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1
Non Nuclear Technology: Renewables
Toshiya NANAHARACentral Research Institute of Electric Power
Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
WNU-SI in Canada
July 9, 2008
2
Future Options for Energy to Copewith CO2 Problems Except for Nuclear
• Cleaner fossil fuels and their efficient use,
• Renewable energy,• Energy efficiency in buildings,
appliances, transport and industry,• Carbon capture and storage,
etc.
3
Renewables for Electricity Production
• Hydro: small-scale hydro,• Solar: photovoltaic, etc.• Wind: wind turbines• Geothermal: conventional and innovative• Biomass: wood chip, biogas, residue, etc.• Ocean: wave, tide, etc.
etc.
High Growth
4
Outline of Presentation[Main target]
Photovoltaic and wind power[Outline]1. Technology outline and recent trend2. Advantages and disadvantages3. Characteristics from the viewpoints of
electricity grid
5
Photovoltaics Generation (PV)
AC
Solar Cells
Inverter�
DC
•System Interconnection Type•Stand-Alone Type
•System Interconnection Type•Stand-Alone Type
•Single crystal•Multicrystal•Amorphous
•Single crystal•Multicrystal•Amorphous
Tradeoff between cost and efficiency
Solar Irradiation
6
Photovoltaic GenerationSolar Cells:
Single crystal Type
Installed in 1995
[Photo] By courtesy of Dr. Nakaoka
7
Wind Energy Converter (WEC)
WindTurbine
Generator,etc.
Gear, etc.Wind
Mechanical Equipment
Electric Output
Electrical Equipment
Fully understanding wind power requires various backgrounds.
8
Wind Farm
Otonnrui Wind Farm (Horonobe, Hokkaido)
21MW = 750kW x 28
[Photo] By courtesy of Horonobe Town
9
Site Suited for Wind Farms
• Availability of wide land,• Access to a good road,• Easy access to transmission (or
distribution) lines,• Not-included in natural park,• High wind speed.
etc.
10
PV Capacity in the World
[Data source] NEDO HP http://www.nedo.go.jp/nedata/top.htm
Others
Australia
Nether-lands
USA
Germany
Japan20042,596MW
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,00019
92
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Cap
acity
(MW
)
PV capacityWorld Total
11
WEC Capacity in the World
[Data source] NEDO HP http://www.nedo.go.jp/nedata/top.htmWindPower Monthly HP http://www.windpower-monthly.com/WPM:WINDICATOR
Denmark
China
Italy
UKOthers
India
Spain
USA
Germany
2007(Start)74GW
5,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,000
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Year
Cap
acity
(MW
)
Wind PowerWorld Total
12
PV & WEC Capacity in Japan
0
1, 000
2, 000
3, 000
4, 000
5, 000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010Fi scal Year
Inst
alle
d Ca
paci
ty�
iMW�
j
Phot ovol t ai c
Wi nd Power
� FAct ual s � FPr oj ect i on( METI )� @ ( Tar get case)
[ Sour ce] METI commi t t ee' s r epor t , NEDO Home Page, et c.
0
10, 000
20, 000
30, 000
40, 000
50, 000
60, 000
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030Fi scal Year
Inst
alle
d Ca
paci
ty�
iMW�
j
Phot ovol t ai c
Wi nd Power
� FAct ual s � FPr oj ect i on( METI )� @ ( Max. Ef f or t s case)
[ Sour ce] METI commi t t ee' s r epor t , NEDO Home Page, et c.
13
Key Issues In the Presentation
• Advantages and disadvantages– Comparing renewables with the other
energy sources could be a highly controversial issue.
• Renewables viewed from electricity grid– The other aspects of renewables:
distributed generation / intermittent generation.
14
Outline of Presentation
1. Technology outline and recent trend2. Advantages and disadvantages3. Characteristics from the viewpoints of
electricity gridof photovoltaic and wind power generation.
4. Closing remark
15
Advantages of Renewables• Non-exhaustive carbon-free
energy source.Generally speaking, they are:• Supposedly environment-
friendly energy,• More easily accepted by public,• Technology improvement in recent
years, etc.
16
Disadvantages of RenewablesGenerally speaking,• They have low power density;• Their capacity factor is mostly not so high.
Thus, they are mostly expensive than conventional energy.
• Their output is unstable;• They sometimes needs provision for
environmental impacts.etc.
