
200
up to
400
$/kg
Hig
her t
han
1000
$/k
g
IAASA A2 Scenario PWR only open cycle
Engaged UConsumed U
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 087
• ‘The plausible scenario’;• R&R limited to a few countries;• Gen IV systems implemented progressively after 2040.
Spent Fuel and Plutonium Accumulation
1,00,50,2Stored spent fuels ( Mtons)
1200550320LWR capacity (GWe)
205020252005
1400650360Nuclear capacity (GWe)
850040001500Plutonium amount (tons)
Once through: the easy way out, which is a purely short-term solution, as it does not save resources, does not minimize waste, leads to Pu accumulation, does not contribute to Public Acceptance
= Inappropriate answer to sustainable development of Nuclear Energy
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 088
Closed Cycle: a path to sustainability, as opposed to Open Cycle
1000 kg U nat100 kg U 5%
900 kg U dep
Recycling
4 kg W + PF
1 kg Pu
95 kg U rep
Enrichment
Recycling ~ 95% of spent fuel materialsSaving resources ~ 25% in LWRs
~ x 50 or more in FRsCosts ~ 6% of the kWh total costReducing by 5 amount of wasteReducing by ~ 10 waste long-term radiotoxicity
Plutonium recycling
Spent FuelNo reprocesisng
Uranium Ore (mine)
Time (years)
Rel
ativ
e ra
dio
toxi
city
P&T of MA
Pu+MA +FP
MA +FP
FP
• Back-end cycle organisation– Supply of treatment plants based on advanced proven recycling technologies
• La Hague• Rokkasho
– Distribution of the treatment facilities on a regional basis • Asia• Europe• North AmericaWith a Management involving the IAEA
50 10< x <505<x<101<x<5 Nuclear plants in the world
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 089
GIF and INPRO Expand and Integrate their Activities
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 0810
Nuclear Energy
• Financial resources,
• Risks: industry which bears risks, which, in turn, requires stringent professional behaviour (transparency, acceptance of controls): this professionalism in the operation is acquired with time and rigour
• Infrastructures: need for a Safety Authority, competent and independent from the operators a Safety Authority, an appropriate grid, an appropriate waste management policy, an industrial network of firms involved in the development and the operation of nuclear installations
• Human and cultural dimensions: Public Acceptance is a very sensitive issue for Nuclear Energy, which should not be underestimated
A structuring choice for a country
International cooperation between countries inexperienced or with limited financial capabilities is recommended. The IAEA should pursue and intensify its efforts, such as those carried out by the SAGNE, to provide criteria and guidance for sharing nuclear power infrastructure during the stage of nuclear power project life cycle.
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 0811
Addressing worldwide needs/preoccupations• IAEA’s Common User Criteria/Requirements
The IAEA will identify common user requirements and criteria from developing countries with respect to the reactor systems necessary in the 21st century, focussing on small and medium sized reactors, and potentially establishing joint actions by technology holders and users for development and deployment of such reactor systems.
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 0812
Guarantees of nuclear fuel supplyIAEA’s proposal’s to administer a nuclear fuel reserve, to ensure a back-up supply for power reactors throughout the world, on a non-discriminatory, non political basis, reducing the need for countries to develop their own uranium enrichment technologies.
Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP)Develop worldwide consensus on enabling expanded use of economical, carbon-free Nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand. Use a nuclear fuel cycle that enhances energy security, while promoting non-proliferation.Goal achieved by having nations with secure, advanced nuclear capabilities provide fuelservices — fresh fuel and recovery of used fuel — to other nations who agree to employnuclear energy for power generation purposes only.
IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 0813
Conclusion
• Many challenges yet to be overcome to allow for worldwide expansion of nuclear energy, related to its competitivity, its safety features, and the radioactive waste issue.
• Also, new concepts should be designed and proposed, fully compatible with the concept of sustainable development
• Strengthen all possible ways of cooperation to overcome these challenges.
• Crucial role of the IAEA, which should also be given full authority to inspect for indicators of nuclear weaponization.
• The IAEA= sole body capable of harmonization national visions of nuclear energy expansion
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