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NOAAlNMFS Developments
NMFS OutstandingPublications Cited
Winners of the National Marine Fisheries Service's Outstanding PublicationsAward for papers published in theMarine Fisheries Review (vol. 46) andthe Fishery Bulletin (vol. 82 and 83)have been announced by NMFS Publications Advisory Committee Chairman Ben Drucker, along with specialrecognition of a nine-paper section inthe Marine Fisheries Review entitled"The Status of Endangered Whales."
"Groundfish Fisheries and Researchin the Vicinity of Seamounts in theNorth Pacific Ocean" by R. N. Uchidaand D. T. Tagami of the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center's Honolulu Laboratory was selected by the AwardsCommittee as the best paper in theMarine Fisheries Review, 46(2):1-17.Selected as the best papers in the Fishery Bulletin for volumes 82 and 83,respectively, were: "Morphology, Systematics, and Biology of the SpanishMackerels (Scomberomorus, Scombridae)" by Bruce B. Collette and 1. L.Russo, 82(4):545-692; and "Using Objective Criteria and Multiple RegressionModels for Age Determination ofFishes" by George W. Boehlert, 83(2):103-117. Collette is with the NMFS National Systematics Laboratory in Washington, D.c., and Boehlert is with theNMFS Southwest Fisheries Center'sHonolulu Laboratory.
In all, six papers were nominatedfrom volume 82 of the Fishery Bulletin,seven papers from volume 83, and sixpapers were nominated from volume 46of the Marine Fisheries Review, alongwith the nine whale papers.
Earning special recognition from theAwards Committee was a collection ofnine papers in the Marine FisheriesReview, 46(4):1-64, entitled "The Statusof Endangered Whales" which was prepared by scientists with the NationalMarine Mammal Laboratory at theNorthwest and Alaska Fisheries Center,Seattle, Wash. Papers in that collection,which were edited by Jeffrey M. Brei-
48(4), 1986
wick and Howard W. Braham, included:"The Status of Endangered Whales: AnOverview," by Howard W. Braham;"The Gray Whale, Eschrichtius robustus," by Dale W. Rice, Allen A. Wolman, and Howard W. Braham; "TheBlue Whale, Balaenoptera musculus,"by Sally A. Mizroch, Dale W. Rice, andJeffrey M. Breiwick; "The Fin Whale,Balaenoptera physalus," by Mizroch,Rice, and Breiwick; "The Sei Whale,Balaenoptera borealis," also by Mizroch, Rice, and Breiwick; "The Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliae,"by 1. A. Johnson and Allen A. Wolman;"The Right Whale, Balaena glacialis,"by Braham and Rice; "The BowheadWhale, Balaena mysticetus" by Braham; and "The Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephalus," by Merrill E.Gosho, Rice, and Breiwick.
The five other papers nominated involume 82 of the Fishery Bulletin were:"Spring and Summer Prey of California Sea Lions, Zalophus califomicus, atSan Miguel Island, California" by G. A.Antonelis, C. H. Fiscus, and R. L.DeLong, 48(1):67-76; "Age, Growth,and Mortality of Gray Triggerfish,Balistes capricus, From the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico" by A. G. Johnsonand C. H. Salomon, 82(3):485-492;"Calibration of Dental Layers in SevenCaptive Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins,Stenella longirostris, Based on Tetracycline Labeling" by A. C. Myrick, Jr.,E. W. Shallenberger, 1. Kang, and D. B.MacKay, 82(1):207-225; "Documentation of Annual Growth Lines in OceanQuahogs, Arctica islandica Linne" by1. W. Ropes, D. S. Jones, S. A. Murawski, F. M. Serchuk, and A. Jearld, Jr.,82(1):1-19; and "Selection of VegetatedHabitat by Brown Shrimp, Penaeusaztecus, in a Galveston Bay Salt Marsh"by R. 1. Zimmerman, T. 1. Minello, andG. Zamora, Jr., 82(2):325-336.
The six other papers nominated fromvolume 83 were: "Dolphin Habitats inthe Eastern Tropical Pacific" by D. W.