17
Emission of Power SourcesE
mis
sion
by
1 kW
h E
lect
ricity
g-CO2/kWhCO2 equivalent
Fuel
Equipment, Operation
ex Considered Process for Coal Thermal
Mining Transpor-tation
ElectricityProduction
Ash disposal
PowerSource
Coa
l The
rmal
Oil
Ther
mal
LNG
The
rmal
LNG
CC
Phot
ovol
taic
Win
d Po
wer
Nuc
lear
Geo
ther
mal
Smal
l hyd
ro
18
19
Required area(order)
Capacity factor
Photovoltaic 10-2kW/m2 11% (Japan)
Wind Power 10-3kW/m2 15-30%
Biomas Power 10-4kW/m2 Depending on fuel availability
Therma 100kW/m2 90%
Renewable Energy Capacity Factor
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Photovol-taic
Wind Power
Thermals
Prod
uctio
n co
st(\/
kWh)
WithCapacityValue
Production Cost of Renewables
Cost of renewables is decreasing. However, the following measures are generally introduced due to their high cost:
• Institutional measure: feed-in-tariff, renewable portfolio standard, etc.
• Subsidy for installation, etc.
[Data source] New Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Energy
21
[Data source] NEF HP http://www.solar.nef.or.jp/system/html/taiyou_sys080508.pdf
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PV
syst
em c
ost (
104 ye
n/kW
)
InstallationBOSSolar cell
106.2 107.4
93.9
69.071.075.8
84.4
69.668.366.167.5
22
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
”-“
d�o—
Í(pu)
Ž ž� �
‚ P“ ú
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
”-“
d�o—
Í(pu)
Ž ž� �
� ° � °Ž ž� X“ Ü
“ Ü� ‰̂J
Ouputpower (pu)
Ouputpower (pu)
23
Pros and Cons of Photovoltaics[Advantages]• Applicable to various places (residence, etc.),• Low maintenance requirement,• Small environmental impact : noise, etc.,• Familiar to many people, etc.[Disadvantages] • Low energy density: solar insolation:1kW/m2,• Low capacity factor: about 12%,• Intermittent output: dependence of on weather,• Not economically viable, etc.
24
Pros and Cons of Wind Power[Advantages]• Relatively low cost in renewables, • Larger capacity factor than PV’s at a windy
site, etc.[Disadvantages]• Challenges in harnessing wind,• Low energy density,• Intermittent large output fluctuation due to
weather,• Environmental impacts – noise, scenery, etc.• Windy area not densely resided area
→ weak grid, etc.
25
Challenges in Harnessing Wind
• Turbulence is inevitable.• Its power is proportional to third power
of its velocity.• Wind turbines are used under severe natural
conditions: eg, gust, lightning, typhoon.
• Difficulty in adjusting a turbine to a specific wind conditions,
• Reliability of a wind turbine,• Requirement of maintenance works, etc.
26
Closing Remark (pt.2)• Renewables, as a matter of course,
have their inherent pros and cons. How do you assess them in comparison with the other energy sources?
• Most renewables take advantage of interconnecting to a power system. This causes another important aspects of renewables discussed later.
27
Outline of Presentation1. Technology outline and recent trend2. Advantages and disadvantages3. Characteristics from the viewpoints of
electricity gridof photovoltaic and wind power generation.
4. Closing remark
28Action Plan of IEA to respond to the Request of G8 Summit
• Cleaner fossil fuels• Renewable energy: ………….. A dedicated
international group of experts …. will speed development of common technical and policy approaches to integrating intermittent renewable energy into electricity grids.
• Energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, transport and industry
• Carbon capture and storage
29
Challenges in Connecting Renewables• Distributed
generators interconnected to weak grid;e.g. PVs to low-voltage distribution lines (100/200V)
• Intermittency of output power with difficulties in accurate output forecasting.
Transmission
Distribution
30
Intermittency of Renewables• Outputs of PV and wind turbines contains
large fluctuations difficult to predict. • Their output could be very low in case of
peak demand.
In a power system, supply have to match demand at all times.
31
Trend in Impacts of Wind Powerpenetration Area of impacts Major Impacts
small
large
Local(Distribution)
Sub-transmission
System-wide(Transmission)
•Power quality: eg,voltage
•Load flow: congestion
•System security,•Supply-demand-
balance
32
107V
95 V
Local Impacts #1: Voltage Fluctuations
107V
95 V
33
Local Impacts #2: Malfunction of Relay
Faultw/o DGs
w/ DGs
Fault current 100A
Change in fault current at a substation
Malfunction of protective relay
Fault current 80A Fault current 10A
34
” z“ d� ü
• Ï“ d� Š
ƒ Xƒ Cƒ bƒ `
Local Impacts #3: Islanding
DGs may continue their operation after a circuit breaker opens. It will hinder system restoration and, in the worst case, the fault cannot be removed.
