nobles fin5 ppt_03
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Chapter 3The Adjusting
Process
Learning Objectives
1. Differentiate between cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting
2. Define and apply the time period concept, revenue recognition, and matching principles
3. Explain the purpose of and journalize and post adjusting entries
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Learning Objectives
4. Explain the purpose of and prepare an adjusted trial balance
5. Identify the impact of adjusting entries on the financial statements
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Learning Objectives
6. Explain the purpose of a worksheet and use it to prepare adjusting entries and the adjusted trial balance
7. Understand the alternative treatments of recording deferred expenses and deferred revenues (Appendix 3A)
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Learning Objective 1
Differentiate between cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting
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Cash Basis vs. Accrual Basis Accounting
Cash basis accounting
• Revenue is recorded when cash is received
• Expenses are recorded when cash is paid
• Not allowed under GAAP
Accrual basis accounting
• Revenue is recorded when earned
• Expenses are recorded when incurred
• Used by most businesses
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Learning Objective 2
Define and apply the time period concept, revenue recognition, and matching principles
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The Time Period Concept
• Time period concept • Business activities are sliced into small time
segments. • Financial statements can be prepared monthly,
quarterly, or annually.
• Fiscal year• Any 12-month accounting period• Often coincides with a calendar year
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The Revenue Recognition Principle
• The revenue recognition principle dictates when to record revenue and the amount of revenue to record.– Record revenue when earned– May be different from cash collections– Revenue is based on the actual selling price of
the item or service.
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Revenue should be recorded when it is EARNED.
A good has been delivered
or a service has been
performed.
The earnings
process is complete.
The Revenue Recognition Principle
The Matching Principle
• The matching principle guides accounting for expenses. – Expenses are recorded when they are incurred
during the period.– Expenses are matched against the revenue of
the period.• For example, record rent expense for January against
January revenues, even if the rent was paid in December.
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Learning Objective 3
Explain the purpose of and journalize and post adjusting entries
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The unadjusted trial balance comes from the general ledger.
Adjustments are needed due to the
time period concept, the revenue
recognition principle, and the matching
principle.
Adjusting entries can be divided into two basic categories:
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Deferrals1. Deferred expenses2. Deferred revenues
Accruals1. Accrued expenses2. Accrued revenues
Types of Adjusting Journal Entries
Deferred Expenses
• Deferred expenses are:• Advance payments of future expenses• Treated as assets until used• Recognized as an expense by an adjusting
journal entry when the prepayment is used
• Types of deferred expenses:• Prepaid rent• Office supplies• Depreciation
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Prepaid Rent
Paying $3,000 for rent in advance gives us the right to use the property for three months.
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Prepaid Rent
To adjust the Prepaid Rent account on Dec. 31 , we need to reduce it by 1/3 since the company has used the space for one month.
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On November 3, Smart Touch Learning purchased $500 of supplies on account. As of December 31, only $100 of supplies remain on hand.
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Prepaid Supplies
Depreciation
• Plant assets:• Long-lived, tangible assets• Used in the operations of the business• Value and usefulness decline as the assets are
used
• Similar to deferred expenses:• Paid for when acquired• Used up over time• Usage is recorded as Depreciation Expense
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On December 2, Smart Touch Learning received a contribution of furniture with a market value of $18,000 from a stockholder.
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Depreciation
Depreciation
• Depreciation is the allocation of a plant asset’s cost over its useful life.– All plant assets are depreciated, with the
exception of land.
• Residual value is the expected value of a depreciable asset at the end of its useful life.
• The straight-line method allocates an equal amount of depreciation each year.
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Depreciation
Using the straight-line method, Smart Touch Learning calculates $300 of depreciation for December.
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Depreciation
Recording the entry requires the use of two accounts: Depreciation Expense and Accumulated Depreciation.
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Depreciation
• The Accumulated Depreciation account is the sum of all depreciation expense recorded for the depreciable asset to date.– Accumulated Depreciation is a contra account;
therefore, the account balance is the opposite of the normal balance of the related asset account.