K. Au and W. L. Perryman, 83(4):623643; "Confidence Limits for PopulationProjections When Vital Rates Vary Randomly" by T. Gerrodette, D. Goodman,and 1. Barlow, 83(3):207-217; "Egg Production of the Central Stock of Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax, 195182" by N. C. H. Lo, 83(2):137-150;"Long-term Responses of the Demersal Fish Assemblages of Georges Bank"by W. 1. Overholtz and A. V. Tyler,83(4):507-520; "The Rock ShrimpGenus Sicyonia (Crustacea: Decapoda:Penaeoidea) in the Eastern Pacific" by1. Perez Farfante, 83(1):1-79; and "Age,Growth, and Distribution of LarvalSpot, Leiostomus xanthurus, off NorthCarolina" by S. M. Warlen and A. 1.Chester, 83(4):587-599.
The five other MFR papers nominated from volume 46 were: "UsingCharterboat Catch Records for FisheriesManagement" by H. A. Brusher, M. L.Williams, L. Trent, and B. 1. Palko,46(3):48-55; "Dungeness Crab LegLoss in the Columbia River Estuary"by 1. T. Durkin, K. D. Buchanan, andT. H. Blahm, 46(1):22-24; "U.S. TunaTrade Summary, 1983" by S. F. Herrick, Jr., and S. Koplin, 46(4):65-72;"Assessing the Accuracy of a Method toDetermine the Amount of Minced Fishin Mixed Mince-Fillet Fish Blocks" by1. P. Lane, 1. 1. Ryan, and R. 1. Learson, 46(3):76-79; and "Fish or Fish Oilin the Diet and Heart Attacks" by M.E. Stansby, 46(2):60-63.
Developed in 1975, the annual outstanding publication awards programrecognizes NMFS employees who havemade exceptional contributions to theknowledge and understanding of theresources, processes, and organismsstudied as a part of the NMFS mission.Authors must have been employed bythe NMFS at the time the paper waspublished. Marine Fisheries Reviewpapers must be effective and interpretative contributions to the understanding and knowledge of NMFS missionrelated studies, while Fishery Bulletinpapers must document outstandingscientific work.
At the close of each volume, nominations are solicited from the NMFSCenter, Regional, and Office Directorsfor the the awards by the Awards Com-
71
Data Resources of the NODe
mittee Chairman-the editor of the Fishery Bulletin, currently Andrew Dizon atthe NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center.
The National Oceanographic DataCenter (NDC) , which this year celebrated its 25th anniversary, is the U.S.national repository and disseminationfacility for global oceanographic data.Established in 1961 as an interagencyfacility uner the management of theNaval Hydrographic (now Oceanographic) Office, the NODC has been partof NOAA since NOAA was created in1970. Today the NODC operates withinthe NOAA National EnvironmentalSatellite, Data, and Information Service(NESDIS). The environmental data fIlesof the NODC and its sister centers (theNational Geophysical Data Center(NGDC), Boulder, Colo., and the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC),Asheville, N.e.) are installed on a central NESDIS computer facility locatedat the NCDC in Asheville.
Through the NODC, researchers haveaccess to data from government agencies, universities and research institutions, industry, and foreign agencies andorganizations. Foreign data are acquiredthrough bilateral and multilateral exchanges. Since 1962 the U.S. NODChas operated World Data Center A forOceanography, one of the U.S. components of a global network that facilitatesinternational data exchange. The NODCreceives data from dozens of other countries including the U.S.S.R. and other
Other Committee members include theeditor of the Marine Fisheries Review,W. L. Hobart, and former Fishery Bul-
eastern-bloc nations and the People'sRepublic of China.
NODe's primary resources are itsarchive data files. Data received byNODC that are processable into standard formats enter its data processing/quality control system and are mergedinto the appropriate data files. Data inthese files can be selectively retrieved(either by cruise or by geographic areaand time period) and provided to customers in a variety of media and forms.Besides printouts and magnetic tapecopies of selected data, the NODC provides a wide selection of customizeddata summaries, analyses, and graphicplots. All NODC data products are provided at cost. Standard charges are imposed for some relatively simple products; cost estimates are provided formore complex jobs.
For certain standard types of oceandata such as hydrographic stations andbathythermograph temperature profiles,NODC data files have worldwide coverage. NODC holds other types of physical, chemical, and biological dataprimarily for U.S. offshore and outercontinental shelf areas. For example, theNODC receives and archives wind andwave data from automated buoys operated by the NOAA National Data BuoyCenter. NODC's physical/chemical datafiles (Table 1) include ocean temperature
letin editors Bruce B. Collette, ReubenLasker, Jay Quast, William 1. Richards,and Carl Sindermann.
and circulation data that are finding increased application to climate studies.A computerized data inventory systemenables NODC personnel to respondquickly to customer inquiries about thequantity of available data meeting specified selection criteria.
