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Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
Babies, Brains and Relationships
Sheri L. Hill, PhD
hill@earlychildhoodpolicy.comPhone: 206.940.0892
www.earlychildhoodpolicy.comSlide 2
Today’s Topics
Brain BasicsRelationships and the BrainHow Relationships EmergeWhat Very Young Children RememberThings to Keep in MindThings to DoResources
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Brain Basics
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What the Brain Needs to Do
Creation of NeuronsFinding a Home Laying the CableCreating ConnectionsRefining the SystemImproving Efficiency
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Primarily in Pregnancy
Creation of NeuronsAll is not lost for adults though!
Finding a HomeFASD
Laying the Cables Starts
Building Connections Starts
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0-3 Brain Changing Prime Time
Newborn – 400 grams3 Year Old – 1100 gramsAdult – 1500 grams
Image: www.brainconnection.com© 1999 Scientific Learning Corporation
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Prime Time and Beyond
Setting Up the SystemLaying the CableCreating Connections
Improving EfficiencyInsulating the WiresRefining the Focus
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Pruning
Newborn Early Childhood
Later Childhood
Refining the System and Improving Efficiency
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Getting a Hand-le on the BrainBrain Stem
Base of thumbMid-brain / Thalamus
ThumbLimbic System
PalmCortex / Neocortex
Fingers
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Experience Changes the Brain
“…our experiences are what create the unique connections and mold the basic structure of each individual’s brain.”
Siegel, D., Hartzell, M. (2003)
“Neurons that fire together, wire together.”
Daniel Siegel
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Experience Changes the BrainToday will change your brain
Anything can become ‘normal’ to a young child.
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Relationships and the Brain
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Babies Come Relationship Ready
Babies are born (hard-wired) to fit into social relationships
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The Brain in Relationship
Monkey See –Monkey Do
Video Learning a No Go for Babies
Sharing Brain Wave Patterns
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How Relationships Emerge
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Patterns → Relationships
Babies are precocious at pattern recognition.
A baby’s daily routine promotes this ability to recognize patterns.
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Patterns → Attachment
These early experiences and routines are the building blocks of the baby’s emotional bond with the caregiver
This ‘emotional bond’
is also called attachment.
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Attachment
Repeated relationship experiences w/ caregivers:
allow infant to understand the way things work,to develop a sense of their own importance,to understand about how others are, and to understand their relationships w/ others.
John Bowlby, 1980
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It Takes Time
Attachment is built over time.
Focused, preferred, or specific attachments emerge at 7-9 months
The hallmark of these important relationship(s) is the observable fact that these special adult(s) are not readily interchangeable with others.
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Attachment
Involves a feeling of security & protection
Distinctly different interaction patterns and patterns of attachment are possible with different key caregivers
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Experience Matters
Very young children with positive relationship experiences ….
“will transfer those positive expectations to the foster mother, making it easier for the new caregiver to understand the baby’s need.”
Dozier, M. et.al (2001). Child Development, 72(5).
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Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Experience Matters
Very young children with negative relationship experiences ….
“have low expectations for nurturing care and behave in ways that do not elicit nurturance.”
Dozier, M. et.al (2001). Child Development, 72(5).
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Experience Matters
Positive or negative experiences can work both ways.
Apply to parents as well as non-parental caregivers.
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Attachment
Operative throughout life
Even as adults, our early experiences with attachment impact how we approach intimacy and close relationships
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What “love maps” do you see at work?
John Gottman
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What Babies Remember
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Expectations and MemoryWhen patterns get constantly repeated, a baby begins to form prototypes or schemas - a mathematical average of these events.
Daniel Stern, M.D., Wash.D.C., 2000
Babies form expectations of the way the world ‘is’ around them.
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Expectations and Memory
“Representations of how things happen”Daniel Stern, M.D., Wash.D.C., 2000
This summary of experiences becomes part of memory
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First Memories - Implicit Memory
“Implicit memory is a form of nonverbal memory that is present at birth and continues throughout the life span.”
