non-traditional / human security threats in … · 2017-11-07 · non-traditional / human security...
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NON TRADITIONAL / NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY THREATSHUMAN SECURITY THREATSIN SOUTHEAST ASIAIN SOUTHEAST ASIA30 November 201530 November 2015
NESTOR Z OCHOAAMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLICAMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC
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OUTLINERegional Scan (Comparative Statistics)g ( p )
N T diti l / H S it th Non-Traditional / Human Security: the Concept
Non-Traditional / Human Security: Challenges Non-Traditional / Human Security: Challenges in Southeast Asia
Conclusion and Way Aheady
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REGIONAL SCANREGIONAL SCAN(Comparative Statistics)(Comparative Statistics)
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Population Density (2014)
9000
Population Density (2014) (Number of people per square kilometer)
600070008000
400050006000
00020003000
01000
Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu
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COUNTRY Population density (2014)(people/sq km)
SINGAPORE 7,988PHILIPPINES 359PHILIPPINES 359
VIETNAM 282INDONESIA 133INDONESIA 133THAILAND 132MALAYSIA 91MALAYSIA 91CAMBODIA 85MYANMAR 82MYANMAR 82
BRUNEI 73LAOS 29
GREECE 81EU 116 (2013)Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu
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Note: EU figure is based on 2013 data.
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COUNTRY GDP per capita PPP (2014)
SINGAPORE 82,763.4BRUNEI 76,753.6,
MALAYSIA 24,951.1THAILAND 14 551 7THAILAND 14,551.7
INDONESIA 10,517.0PHILIPPINES 6 982 4PHILIPPINES 6,982.4
VIETNAM 5,629.0LAOS 5 320 4LAOS 5,320.4
MYANMAR 4,800.0CAMBODIA 3 259 3CAMBODIA 3,259.3GREECE 26,098.8
EU 34,500 (2013)Source: indexmundi.com; data.worldbank.org
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Population below poverty line
40,00%45,00%50,00%
2 00%30,00%35,00%40,00%
15,00%20,00%25,00%
0 00%5,00%
10,00%,
0,00%
Source: cia.gov
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COUNTRY Population below poverty line
MYANMAR 32.7% (2007)PHILIPPINES 25.2% (2012)( )
LAOS 22.0% (2013)CAMBODIA 17 7% (2012)CAMBODIA 17.7% (2012)THAILAND 12.6% (2012)VIETNAM 11 3% (2012)VIETNAM 11.3% (2012)
INDONESIA 11.3% (2014)MALAYSIA 3 8% (2009)MALAYSIA 3.8% (2009)
SINGAPORE N/ABRUNEI N/ABRUNEI N/AGREECE 44.0% (2013)
EU 16.4% (2010)Source: cia.gov
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NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITYNON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
END OF THE COLD WAREND OF THE COLD WAR marked a monumental shift in the thinking of securityin the thinking of security.
PEOPLE and INDIVIDUALS as new referents of SECURITY
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NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY (UN Human Development Report, 1994)
-“freedom from fear and freedom from want”- freedom from fear and freedom from want
-“safety from chronic threats”y
-“protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the tt f d il lif ”patterns of daily life”
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NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY(Human Security Now 2003, UN Commission on Human Security)
-“ to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways- …to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment.”
-“Security of people — their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their di it d th h b i d th t tidignity and worth as human beings, and the protection of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.”
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NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR’94)HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR 94)
- Economic Security- Food SecurityFood Security- Health Security- Environmental Security- Personal SecurityPersonal Security - Community Security- Political Security
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NON –TRADITIONAL / HUMAN
SECURITY CHALLENGESSECURITY CHALLENGES
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
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TERRORISMTERRORISMSow fear to achieve objectivesDisregards innocent human lifeKid iKidnapping, bombings, hijackings and h t t kihostage-takingInternational networknetworkWeapons of Mass Destruction
(ASG hostages, 2014)
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PIRACYAttack and robbery
t
PIRACYat seaEndangers trade, tourism and transportation which are dependent on vital sea lines of communicationCan fund terrorismCan fund terrorismCan imperil global economy
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HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING
Perpetrated by persons normally associated with international syndicates.Can escape weak and passive legal checkspassive legal checks and bureaucratic loopholesloopholesCan give rise to illegal migrationmigration
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NATURAL DISASTERSEffects comparable toEffects comparable to war devastation
Relief efforts and disaster management are difficult responsibilities that
(ST Haiyan; Ph; 2013)
responsibilities that push the military and civilian authorities tocivilian authorities to their limits.