In addition to its archive files, NODCalso provides copies of special data setsheld in originator formats. For example,NODC holds data tapes prepared by S.Levitus, NOAA/GFDL, in conjunctionwith the "Climatological Atlas of theWorld Ocean." These tapes includeglobal objective analyses of major oceanparameters on a one-degree grid.
From the NOAA Ocean ProductsCenter (OPC) the NODC is receivingquality-controlled marine data products.Global Blended Sea Surface Temperature analyses (which combine in situ andsatellite data prepared in support of theTropical Ocean Global Atmosphere(TOGA) program) are now available atNODe. The initial data were receivedin December 1985. NODC is also receiving and archiving monthly IGOSSdata tapes. These data are received atNODC within several working daysafter the end of each month. Detailedinformation about NODe's data holdings, products, and services is providedin the NODC Users Guide, which is
Table 1.-Major NODe physical/chemical data liles.
NODC and WDC-A Offices Move
11ime series data are reported as observation-months, i.e.,measured parameters recorded lor 1 month.
The Washington, D.C., offices of theU.S. National Oceanographic DataCenter (NODC) and the World DataCenter A (WDC-A) for Oceanographyhave been moved. The new NODS/WDC-A address is: National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA/NESDIS,1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20235.
The new telephone numbers, whichare both commercial and FTS, are asfollows: Gregory W. Withee, Director,202-673-5594; User Services Branch,202-673-5549; WDC-A, Oceanography,202-673-5571; Ocean Pollution Data andInformation Network (OPDIN), 202673-5539; and the Data Acquisition andManagement Branch, 202-673-5643.
Data type
Oceanographic StationsMechanical BT dataExpendable BT dataCTD/STD data (high resolution)CTD/STD data (low resolution)Surface current (ship drift) dataCurrent meter dataLagrangian current measurmentsCoastal wave dataNDBC buoy dataPressure gauge dataWater physics and chemistryMarine toxic substances
and pollutants
Volume (as of 4/86
713,268 stations980,222 stations531 ,799 statons
38.176 stations36,368 stations
4,175.000 stations17,292obs.-mo.'
1,258 obs.-rno.'51 obs.-mo'
6.043 obs.-mo'4730bs.-mo.'
71,538 stations
11.159 stations
72 Marine Fisheries Review
available free. Customers orders and inquiries should be directed to: NationalOceanographic Data Center, User Services Branch NOAA/NESDIS E/OC21,Washington, DC 20235; Telephone,202-634-7500 or FTS 634-7500;Telemail: Mailbox "NODCWDCA".(Source: Richard 1. Abram.)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids forCardiovascular Research
Since the 1950's, scientists have recognized the unique properties of fishoils in preventing heart disease. Greenland Eskimos and Japanese fishermenare unusually resistant to atherosclerosisand, during World War II, Norwegiansrecovered from heart attacks morerapidly than previously. Both of theseeffects are attributed to consumption offish, but the specific beneficial compounds are yet to be identified. Thecomplex nature of fish oils has hampered isolation and evaluation of individual compounds for physiologicalactivity.
Now, the Fish Oil Research Group ofthe NMFS Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center's Utilization Research Division (URD) has found a way to prepareEPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA(docosahexaenoic acid) in purities up to94 percent. EPA and DHA are theomega-3 fatty acids present in fish oilsin the largest amounts. Omega-3 fattyacids, thought to inhibit the plaqueformation and blood clotting responsible for heart attacks, are found in substantial quantities only in marine oils.Oils from terrestrial sources containmainly omega-6 compounds whichappear to contribute to cardiovasculardisease. Consequently, availability ofEPA and DHA in adequate quantitieswill facilitate the biochemical andclinical studies needed to elucidate theexact physiological properties that makefish oils beneficial to human health.
A state-of-the-art method, supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation,allows EPA and DHA to be separatedfrom numerous other fatty acids normally present in fish oils. To expeditethe process, short-chain saturated andmonounsaturated fatty acids are removed selectively beforehand by urea
48(4), 1986
complexation. In this way, the amountof material involved in the supercriticalfractionation is reduced and also theeffectiveness of the separation is enhanced. Supercritical extraction is already used to extract residual petroleumfrom oil wells and in the food industryto decaffeinate coffee. The advantage ofsupercritical carbon dioxide are lowtemperatures required, exclusion of oxygen, ready availability, low cost, nontoxicity, and absence of solvent residues.