Siegel, D., Hartzell, M. (2003)
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Implicit Memory
Amygdala
What do they carry in the palm of their hands?
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Implicit Memory
Comfort Food
Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderTrauma Lives in the Body (Lieberman, 2005)
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Implicit Memory and Caregiving
Why cut that ham?
Powerful Remembering ContextWinnicott
Babies Bring Up Your Stuff!!! ……
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Video Courtesy of Circle of Security in Spokane
www.circleofsecurity.org
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Explicit Memory
Autobiographical Memory
Narrative Memory
Hippocampus BasedNot developed until about 3 and continues development until early 20s
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Things to Keep in Mind
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Early Relationships Are Important !!!
“Each achievement – language and learning, social development, the emergence of self-regulation – occurs in the context of close relationships with others.”
From Neurons to Neighborhoods, National Academyof Science, 2000
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Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
Slide 43
Very Young ChildrenDo Have Mental Health
Infant mental health is the capacity of the child from birth to three to experience, regulate and express emotions; form close and secure interpersonal relationships; and explore the environment and learn.
Infant mental health is synonymous with healthy social and emotional development.
www.zerotothree.ogSlide 44 Slide 44
Young Children in Child Care
Colorado 0-5 year olds23% of children were identified as having severe emotional behavioral problems
Illinois 0-3 year olds16%-24% had significant social-emotional problems
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Young Children OUT of Child Care
Washington 3-5 year olds1 in 10 pre-K teachers expelled a childTwice the rate of school-age children.
Illinois 0-3 year olds42% of programs had asked families to withdraw their infant or toddler Program was unable to handle the child’s social and emotional problems
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Early on the Path
Children who maintain high levels of problem behavior from preschool to grade school are 52 times as likely to be diagnosed with a conduct disorder in adolescence than children whose problem behaviors are resolved before school entry.
Pierce, W. W., Ewing, L. J., & Campbell, S. B. (1999)
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Babies Can Suffer
ZERO TO THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families. (2005) Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Development Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood, Revised (DC:0-3R)
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Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Disruptions to Relationships Matter
Young children grieve when their attachment relationships are disrupted – regardless of whether we as adults would consider it a positive, less than adequate or even abusive relationship.
Neurons to NeighborhoodsSlide 50
What Has Changed?
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Babies Need a Special Someone
“Who fills this role is far less important than the quality of the relationship she or he establishes with the child.”
From Neurons to Neighborhoods, National Academy of Science, 2000 Slide 52 Slide 52
“Babies don’t see legal or blood relationships -- they only see interpersonal relationships.”
Hill, S. & Solchany J. (November, 2005) Mental Health Assessments for Infants and Toddlers. ABA Child Law Practice.
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What We Can Do
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Ask Questions
Questions Every Judge and Lawyer Should ask About Infants and Toddlers in the Child Welfare System
www.ncjfcj.org/store/product_info.php?cPath=21_22_28&products_id=90
Ensuring the Healthy Development of Infants in Foster Care: A Guide for Judges, Advocates and Child Welfare Professionals
www.zerotothree.org/site/PageServer?pagename=key_childabuse
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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How is the child developing?
Child Profile – Developmental Charts and Letterswww.childprofile.org
WithinReachwww.withinreachwa.org or 1.800.322.2588Connections to free developmental screenings
www.dshs.wa.gov/pdf/Publications/22-645.pdf
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Watch for Red FlagsRed Flags from Hill, S. & Solchany J. (November, 2005) Mental Health Assessments for Infants and Toddlers. ABA Child Law Practice.www.zerotothree.org/site/DocServer/Hill_Solchany_Infant_Men
tal_Health_Assessments_for_court.pdf?docID=1851(www.zerotothree.org/site/DocServer/Hill_Solchany_Infant_Mental_Health_Assessments_for_court.pdf?docID=1851 )
Kids Get Care – A program in King County www.metrokc.gov/health/kgc/See their “Red Flags” Tool
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Address Caregiver Mental Health
Help Parents and Caregivers De-Stress
Caregiver state of mind matters.Think outside the box when you think about caregivers.
