nationalism lecture 13: beyond nationalism? pan-nationalism and fundamentalism prof. lars-erik...
Post on 28-Dec-2015
224 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
NationalismLecture 13: Beyond nationalism?
Pan-Nationalism and FundamentalismProf. Lars-Erik Cederman
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS)
Seilergraben 49, Room G.2lcederman@ethz.ch
http://www.icr.ethz.ch/teaching/nationalism
Assistant: Kimberly Sims, CIS, Room E 3, k-sims@northwestern.edu
Outline
• Pan-nationalism
• Historical examples
• Civilizations
• Implications for the “war on terrorism”
Pan-Nationalism
• Pan-nationalism aggregates many related ethnic identities into one over-arching macro-identity with the aim of promoting interstate cooperation or political unification
• Does not always imply unification• Main basis is a cultural political project• Builds on or opposes lower-level nationalism• Expansionist temptations
Pan-nationalismCommon state?
Com
mon
nat
ion?
No Yes
No
Yes
Phase I:Nation-formation
Division orunification?
Phase II:Pan-Nationalistforeign-policycoordination
Historical examples
• Pan-Europeanism
• Pan-Slavism
• Pan-Germanism
• Pan-Turkism
• Pan-Africanism
• Pan-Arabism
Pan-Africanism (see Breuilly)
• Started in British West Africa by a tiny minority
• “Golden age” in 1950s• Leader Nkrumah (Ghana)• 1963 Organization of African Unity• Support for unification fizzles, in
spite of a strong ideological program
Kwame Nkruhmah
Pan-Arabism(see Barnett, Breuilly)
• Historical origins: Christians in Lebanon, anti-Ottoman opposition
• More powerful than other pan-nationalist movements– Cultural cohesion? Language and
religion?– Anti-imperialism– Anti-Zionism– Leadership: Nasser
The Arab League, founded in 1944
Gamal Abd al-Nasser
Pan-Arabism (continued)
• United Arab Republic in 1958 but collapses in 1961
• Divisions between Egypt and Saudi Arabia
• Military failure and partial peace with Israel => Sadat returns to Egyptian nationalism
• First Gulf War leads to more division• Failure of pan-Arabism opens the
door for Islamism
Anwar As-Sadat
(1918-1981)
Huntington’s civilizations• A civilization is “the highest
cultural grouping of people”
• Combination of objective elements and self-definition; religion crucial!
• According to Huntington, there are 7 or 8 major civilizations:– Western, Confucian, Japanese,
Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin-American, and possibly African
Samuel Huntington
Huntington’s civilizational map
Huntington cont’d
• Civilizational differences engender conflict– Differences are “real” and “basic”– Local identities threatened– West at the peak of its power– Entropy of cultural traits
• Consequences:– Fault lines– Civilizational rallying– The West against the Rest– Torn countries
Critique
• Definitions:– inconsistent traits: role of religion? internal
differences...– self-definition? African civilization?– ignores exchanges
• Role of states
• Overly pessimistic about conflict
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Islamist Fundamentalism
• Islamist fundamentalism seeks to recapture and apply the fundamentals of Islam in the contemporary world (Barth)
• Political agenda: not in terms of states but– spiritual community: “ummah”– reaction to secular Arab regimes– reaction to Israel and the West– violence: “Jihad”
Fredrik Barth
Defining terrorism
• Terrorism is the “deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change” (Bruce Hoffmann, Inside Terrorism)
• Psychological phenomenon• “Political change” can be, but does not have
to be, about nationalism• Asymmetric conflict: “weapon of the weak”
Three waves of terrorism in the Middle East
• Religion dominant until 19th century
• Wave 1: Post-colonial liberation:– Irgun and Stern Gang fight both Arabs and
British– Model for post-colonial movements
• Wave 2: Internationalization:– PLO– Model for terrorist movements
• Wave 3: New religious terrorism:– Iranian Revolution in 1979– Hezbollah, Hamas, Al Qaeda
Menachem Begin
(1913-1992)
Yasser Arafat
(1929-2004)
Implications for the war on terrorism
• Need to attack root causes
• State-led terror also major problem
• Danger of clash of civilizations– risk of anti-Western
mobilization– resist vilification of Islam– against fundamentalism at
home and abroad– problems of nation-building
top related