To date, menhaden oil, the fish oilproduced in largest quantities in theUnited States, has been used for ourstudies. It represents a good source ofboth EPA and DHA (Table 1). Becauseof the similarity of these two compounds, the presence of one makes isolation of the other more difficult. Now,however, we are investigating two regional resources which appear to havespecial potential as starting materials forthe isolation of EPA and DHA. Alaskapollock liver oil is especially attractivefor production of EPA, as are tuna oilsfor DHA production. Nonspawning pollock liver oil contains 17 percent EPAand 5 percent DHA. The high ratio ofEPA to DHA, 3.5, should simplify isolation of EPA in high purity. Thna oilsare very attractive sources of DHA because of unusually high concentrationsin the starting oils, 25-29 percent, andeven more because of the low concentrations of EPA, 6.7-7.7 percent.
Pollock livers represent a vast untapped resource, a byproduct currentlywithout a market. For maximum utilization, they should be collected fromnonspawning animals because duringspawning, the EPA content drops and
Table 1.-Fally acid profiles of menhaden, Alaskapollock, and luna oils.
Oil Palmitic Oleic EPA DHAsource 16:0 18:1 20:5 22:6 EPNDHA
Menhaden 16.8 9.4 16.0 8.4 1.9
Pollock liverNonspawning 18.6 18.7 17.3 4.9 3.5Spawning 15.9 18.7 15.6 6.4 2.4Spawning 14.5 17.0 13.8 7.6 1.8
TunasAlbacore 17.7 13.7 7.7 29.4Skipjack 18.5 12.4 7.4 27.9 0.27Yellow!in 17.7 15.1 6.7 25.3 0.26
the DHA content rises (Table I). Tunaoils are recovered from the precookliquor and have little commercial value.Purification and production of these oilswould dramatically enhance the value ofthe waste products. Production of EPAand DHA for biochemical and chemical studies and potentially for sale asnutritional supplements and pharmaceutical agents would provide attractivemarkets for two unused regional products. Source: Virginia F. Stout, URD,NWAFC, Seattle, Wash.
Pressurized Containersfor Dispensing Fish Oils
Pressurized containers show promisefor easy, effective storage of fish products, reports the Utilization ResearchDivision (URD) of the NMFS Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center,which has been looking for a convenient means of storing and dispensing fishoils for clinical studies on their efficacyin preventing and treating cardiovasculardisease. The physiologically active components of fish oils, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decompose readilyin air. That is one of the reasons for codliver oil's taste, but flavor is not the onlyissue. Oxidation of the active components of fish oil reduces the potency;even more important is actual toxicity.Adding to the problem is the fact thatthe whole process, formally calledautoxidation, is a chain reaction; onceinitiated, autoxidation keeps expandingas it goes. Oxygen in the air is thedriving force.
Exclusion of oxygen is critical to thepreservation of fish oil and omega-3products. Until recently, two alternativeshave been used for storage of fish oils:Sealed, evacuated glass ampoules andnitrogen-flushed, screw-cap bottles.Ampoules are tricky to open and onlyuseful once, since they cannot be resealed easily. Bottles are more convenient for multiple use, but once opened,air is admitted. To avoid autoxidation,the remaining omega-3 material must beflushed again with purified nitrogen, acumbersome procedure.
Pressurized packaging, so popular forcosmetics, paints and insecticides,
73
seems to be the method of choice forstoring and dispensing fish oils. Preliminary experiments show that the oils arestable in pressurized cans. With ultrapure nitrogen as the propellant, metereddoses are easily dispensed. Next, the applicability of the technique to omega-3concentrates will be evaluated. Source:Virginia F. Stout, URD, NWAFC,Seattle, Wash.
U.S. Salmon Faces MoreCompetition in ,Europe
European salmon farming was expected to reach record levels in 1986,with Norway, the leading supplier, expected to produce 40,000 metric tons (t)of farmed salmon in 1986. The othermajor European suppliers, Scotland andIreland, should have 1986 productionlevels of 8,000 and 1,500 t, respectively. This level of production, coupledwith weakening of the U.S. market forimported salmon, has resulted in lowerprices in the German market for salmon. Fresh salmon competes with U.S.exports of frozen salmon.