What is your shark music?
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Keep an Eye out for Depression
Speak Up When You’re Downwww.speakup.wa.gov1-888-404-7763
Siblings
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Keys to Perinatal DepressionA free, web-based training program for nurses, social workers, mental health providers and other health professionals. Developed by Dr. Barnard and others working with First Steps at Stepping Up Washington.
http://steppingup.washington.edu/keys/default.htm
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Keys Modules
Module I: Understanding and Assisting Women with Perinatal and Postpartum Mood Disorders
Module II, Relationship Focused Practice
Module III, Screening for Perinatal DepressionTwo no-cost, self-administered detection and measurement tools are introduced and their application is demonstrated.
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Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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Help Caregivers Communicate Understanding and learning the dance takes time.
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Help Babies Communicate
Promote one-on-one interactions with very young children.
Singing, Talking, and Reading with Babies
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Do Caregivers Know?
You can’t spoil a baby!!Your state of mind matters.Infants and toddlers need you to be bigger, stronger, wiser and kind.
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Caregivers May Need
Support and help to develop these capacities.
The challenge with parenting classes.
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Caregivers May Need
Their own corrective experience in being parented to achieve this goal.
Their own special someone orMental health intervention
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Most Importantly Caregivers Need to Know
Early Relationships Are Important!
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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RESOURCES
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ZERO TO THREE Journal
Infant Mental Health and Early Head Start: Lessons for early childhood programs. (2001) August/September. Volume 22, No. 1.Is Mom’s Mind on Her Baby? Infant Mental Health in Early Head Start
JoAnne Solchany & Kathryn Barnard
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Book Recommendations: For All Caregivers
Siegel, D. & Hartzell, M. (2004) Parenting from the Inside Out: How a Deeper Self-Understanding Can Help You Raise Children Who Thrive. New York, NY: Penguin Paperback.Talaris Research Institute has prepared an excellent booklet for caregivers based on Dr. John Gottman’s work on emotion-coaching. What am I feeling? The Five Steps of Emotion Coaching. This has accompanying pamphlets and a video/DVD.
www.talaris.orgGreenspan, S (2000). Building Healthy Minds: The Six Experiences that Create Intelligence and Emotional Growth in Babies and Young Children. Cambridge, MA: PerseusPublishing.
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Booklets and Newsletters
What’s Best for My Baby and Me?A 3-Step Guide for Parentswww.zerotothree.org go to the eStore
Off to a Good Start: Mental Health Promotion for Young Children
Northwest Bulletin (see previous issue on Post Partum Depression also)http://depts.washington.edu/nwbfch/
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From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development
“If you only ever buy one book on early childhood development – buy this one” – Sheri L. Hill, PhD
Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development
Board on Children, Youth, and FamiliesInstitute of MedicineNational Research Council
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More Good Books
Brazelton, T. B. (1992). Touchpoints Birth to Three: The Essential Reference for the Early Years.United States: Perseus Books.
DeLoache, J. & Gottlieb, A. (2000). A World of Babies: Imagined Childcare Guides for Seven Societies. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Gopnik, A., Meltzoff, A., & Kuhl, P. (1999). The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind. New York, NY: Harper Collins Press.
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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More Good Books/Videos
Lieberman, A (1993). The Emotional Life of the Toddler. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Williamson, G., & Anzalone M. F. (2001) Sensory Integration and Self-Regulation in Infants and Toddlers: Helping Very Young Children Interact with their Environment. Washington, DC: ZERO TO THREE Publishing.
The Secret Life of the Brain. The full 5-part PBS/NOVA series covers brain development throughout the lifespan and is available at www.shoppbs.org. Most public libraries also have this series.
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More Good Books/Videos
Foley, G. M. & Hochman, J.D. Editors (2006). Mental Health in Early Intervention: Achieving Unity in Principles and Practice. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing.