35
Penetration that Could Cause the Problems
Expected technical problems Penetration of DGs problems occur [Note]
Voltage fluctuation due to reverse power flow More than 5 to 20%
More than 40%
More than 20%
More than 20 to 30%
Faults can cause-- Increase of short circuit
capacity -- Malfunction of a protective
relay operation-- islanding
[Note] Penetration rate: ratio to distribution line capacity. They are sample values obtained for the worst casethrough experimental and simulation studies.
36
System Impacts #1: Intermittency• Their large scale integration requires
more flexibility (eg, reserve) in a power system.
How the flexibility is improved or maintained in a future power system?
• Capacity value* of PVs and WECs: not so high (controversial issue)
Needs for back-up power
* Capacity value: an index that shows how the power source is reliable when it is needed.
37
[Source] NEDO report, NEDO-
NP-0012
Sample Output of WECs
5 10 15 20 25 300
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
“ ú
•½‹
Ï�o—
Í(pu)
T4’ n“ _�@2000” N12ŒŽ
5 10 15 20 25 300
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
“ ú
•½‹
Ï�o—
Í(pu)
‘ S’ n“ _‚ Ì� o—Í• Ï“ ®�@2000” N12Œ Ž
Smoothing
Output of a WEC
Total Output of 30 WECs
Dec./2004 Site T4
Dec./2004Out
put (
pu)
Out
put (
pu)
38
Example of Japan
39System Impacts #2: Trip Due to Volt. Sag
[Source] Juan F. Alonso-Llorente, “Integration of wind Generation within the Power System - Experiences from Spain,” Eolica Mediterranean, Rome, September, 2005.
40
Impacts and Their CountermeasuresQuant. Major Impacts Countermeasures
small
large
•Power quality: eg,voltage
•Load flow: congestion
•System security
•Supply-demand-balance
• Variable speed machine• FACTS (eg, SVC)
• Output curtailment• System reinforcement
• Fault-ride-through capability
• Output forecast• Electric storage• Demand response• Hydrogen
41
42
Closing Remark (pt.3)• Integration of renewables to a power
system presents a technological challenge.
• New generation technologies including renewables tend to be not so flexible as conventional ones. Are there any measures to improve the flexibility of the future generation mix?
43
Outline of Presentation
1. Outline and recent trend2. Advantages and disadvantages3. Characteristics from the viewpoints of
electricity gridof photovoltaic and wind power generation.
4. Closing remark
44
Closing Remark: a Personal View• Almost all energy technologies will be needed
to resolve the future energy problems. Renewables would be surely one of the promising candidates. What is your scope on the future energy system with nuclear, renewables and other energy sources?
• System-wide scope would become more important in the future. For example, in assessing the new energy such as renewables, due attention should be paid to power delivery, end-use, etc. aspects.
45
Thank you very much for your attention.
46
Future Options and Time Span
Short term Medium term(CO2 Problem)
Long term (Depletion of resources)
Efficient use of energy
Renewable energy
Cleaner fossil fuel
Carbon capture and storage
47
Thermal /NuclearHydro
BiomasMunicipalWaste
Wind
Sweden2000
Renew-ables
Renewables: Difference among Countries
[Data source] IEA, “Renewables Information 2002”
Electlic energy mix (Denmark)
Electlic energy mix (Sweden)
Thermals
Renewables
Biomas
Denmark2000
Wind
48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Photovol-taic
Wind Power
Thermals
Prod
uctio
n co
st(\/
kWh)
WithCapacityValue
Production Cost of Renewables
Cost of renewables is decreasing. However, the following measures are generally introduced due to their high cost:
• Institutional measure: renewable portfolio standard, feed-in-tariff, etc.
• Subsidy for installation, etc.
[Data source] New Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Energy
49
Distribution line 10km
Substation
Point A
WP WP WP
Voltage at point A
(V)
6400
6500
6700
6800
�kW
)
0
200
400
600[Wind power]
Wind Power
6600
Sample Impacts of WEC on Voltage
min. min.
50
51
52
53
Data source WindPower Monthly HP http://www.windpower-monthly.com/WPM:WINDICATOR
Wind Power Capacity in the World
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Ger
man
y
US
A
Spa
in
Indi
a
Den
mar
k
Chi
na
Italy
UK
Por
tuga
l
Net
herla
nds
Fran
ce
Can
ada
Japa
n
Oth
ers
Cap
acity
(MW
)
Start 2001Start 2007
54Capital cost for residential PV
systems of 3kW
�104\�
Production cost �\/kWh
�
[Data source] NEDO HP http://www.nedo.go.jp/nedata/top.htm
55
Distributed Generators (DGs): Tentative Definition by CIGRE
• Not centrally planned (by the utility),• Not centrally dispatched,• Normally smaller than 50-100 MW,• Usually connected to a distribution
system.
DGs: uncontrollable small generators at the places not previously expected
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