nuclear energy the role of the iaea in meeting energy needs · 7.6 5.3 10.2 13.0 40.1 7.2 7.4 6.5...

IAEA, Vienna Jacques BOUCHARD, September 30th, 081

Jacques BOUCHARDChairman of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

Advisor to the Chairman of CEAChairman of the SAGNE

Nuclear Energy

The Role of the IAEA in Meeting Energy Needs

IAEA General Conference Scientific Forum


IAEA - Paris, 21-22 March 2005« Nuclear Power for the 21st Century »

International Ministerial Conference


Next Generation Reactors

- A new generation of reactors which design takes benefit of the large experience acquired in the operation of Gen II plants and of the lessons coming from TMI;

- Light Water Reactors are still dominating;

- To make new improvements in safety while keeping economic competitiveness have been the main objective;

- Different approaches have been studied and are still competing in the industrial offer :- small vs. large reactors,- passive vs. active safety systems;

- Mitigation of severe accident consequences is a major step.

Near term deployment of industrial reactors: Gen III Reactors

To meet the Sustainability requirements of the 21st century:- Economy- Safety- Uranium Resources- Waste Management- Proliferation resistance


Nuclear Energy : Economy

• Production cost is among the lowest, and stable with time

1 3 . 87 . 6 5 . 3

1 0 . 2 1 3 . 0

4 0 . 17 . 2

7 . 46 . 5

8 . 2

1 0 . 0

1 7 . 1 1 5 . 8

1 8 . 4

1 . 5

2 3 . 7

3 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

E ls p ot -h i n ta

E ls p ot -h i n ta

Y D IN H I IL I K A A S U T U R V E P U U T U U L I

P o lt t o a in e

K ä yt tö - jak u n n o s sa p ito

P ä ä o m a ku s t.

S Ä H K Ö N T U O T A N T O K U ST A N N U K S ET

2 0 0 0S u o m i

V u o s i k äy t tö a ik a = 8 0 0 0 tu n t i a

R T ar ja n n e & K Lu o st a r in e n 12 .2 . 200 2

V u o s i k ä y ttö -a i k a = 2 2 0 0 t un ti a

2 0 0 1S u o m i

R e a a li k o rk o = H i n t a t a s o : m a r r a s k u u 2 0 0 1

T u ot a n to k u s ta n n u k s e t i l m a n i n v e s t oi n ti tuk e a j a s ä hk ö v e r o hy v i ty s tä

1 4 .9

2 2 .8 2 4 .1

3 2 .1 3 0 .5 3 2 .5

3 9 .6

5 0 .1e u r o /M W h

5 .0 %Interest rate = 5,0 %Price level: November 2001

Elspot-price

Elspot-price

Nuclear Coal Gas Peat W ood W ind

operation 2200 h / a

generation cost wihtoutinvestment helps and taxreductions

ELECTRICITY GENERATION COST

Fuel

Maintenanceand opera-tion

capital cost

IAEA’s decisive role in putting in place information exchange processes, peer reviews, policy approaches has enabled reliable construction schedules, licensing review procedures, and other factors affecting nuclear electricity costs.


Nuclear : a safe and reliable energy

Civaux NPP

Safety :

• Gen II : satisfactory data for 20 years Civaux NPP

2,38

1,66

0,85 0,880,77

0,460,28 0,3 0,26 0,21

0,12 0,09 0,08 0,04

0.03

0

1

2

3

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Safety performances at high levels

• A new step with Gen III reactors • Gradual improvements to be pursued for Gen IV reactors

IAEA’s efforts to develop strong international nuclear safety networks over the past two decades have paid off. However, gaps still exist: existing facilities with older design features still require upgrades or compensatory measures to ensure acceptable safety levels. Also, the IAEA’s role is crucial in ensuring that lessons learned at one NPP are effectively incorporated into the operational practices of all other relevant facilities


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Years

Mt

Uranium Resources

Estimated resources

Speculative resources

Phosphate

Sea water,others

< 13

0 $/

kg

< 20

0 $/

kg Betw

een

200

up to

400

$/kg

Hig

her t

han

1000

$/k

g

IAASA A2 Scenario PWR only open cycle

Engaged UConsumed U


• ‘The plausible scenario’;• R&R limited to a few countries;• Gen IV systems implemented progressively after 2040.