Weatherston, D., & Tableman B. (2002) Infant Mental Health Services Supporting Competencies/ Reducing Risks: A Manual for Community Programs. Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. www.mi-aimh.msu.edu/intro/index.html
It Feels Good to Help Your Baby Learn.14 minute video for young/teen parents produced by Illinois Voices for Children – 1.800.323.GROW
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Websites with Resources
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Washington Resources
Department of Early Learning: www.del.wa.gov
Parent Trust for Washington Children: www.parenttrust.org They also have a Family Help Line 1-800-932-HOPE (4673).
Conscious Fathering (Help for Families –Program Overview)
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More Washington Resources
Foundation for Early Learning Ten Simple Ways to Encourage Learning. (2005 booklet) Downloadable for free in both English and Spanish.
www.earlylearning.org/resources/publications/ten-simple-ways-booklets
www.parenthelp123.org (WithinReach)This website includes a benefit calculator for services such as food stamps and health insurance.
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National Websites
Healthy Kids, Healthy Care: Parents as Partners in Promoting Healthy and Safe Child Care
www.healthykids.usOunce of Prevention Fund, Publications:
www.ounceofprevention.orgDocs for Tots
www.docsfortots.org
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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National Websites
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child
Collaboration - neuroscience, early childhood development, pediatrics, and economics.www.developingchild.net
Birth to Five Policy Alliancewww.birthtofivepolicy.org
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More National Sites
National Technical Assistance Center for Children’s Mental Health
http://gucchd.georgetown.edu/programs/ta_center/index.html
Georgetown University Center for Child and Human DevelopmentLots of great stuff, including free training conference calls
http://gucchd.georgetown.edu/programs/ta_center/tacalls2008.htmlSlide 80
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Mental Health Consultation
SAMHSA Mental Health in Early Childhood with Training Guide for Early Childhood Community:
Volume 1: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/svp05-0151/Volume 2: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/svp05-0151B/
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ZERO TO THREE – National Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families
www.zerotothree.org
Great stuff for professionals
Great policy materials to help you advocate
Great stuff for parents
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Web Resources on Trauma
Healing Resources.info: Preventing and Healing Stress Related Problems
www.traumaresources.orgThey have a great video you can download in sections or purchase on DVD – Trauma, Brain & Relationship: Helping Children Heal
National Child Traumatic Stress Networkwww.nctsnet.org
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Web Resources on Trauma
National Center for Trauma Informed Carehttp://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/nctic/
The ChildTrauma Academywww.childtrauma.org
National Center for Children Exposed to Violence
www.nccev.org
Neighborhood House, 4/1/08
Sheri L. Hill, PhD, Copyright 2008
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National Projects
ZERO TO THREE Court Teams for Maltreated Infants & Toddlers
www.zerotothree.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ter_pub_courtteams
American Bar Association – Improving Understanding of Maternal and Child Health
www.abanet.org/child/baby-health.shtml
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Summary Briefs
Clinical Interventions to Enhance Infant Mental Health: A Selective Review – July 2005, Zeanah, Stafford and Zeanah
www.healthychild.ucla.edu/publications/IMH%20Evidence%20Review%20FINAL.pdf
Improving Maternal and Infant Mental Health: Focus on Maternal Depression
www.healthychild.ucla.edu/publications/Maternal%20Depression%20Report%20FINAL.pdf
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Topical Briefs
Reducing Maternal Depressionwww.nccp.org/publications/pub_791.html
The affects of childhood stress across the lifespan.
www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/effects_of_childhood_stress.htm
Reducing Pre-K Expulsionwww.fcd-us.org/resources/resources_show.htm?doc_id=636702
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IMH Court Work Brief
“It’s about the kids. People talk about parents getting their children back. But really, this is about the children getting their parents back.”Judge Douglas F. Johnson of Omaha
Healing the Youngest Children: Model Court-Community Partnerships
www.zerotothree.org/site/DocServer/Healing_the_Youngest_Children.pdf?docID=3761
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