In 1985, the United States was Germany's largest supplier of frozen salmonwith 1,014.9 t. Other suppliers includedCanada (790 t), Norway (174.7 t), andScotland (9.6 t). Summertime Germanwholesale prices for Norwegian salmonwere $3.l3/pound compared with $3.55/pound for comparable quality frozenAmerican salmon (at US$1 = DM2.l8).
Although the fresh salmon enjoysboth a competitive and price advantageover U.S. frozen salmon, German salmon importers stated that they wouldnevertheless be watching the U.S. salmon prices during the upcoming season.U.S. salmon exporters wishing to enteror maintain their market shares, shouldbe aware of the current market situationin order to set their prices accordingly.
The Federal Association of the German Fish Industry and Fish WholesaleTrade has reported that Norwegiansalmon farming is highly subsidized,although there is no information available on Norwegian salmon farming subsidies nor a calculation of the indirecteffect of the subsidization on salmon exports to third country markets. The German fish industry association also
74
speculates that the level of the subsidymight be reduced in the next 3-5 years,thereby bringing a corresponding increase in prices for Norwegian farmedsalmon. [However, Norwegian authorities have stated in response that theirsalmon farming is not subsidized.]Source: USDC, Business America.
Cooperative Efforts toSave Endangered Species
A mid-July flight to Hawaii's FrenchFrigate Shoals was made to assist inrecovery of the "threatened" green turtle and the "endangered" Hawaiianmonk seal, reports Richard S. Shomura,Director of the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center's Honolulu Laboratory. Aprivate conservation organization paidfor the flight which took green turtlehatchlings to French Frigate Shoals forrelease to the wild and returned toHonolulu with a weaned but underdeveloped female monk seal pup forrehabilitation.
Shomura said the 46 turtle hatchlingswere from Sea Life Park's captive turtle breeding program and were releasedat Tern Island at French Frigate Shoalswhere they crawled down the beach toenter the ocean. Hopefully, the turtleswould imprint there and return someday to nest on that protected island. Tinymetal tags were placed on their flippersso that identification of them would bepossible if they are resighted. Other SeaLife Park hatchlings were released onOahu beaches earlier in the year.
Recovery of the small female monkseal is part of a project being conductedby the NMFS Marine Mammals andEndangered Species Program. According to William G. Gilmartin, Programleader, female pups like that are broughtto Honolulu for "fattening" and then reintroduction into the wild at Kure Atollin the northwestern Hawaiian Islandswhere the monk seal population is verydepleted and in critical need of females.Three other females were collectedearlier this year, flown to Honolulu, andwere being cared for by NMFS. Gilmartin said five young females collectedand rehabilitated in 1984 and 1985 hadalready been added to the Kure population.
Shomura also reported that a younggreen sea turtle which was found injurednear Kailua-Kona during the summerwas taken to Honolulu and treated,thanks to the efforts of several concernedcitizens. The turtle was found by personnel aboard a private dive boat whohad noticed that the animal was unableto submerge and had a hole in its shelljust behind the head.
The divers turned over the turtle toRussell Yim, an agent with the HawaiiState Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement. All sea turtles inHawaii are protected, and illegal takingor possession can result in imprisonment and fines of up to $10,000. The turtle was held temporarily in a hotel ponduntil it could be treated.
"When we were notified," said JohnHenderson, NMFS Fishery Biologist,"we decided to fly the turtle to Honolulu for treatment. According to PatrickLeadbeater, Honolulu veterinarian, towhom the turtle was taken "the hole appeared to have been made by a spear orarrow." Said Leadbeater, "air had gotteninto the animal's body cavity, making ittoo buoyant to submerge and feed. Wetreated the turtle with antibiotics andremoved some damaged shell andmuscle tissue from the wound. After wewere confident that there was no infection, we patched the hole with a biologically compatible foam plug and a coating of fiberglass resin. If the air insidethe cavity was coming from the hole, theturtle could biologically rid itself of thegas in a couple of weeks. But, if thelungs are damaged and leaking air intothe body cavity, it would take a muchlonger time to heal."