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PANDEMICS
E d th t t t d dEndanger the most unprotected and vulnerable sectors of the societyvulnerable sectors of the society
(Avian Flu; Vietnam; 2005)
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)
Haze
(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)
a eOverfishingGlobal Warming
(Drought; Thailand; 2014) (Overfishing; Indonesia; 2009)
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COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards
BRUNEI Seasonal haze from Indonesia
CAMBODIA Illegal logging; soil erosion; declining biodiversity and fish
stocks; overfishingINDONESIA Deforestation; water pollution;
hhazeLAOS Unexploded ordnance;
deforestation; soil erosiondeforestation; soil erosionMALAYSIA Air pollution caused by
industrial and vehicularindustrial and vehicular emissions; deforestation;water pollution from raw p
sewage; haze from Indonesia(Source: cia.gov)
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COUNTRY Extreme Environmental HazardsEnvironmental Hazards
MYANMAR Deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and t i d t it tiwater; inadequate sanitation and water treatment
PHILIPPINES Deforestation; soil erosion; airPHILIPPINES Deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major
urban centers; coral reef d d ti ll ti fdegradation; pollution of
coastal mangrove swamps
SINGAPORE Industrial pollution; limitedSINGAPORE Industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources;
limited land availability t t di lpresents waste disposal
problems; seasonal haze from Indonesia
(Source: cia.gov)
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COUNTRY Extreme Environmental HazardsEnvironmental Hazards
THAILAND Air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollutionemissions; water pollution from organized and factory wastes; deforestation; soil ; ;
erosion; illegal huntingVIETNAM Deforestation and soil
degradation; water pollution and overfishing; groundwater
t i ti d dicontamination; degradingenvironment due to urban
industrializationindustrializationGREECE Air and water pollution
(Source: cia.gov)
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COUNTRY Internal armed conflictBRUNEI none
CAMBODIA noneINDONESIA Armed resistance in Papua
(Free Papua Movement)LAOS none
MALAYSIA noneMYANMAR Ethnic armed groupsg p
(KIO, NMSP, SSPP/SSA, KNU, KNPP, CNA, LDU,
ANC PNLO TNLA WNOANC, PNLO, TNLA, WNO, MNDAA)
(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)
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COUNTRY Internal armed conflictPHILIPPINES C i t iPHILIPPINES Communist insurgency
(CPP-NPA-NDF; RJs)S tiSeparatism
in southern Philippines(MNLF; MILF; BIFF)(MNLF; MILF; BIFF)
Local Terrorist Group: ASGSINGAPORE noneSINGAPORE noneTHAILAND Ethno-nationalist insurgency along
the Thai Malaysian borderthe Thai-Malaysian border(Patani-Malay
National Revolutionary Front)at o a e o ut o a y o t)
VIETNAM noneGREECE noneGREECE none
(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)
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COUNTRY Specific Pandemic tl i drecently experienced
(2009)BRUNEIBRUNEI
CAMBODIAINDONESIAINDONESIA
LAOSAH1N1
Flu PandemicMALAYSIAMYANMAR
PHILIPPINESSINGAPORETHAILANDVIETNAM
(Source: unaids.org)
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COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNSBRUNEI Terrorism/sabotage, transnational crimes
CAMBODIA Human traffickingINDONESIA Illegal and unregulated fishing; piracy and g g g y
robbery; human trafficking; LAOS n/a
MALAYSIA Piracy; illegal immigrants; human trafficking; kidnapping and terrorism;
MYANMAR Human trafficking; PHILIPPINES Human and drug trafficking; piracy; illegal fishing
kidnapping/terrorism; smuggling; poaching SINGAPORE Piracy and armed robberyTHAILAND Human trafficking; drug trafficking;
terrorism; piracyVIETNAM Illegal fishing
Sources: cia.gov; aseanregionalforum.asean.org; apcss.org
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COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS
GREECE Drug trafficking; smugglingEU Piracy and armed robbery; illegal fishing; y y; g g;
human trafficking; smuggling of migrants; arms trafficking and narcotics; terrorism
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POLICY O CCONSIDERATIONS
LAND/ MARITIME/ AIR BORDERS
-porous; “borderless” (e.g. haze; disease)
-facilitate movement of “unwanted elements”
-jurisdiction issues between and among states
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POLICY O CCONSIDERATIONS
STATE CAPACITY
-Governments, the business sector, and civil , ,society, are the lead actors.“Software” (policy and legal frameworks)- Software (policy and legal frameworks)
-“Hardware” (physical capabilities)-Regional and global linkages
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CONCLUSION CO C US OAND WAY AHEAD
INTELLIGENCE FUSION
- Sharing of information between governments, S a g o o at o bet ee go e e ts,non-government organizations, and international institutions
- Exchange of threat perceptions- Countering terrorism misinformation
and propagandaand propaganda
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CONCLUSION CO C US OAND WAY AHEAD
- Sharing of best practicesSharing of experts/expertise- Sharing of experts/expertise
- Partnering in global/multilateral actions- Functional cooperation in ASEAN-EU
ministerial engagementsministerial engagements- ASEAN Political-Security, Economic, and
Socio Cultural Community BlueprintsSocio-Cultural Community Blueprints- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)- Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)
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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!