Spent Fuel and Plutonium Accumulation

1,00,50,2Stored spent fuels ( Mtons)

1200550320LWR capacity (GWe)

205020252005

1400650360Nuclear capacity (GWe)

850040001500Plutonium amount (tons)

Once through: the easy way out, which is a purely short-term solution, as it does not save resources, does not minimize waste, leads to Pu accumulation, does not contribute to Public Acceptance

= Inappropriate answer to sustainable development of Nuclear Energy


Closed Cycle: a path to sustainability, as opposed to Open Cycle

1000 kg U nat100 kg U 5%

900 kg U dep

Recycling

4 kg W + PF

1 kg Pu

95 kg U rep

Enrichment

Recycling ~ 95% of spent fuel materialsSaving resources ~ 25% in LWRs

~ x 50 or more in FRsCosts ~ 6% of the kWh total costReducing by 5 amount of wasteReducing by ~ 10 waste long-term radiotoxicity

Plutonium recycling

Spent FuelNo reprocesisng

Uranium Ore (mine)

Time (years)

Rel

ativ

e ra

dio

toxi

city

P&T of MA

Pu+MA +FP

MA +FP

FP

• Back-end cycle organisation– Supply of treatment plants based on advanced proven recycling technologies

• La Hague• Rokkasho

– Distribution of the treatment facilities on a regional basis • Asia• Europe• North AmericaWith a Management involving the IAEA

50 10< x <505<x<101<x<5 Nuclear plants in the world


GIF and INPRO Expand and Integrate their Activities


Nuclear Energy

• Financial resources,

• Risks: industry which bears risks, which, in turn, requires stringent professional behaviour (transparency, acceptance of controls): this professionalism in the operation is acquired with time and rigour

• Infrastructures: need for a Safety Authority, competent and independent from the operators a Safety Authority, an appropriate grid, an appropriate waste management policy, an industrial network of firms involved in the development and the operation of nuclear installations

• Human and cultural dimensions: Public Acceptance is a very sensitive issue for Nuclear Energy, which should not be underestimated

A structuring choice for a country

International cooperation between countries inexperienced or with limited financial capabilities is recommended. The IAEA should pursue and intensify its efforts, such as those carried out by the SAGNE, to provide criteria and guidance for sharing nuclear power infrastructure during the stage of nuclear power project life cycle.


Addressing worldwide needs/preoccupations• IAEA’s Common User Criteria/Requirements

The IAEA will identify common user requirements and criteria from developing countries with respect to the reactor systems necessary in the 21st century, focussing on small and medium sized reactors, and potentially establishing joint actions by technology holders and users for development and deployment of such reactor systems.


Guarantees of nuclear fuel supplyIAEA’s proposal’s to administer a nuclear fuel reserve, to ensure a back-up supply for power reactors throughout the world, on a non-discriminatory, non political basis, reducing the need for countries to develop their own uranium enrichment technologies.

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP)Develop worldwide consensus on enabling expanded use of economical, carbon-free Nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand. Use a nuclear fuel cycle that enhances energy security, while promoting non-proliferation.Goal achieved by having nations with secure, advanced nuclear capabilities provide fuelservices — fresh fuel and recovery of used fuel — to other nations who agree to employnuclear energy for power generation purposes only.


Conclusion

• Many challenges yet to be overcome to allow for worldwide expansion of nuclear energy, related to its competitivity, its safety features, and the radioactive waste issue.

• Also, new concepts should be designed and proposed, fully compatible with the concept of sustainable development

• Strengthen all possible ways of cooperation to overcome these challenges.

• Crucial role of the IAEA, which should also be given full authority to inspect for indicators of nuclear weaponization.

• The IAEA= sole body capable of harmonization national visions of nuclear energy expansion

nuclear energy the role of the iaea in meeting energy needs · 7.6 5.3 10.2 13.0 40.1 7.2 7.4 6.5...

Documents