• The cost minus accumulated depreciation of a plant asset is called its book value.
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Depreciation
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Deferred Revenue
• Deferred revenue: – Occurs when a company receives cash before
it does the work or delivers a product– Is a liability because the business owes the
customer the product, the service, or a refund
• Upon performance or delivery, deferred revenue is converted to earned revenue.
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Deferred Revenue
On December 21, a law firm engages Smart Touch Learning to provide e-learning services for the next 30 days, paying $600 in advance.
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Deferred Revenue
During the last 10 days of the month, Smart Touch Learning performs 1/3 of the services.
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Accrued Expenses
• Accrued expenses are expenses a business has incurred but has not yet paid.
• Examples of accrued expenses:– Salaries– Interest– Utilities
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Accrued Salaries Expense
Smart Touch Learning pays its employee a monthly salary of $2,400, half on the 15th and half on the first day of the next month.
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On December 31, Smart Touch Learning owes its employee $1,200, which won’t be paid until January 1. Accrue salaries for December.
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Accrued Salaries Expense
Accrued Interest Expense
Smart Touch Learning borrows $60,000 on December 1 to purchase a building. As of December 31, Smart Touch Learning incurs $100 of interest on the note.
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• Accrued revenues arise when:– A company performs a service but has not yet
collected cash– A company delivers a product but has not yet
collected cash
• Record accrued revenues with a:– Debit to Accounts Receivable– Credit to Service Revenue
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Accrued Revenue
On December 15, Smart Touch Learning agrees to perform e-learning services for $1,600 per month. By the end of December, it has earned ½ of the monthly fee.
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Accrued Revenue
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• Exhibit 3-4 summarizes the adjusting entries:
• (a)‒(d) are
deferred expenses • (e) represents
deferred revenue
• (f) and (g) are accrued expenses
• (h) is accrued revenue
Learning Objective 4
Explain the purpose of and prepare an adjusted trial balance
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The Adjusted Trial Balance
• At the end of the fiscal period, an adjusted trial balance is prepared.– A summary of all accounts with adjusted
balances– The purpose is to ensure total debits equal
total credits
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Journalize
adjusting entries
Post adjusti
ng entries
Prepare adjusted trial
balance
• The adjusted trial balance includes the balances after posting the adjusting journal entries.
• Prepare the financial statements from the adjusted trial balance.
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Learning Objective 5
Identify the impact of adjusting entries on the financial statements
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Impact of Adjusting Entries
• The adjusted trail balance is used to:– Confirm debits equal credits after adjusting
entries– Ensure balance sheet items are properly
valued
• Failing to record adjusting entries results in incorrect financial statements.– See Exhibit 3-6 for examples.
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Impact of Adjusting Journal Entry Errors or Omissions
Learning Objective 6
Explain the purpose of a worksheet and use it to prepare adjusting entries and the adjusted trial balance
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Worksheet
• A worksheet is an internal document that helps summarize data for the preparation of the financial statements.
• The worksheet has four sections:– Account names– Unadjusted trial balance– Adjustments– Adjusted trial balance
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Worksheet
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Learning Objective 7
Understand the alternative treatments of recording deferred expenses and deferred revenues (Appendix 3A)
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Alternative Treatment of Deferred Expenses
Rather than record the prepayment of an expense as a current asset, record the prepayment as an expense on the date of payment.
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Alternative Treatment of Deferred Expenses
At the end of the period, if any of the expense remains “unused,” then adjust some of it into the prepaid asset account.
The results are the same as with the traditional approach.
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Alternative Treatment of Deferred Revenues
Rather than record the early cash receipt from a customer as a current liability, record the cash receipt as a revenue on the date of receipt.
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Alternative Treatment of Deferred Revenues
At the end of the period, an adjustment is made for the portion of revenue not earned in the period.
The results are the same as with the traditional approach.
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