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NON TRADITIONAL / NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY THREATSHUMAN SECURITY THREATSIN SOUTHEAST ASIAIN SOUTHEAST ASIA30 November 201530 November 2015
NESTOR Z OCHOAAMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLICAMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC
OUTLINERegional Scan (Comparative Statistics)g ( p )
N T diti l / H S it th Non-Traditional / Human Security: the Concept
Non-Traditional / Human Security: Challenges Non-Traditional / Human Security: Challenges in Southeast Asia
Conclusion and Way Aheady
REGIONAL SCANREGIONAL SCAN(Comparative Statistics)(Comparative Statistics)
Population Density (2014)
9000
Population Density (2014) (Number of people per square kilometer)
600070008000
400050006000
00020003000
01000
Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu
COUNTRY Population density (2014)(people/sq km)
SINGAPORE 7,988PHILIPPINES 359PHILIPPINES 359
VIETNAM 282INDONESIA 133INDONESIA 133THAILAND 132MALAYSIA 91MALAYSIA 91CAMBODIA 85MYANMAR 82MYANMAR 82
BRUNEI 73LAOS 29
GREECE 81EU 116 (2013)Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu
Note: EU figure is based on 2013 data.
COUNTRY GDP per capita PPP (2014)
SINGAPORE 82,763.4BRUNEI 76,753.6,
MALAYSIA 24,951.1THAILAND 14 551 7THAILAND 14,551.7
INDONESIA 10,517.0PHILIPPINES 6 982 4PHILIPPINES 6,982.4
VIETNAM 5,629.0LAOS 5 320 4LAOS 5,320.4
MYANMAR 4,800.0CAMBODIA 3 259 3CAMBODIA 3,259.3GREECE 26,098.8
EU 34,500 (2013)Source: indexmundi.com; data.worldbank.org
Population below poverty line
40,00%45,00%50,00%
2 00%30,00%35,00%40,00%
15,00%20,00%25,00%
0 00%5,00%
10,00%,
0,00%
Source: cia.gov
COUNTRY Population below poverty line
MYANMAR 32.7% (2007)PHILIPPINES 25.2% (2012)( )
LAOS 22.0% (2013)CAMBODIA 17 7% (2012)CAMBODIA 17.7% (2012)THAILAND 12.6% (2012)VIETNAM 11 3% (2012)VIETNAM 11.3% (2012)
INDONESIA 11.3% (2014)MALAYSIA 3 8% (2009)MALAYSIA 3.8% (2009)
SINGAPORE N/ABRUNEI N/ABRUNEI N/AGREECE 44.0% (2013)
EU 16.4% (2010)Source: cia.gov
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITYNON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
END OF THE COLD WAREND OF THE COLD WAR marked a monumental shift in the thinking of securityin the thinking of security.
PEOPLE and INDIVIDUALS as new referents of SECURITY
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY (UN Human Development Report, 1994)
-“freedom from fear and freedom from want”- freedom from fear and freedom from want
-“safety from chronic threats”y
-“protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the tt f d il lif ”patterns of daily life”
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY(Human Security Now 2003, UN Commission on Human Security)
-“ to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways- …to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment.”
-“Security of people — their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their di it d th h b i d th t tidignity and worth as human beings, and the protection of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.”
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR’94)HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR 94)
- Economic Security- Food SecurityFood Security- Health Security- Environmental Security- Personal SecurityPersonal Security - Community Security- Political Security
NON –TRADITIONAL / HUMAN
SECURITY CHALLENGESSECURITY CHALLENGES
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
TERRORISMTERRORISMSow fear to achieve objectivesDisregards innocent human lifeKid iKidnapping, bombings, hijackings and h t t kihostage-takingInternational networknetworkWeapons of Mass Destruction
(ASG hostages, 2014)
PIRACYAttack and robbery
t
PIRACYat seaEndangers trade, tourism and transportation which are dependent on vital sea lines of communicationCan fund terrorismCan fund terrorismCan imperil global economy
HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING
Perpetrated by persons normally associated with international syndicates.Can escape weak and passive legal checkspassive legal checks and bureaucratic loopholesloopholesCan give rise to illegal migrationmigration
NATURAL DISASTERSEffects comparable toEffects comparable to war devastation
Relief efforts and disaster management are difficult responsibilities that
(ST Haiyan; Ph; 2013)
responsibilities that push the military and civilian authorities tocivilian authorities to their limits.
