neptune mario goni, emily garcia, samantha castillo
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NEPTUNE
Mario Goni, Emily Garcia, Samantha Castillo
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the 8th planet from the sun at 2.8 billion
miles away.
It has a radius of 15,299 miles.
It has 5 rings, and 13 moons.
Neptune is blue/green in color and is known for
having it’s Great Dark Spot.
It is the last hydrogen/helium gas giant in the solar
system.
NEPTUNE’S FORMATION
There are two possible ways Neptune was formed, the more
logical and modern one being called the disk instability model.
In this process, clumps of dust and gas are bound together
early in the life of the solar system.
Over time, they combine to form into a giant planet.
This could take as little as a thousand years, allowing time
for the planet to trap the rapidly-vanishing lighter gases and
avoid a warm death by the sun.
INTERIOR
Onions have layers, so do planets
Neptune’s interior consists of mainly helium, hydrogen and methane.
The inner core is suspected to be made of a rocky iron or rock and ice.
It also has the greatest portion of core per planet size.
The mantle is an icy liquid including water, ammonia, and methane
ices.
The crust/atmosphere is made of fluid hydrogen, helium and methane.
Neptune’s upper atmosphere is made of clouds.
NEPTUNE’S INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
The atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen, helium and methane.
The upper atmosphere contains some white clouds of frozen methane.
These appear as continually changing bands between the equator and
the poles of Neptune.
It has a very active weather system with an average surface
temperature of
-225 degrees Celsius, the coldest in the solar system.
It has the solar system’s strongest winds, exceeding 1000 km.
EXTERIOR CONT.
Diameter: 49,530 km or 3.9 times Earth’s diameter
Density: 1.6 g/cm^3 or 30% of Earth’s surface density
Surface Gravity: 1.2 times Earth’s surface gravity
The poles are tipped over at 47 degrees, and has a magnetic field
27 times more powerful than earth’s causing wild swings during
each rotation.
It is the smallest gas giant in the whole solar system.
Neptune is blue/green in color.
The planet can not sustain life as we know it.
RINGS
Neptune has 5 rings called Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago,
and Adams, named after the astronomers who each made an
important discovery about the planet.
The rings contain 20-70% dust, and small rocks.
The rings are very difficult to see because they are so dark,
and vary in density and size.
It is believed the rings are very young for the planet and
were probably formed when a moon traveled too close to
Neptune and was torn apart by gravity.
RINGS CONT.
The Galle ring is the closest at 41,000-43,000 km away
from Neptune.
The La Verrier ring is very narrow, only about 113
kilometers wide.
The Lessell ring is the widest of Neptune’s rings, at
4,000 km wide, 53,200-57,200 km from Neptune.
The Arago ring is 57,200 km from the planet and only
100 km wide.
THE ADAMS RING
The very outer ring, Adams, is narrow at only 35 km wide, yet still the
most famous because of its 5, law defying arcs.
Adam’s arcs are areas where the materials of the ring are clumped
together .
The three most famous of the arcs are Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity.
The arcs are the brightest parts of the rings and were the first to be
discovered.
Scientists are unable to explain the arcs because according to the laws of
motion, the materials should have been distributed uniformly through the
rings.
NEPTUNE’S RINGS
In 2005 it was discovered that the rings are much more unstable than originally thought, and some are actually dwindling away rapidly.
ORBIT
Neptune has an orbital period of 165 years/60,190
Earth days.
Recently completed its first orbit in 2011 since its
original discovery in 1846.
It has a day length of 16 hours and 6 minutes.
At some points during its rotation, Pluto is actually
closer to the sun and Earth than Neptune, since Pluto
has an unusual elliptical orbit.
NE
PT
UN
E’S
OR
BIT
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
First, it is the last non-controversial planet in the solar
system, yet discovered
Once Uranus had been discovered, perturbations in its
orbit were seen. Calculations were made and it was
predicted, that there should be a planet within a certain
patch of sky. Within hours, Neptune was discovered in
1846.
This makes it the first planet to be discovered by
mathematical calculations
NEPTUNE’S MOONS
Neptune has 13 official moons and one awaiting
confirmation.
They are all named after lesser sea gods and
nymphs from Greek mythology: Triton, Nereid,
Naiad, Larissa, Proteus, Galatea, Thalassa, Despina,
Halimede, Neso, Psamathe, Laomedeia and Sao.
There are six inner moons, two large center moons
and 5 outer moons.
THE INNER MOONS
The inner moons consist of Naiad, Thalassa,
Despina, Galatea, Larissa, and Proteus.
Naiad is 36 miles in diameter.
Thalassa is 50 miles in diameter.
Despina is 92 miles in diameter.
Galatea is 98 miles in diameter.
Larissa is 120 miles in diameter.
Proteus is 260 miles in diameter.
THE CENTER MOONSTriton is 1,677 miles in diameter and is the largest of the moons,
discovered in the same year as Neptune.
It is the only spherical moon of Neptune.
It is one of the 4 moons known to have an actual atmosphere and
is the only moon of Neptune’s to have a retrograde orbit. This
suggests that it may have been a dwarf planet that was captured
into orbit by Neptune.
In 2010, seasons were discovered on Triton.
Scientists fear that Neptune’s gravity is pulling Triton closer to
the planet, and eventually it will be torn apart.
TRITON
THE CENTER MOONS CONT
Nereid is the third largest moon, behind Proteus
(260 miles), at 211 miles in diameter.
It is also one of the largest irregular moons in the
solar system.
This means it has an orbit that is highly inclined
to the planets equator.
NEREID
THE OUTER MOONS
The outer moons consist of Halimede, Sao,
Laomedia, Neso and Psamathe.
Halimede has a diameter of 19 miles.
Sao has a diameter of 12 miles.
Laomedia has a diameter of 12 miles.
Neso has a diameter of 19 miles.
Phamathe has a diameter of 12 miles.
NEW MOON?A new possible moon was discovered in 2013 orbiting 65, 400
miles away from Neptune.
It is expected to be no more than 12 miles across, making it the
smallest moon to orbit Neptune. It completes one revolution around
Neptune every 23 hours.
It is so tiny that it was even overlooked while the Voyager 2
spacecraft flew by in 1989 to survey the planet’s system of moons
and rings..
It still has to wait for discovery conformation before it can be
considered the official 14th moon.
THE GREAT DARK SPOT
It is a depression in the atmosphere surrounded by high cirrus
clouds.
A few years after the Voyagers found it, it had disappeared
(Hubble Space Telescope). Then, in 1995, it reappeared in
Neptune's northern hemisphere.
However, Neptune's Great Dark Spot does not appear to be
stable.
When the Great Dark Spot was first discovered, it was thought
to be moving very slowly. It wasn’t until Neptune's rotation rate
was finally determined, that we realized the Great Dark Spot
wasn't actually moving slowly with the planet, but instead was
moving in a direction opposite the planet's spin, at almost
supersonic speeds. These are ten times hurricane speeds on
Earth.
THE GREAT DARK SPOT
TARGET QUESTIONS
17:Neptune’s Great Dark Spot was a giant
storm.
23: Kepler’s second law states that equal areas
are covered in equal amounts of time as an object
orbits the sun.
26: Which of the following planets is similar to
Uranus in terms of its size and mass? Neptune
VIDEOS
Sounds of Neptune: https://youtu.be/B7rKidTOgxk
Ten Facts: https://youtu.be/61eeWs6mnO8
Neptune song (so sorry): https://
youtu.be/GNzNk0ad9iE
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