"We have recovered many turtles during the last few years with spear holes,and most of them died ," said WilliamGilmartin, Leader of the NMFS MarineMammals and Endangered Species Program. Gilmartin believed the effort bymany concerned people to get this turtle treated quickly could payoff andallow the turtle to survive. "Eventhough these turtles are protected by theFederal Endangered Species Act andState law as well," Gilmartin added,"the illegal taking of turtles makes recovery of the population extremely difficult." Gilmartin said the public can bea big help with this by reporting inci-
Marine Fisheries Review
dents in which turtles are injured orcollected by poachers to enforcementofficers at NMFS (546-5670) or theState (548-5918, or outer islands, askoperator for toll free Enterprise 5469).The turtle was being kept at the NMFSKewalo Research Facility, and, shouldit completely recover, it will be taggedand released, possibly back in the areawhere it was found.
Gulf IchthyoplanktonSamples for Research
The Gulf States Marine FisheriesCommission has announced the availability of Gulf of Mexico ichthyoplankton samples for loan to qualified researchers. Samples have been and arecontinuing to be collected for SEAMAP(Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program), a multi-year international Federal/state/university programof the GSMFC. Neuston and bongo netswere employed for specimen collectionin a one degree latitude/longitude gridover the entire Gulf from lat. 26°Nnorthward; samples were sorted andpreliminarily identified by the PlanktonSorting and Identification Center,Szczecin, Poland.
At present, samples from 1982 (7,057
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48(4), 1986
lots, 93 families), 1983 (8,351 lots, 106families), and material from one summer cruise in 1984 (4,155 lots, 75 families) are available for loan. Lots of unsorted fish eggs are also available fromthese years. Most samples are sorted tothe family level, although many haveidentification to generic or species level.Additional 1984 samples are expected tobecome available by the end of 1986.Specimens are available for loan on a6-month renewable basis. Researchersinterested in obtaining additional information can contact either the SEAMAPIchthyoplankton Curator, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureauof Marine Research, St. Petersburg, FL33701, or the SEAMAP Coordinator,Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, P.o. Box 726, Ocean Springs, MS39564.
NMFS Helps to PreserveLouisiana Wetlands, Fish
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is helping protect economically vital fishhabitat in a Federal-state effort to recover valuable Louisiana coastal wetlands. Biologists with NOAA's NationalMarine Fisheries Service have developed procedures for the operation ofwater control structures installed inLouisiana canals to allow fish to enterthe marshlands during crucial early lifestages.
In 1985, 27 percent of the 6.3 billionpounds of fish harvested in the U.S.were caught off Louisiana. The state'scatch that year was worth more than$229 million at dockside. About 90 percent of those fish, including shrimp,menhaden, seatrout, croaker, flounder,and blue crabs, depend on wetlands during some stage of their development.For the past 3 years, Louisiana has beenlosing about 32,000 acres of coastal landannually.
NMFS biologists at Galveston, Tex.,have reviewed plans for about 300,000acres of wetlands and for the last 3 yearshave encouraged land managers to control the structures to allow young fishand shellfish to enter the marsh area andreturn to the Gulf of Mexico aftermaturing. Land managers used the
structures to increase the water level inponds by the start of the waterfowl hunting season in November to provide better marsh habitat for ducks and geesethat migrate to the area during thewinter. In the spring and summer theywould drain the marshes to allow newplant growth. However, this methodprevented several important species offish and shellfish from entering themarsh area during their peak migratoryperiods.
The Commerce Department agencyhas provided guidance for the management of about 200 of the structures installed throughout the state's 2.5 millionacres of marshlands. They are instilledacross man-made canals to alleviate thesaltwater intrusion and extreme waterlevels that often damage plant life.
The canals are built to make themarshland accessible to barges for oiland gas exploration. The control structures regulate the direction, velocity andamount of fresh and salt water allowedto enter or leave the canals. The wetlandconservation effort involves marshowners, the NMFS, Soil ConservationService, Fish and Wildlife Service,Corps of Engineers, and Louisiana'sDepartment of Wildlife and Fisheriesand Natural Resources.
FDA, NMFS,SIGN MOU
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has provided notice of amemorandum of understanding (MOD)between the National Marine FisheriesService (NMFS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, and theFDA of the Public Health Service, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. This MOD describes the cooperative methods that FDA and NMFS willemploy to deal with illegal commercein molluscan shellfish. The agreementbecame effective on 24 July 1986 andfurther information on it is availablefrom: Walter 1. Kustka, Intergovernmental and Industry Affairs Staff (HFC50), Food and Drug Administration,5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD20857, (301) 443-1583. (Source: 5IFR,No. 164, 30271.)
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