PANDEMICS
E d th t t t d dEndanger the most unprotected and vulnerable sectors of the societyvulnerable sectors of the society
(Avian Flu; Vietnam; 2005)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)
Haze
(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)
a eOverfishingGlobal Warming
(Drought; Thailand; 2014) (Overfishing; Indonesia; 2009)
COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards
BRUNEI Seasonal haze from Indonesia
CAMBODIA Illegal logging; soil erosion; declining biodiversity and fish
stocks; overfishingINDONESIA Deforestation; water pollution;
hhazeLAOS Unexploded ordnance;
deforestation; soil erosiondeforestation; soil erosionMALAYSIA Air pollution caused by
industrial and vehicularindustrial and vehicular emissions; deforestation;water pollution from raw p
sewage; haze from Indonesia(Source: cia.gov)
COUNTRY Extreme Environmental HazardsEnvironmental Hazards
MYANMAR Deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and t i d t it tiwater; inadequate sanitation and water treatment
PHILIPPINES Deforestation; soil erosion; airPHILIPPINES Deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major
urban centers; coral reef d d ti ll ti fdegradation; pollution of
coastal mangrove swamps
SINGAPORE Industrial pollution; limitedSINGAPORE Industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources;
limited land availability t t di lpresents waste disposal
problems; seasonal haze from Indonesia
(Source: cia.gov)
COUNTRY Extreme Environmental HazardsEnvironmental Hazards
THAILAND Air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollutionemissions; water pollution from organized and factory wastes; deforestation; soil ; ;
erosion; illegal huntingVIETNAM Deforestation and soil
degradation; water pollution and overfishing; groundwater
t i ti d dicontamination; degradingenvironment due to urban
industrializationindustrializationGREECE Air and water pollution
(Source: cia.gov)
COUNTRY Internal armed conflictBRUNEI none
CAMBODIA noneINDONESIA Armed resistance in Papua
(Free Papua Movement)LAOS none
MALAYSIA noneMYANMAR Ethnic armed groupsg p
(KIO, NMSP, SSPP/SSA, KNU, KNPP, CNA, LDU,
ANC PNLO TNLA WNOANC, PNLO, TNLA, WNO, MNDAA)
(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)
COUNTRY Internal armed conflictPHILIPPINES C i t iPHILIPPINES Communist insurgency
(CPP-NPA-NDF; RJs)S tiSeparatism
in southern Philippines(MNLF; MILF; BIFF)(MNLF; MILF; BIFF)
Local Terrorist Group: ASGSINGAPORE noneSINGAPORE noneTHAILAND Ethno-nationalist insurgency along
the Thai Malaysian borderthe Thai-Malaysian border(Patani-Malay
National Revolutionary Front)at o a e o ut o a y o t)
VIETNAM noneGREECE noneGREECE none
(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)
COUNTRY Specific Pandemic tl i drecently experienced
(2009)BRUNEIBRUNEI
CAMBODIAINDONESIAINDONESIA
LAOSAH1N1
Flu PandemicMALAYSIAMYANMAR
PHILIPPINESSINGAPORETHAILANDVIETNAM
(Source: unaids.org)
COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNSBRUNEI Terrorism/sabotage, transnational crimes
CAMBODIA Human traffickingINDONESIA Illegal and unregulated fishing; piracy and g g g y
robbery; human trafficking; LAOS n/a
MALAYSIA Piracy; illegal immigrants; human trafficking; kidnapping and terrorism;
MYANMAR Human trafficking; PHILIPPINES Human and drug trafficking; piracy; illegal fishing
kidnapping/terrorism; smuggling; poaching SINGAPORE Piracy and armed robberyTHAILAND Human trafficking; drug trafficking;
terrorism; piracyVIETNAM Illegal fishing
Sources: cia.gov; aseanregionalforum.asean.org; apcss.org
COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS
GREECE Drug trafficking; smugglingEU Piracy and armed robbery; illegal fishing; y y; g g;
human trafficking; smuggling of migrants; arms trafficking and narcotics; terrorism
POLICY O CCONSIDERATIONS
LAND/ MARITIME/ AIR BORDERS
-porous; “borderless” (e.g. haze; disease)
-facilitate movement of “unwanted elements”
-jurisdiction issues between and among states
POLICY O CCONSIDERATIONS
STATE CAPACITY
-Governments, the business sector, and civil , ,society, are the lead actors.“Software” (policy and legal frameworks)- Software (policy and legal frameworks)
-“Hardware” (physical capabilities)-Regional and global linkages
CONCLUSION CO C US OAND WAY AHEAD
INTELLIGENCE FUSION
- Sharing of information between governments, S a g o o at o bet ee go e e ts,non-government organizations, and international institutions
- Exchange of threat perceptions- Countering terrorism misinformation
and propagandaand propaganda
CONCLUSION CO C US OAND WAY AHEAD
- Sharing of best practicesSharing of experts/expertise- Sharing of experts/expertise
- Partnering in global/multilateral actions- Functional cooperation in ASEAN-EU
ministerial engagementsministerial engagements- ASEAN Political-Security, Economic, and
Socio Cultural Community BlueprintsSocio-Cultural Community Blueprints- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)- Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
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