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Nanocoatings for energy conservationand generation
“A coating whose thickness is measured on the nano scale”1
1 http://en.wiktionary.org/
“Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of a nanometre to several micrometres in thickness.”2
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/
Joe Pimenoff, BeneqJuly 17th, 2009
Contents
� State-of-the-art technology� methods� applications
� Potential environmental benefits� Potential environmental benefits
� Potential human health and environmental safety concerns and issues
� Policy considerations
Beneq © 2009 2
State-of-the-art – Methods 1/3
� Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)� process: substrate exposed to volatile
precursor(s) ⇒ decompose or/and react on surface ⇒ desired deposit
� produce: mono- and polycrystalline, amorphous and epitaxialand epitaxial
� operating pressure: atmospheric, low-pressure and vacuum
� vapour characteristics: aerosol assisted, direct liquid
� ...plasma-enhanced CVD, flame-assisted CVD...� ALD atomic layer deposition – epitaxial growth
Image courtesy of E. Kauppinen and H. Jiang,Helsinki University of Technology (TKK)Beneq © 2009 3
State-of-the-art – Methods 2/3
� Physical vapour deposition (PVD)� process: condensation of vapourised coating
material on to substrate� operating pressure: vacuum� deposition methods: evaporative, electron beam,
sputtering, cathodic arc and pulsed laser...
100 nm
Image courtesy of openlearn.open.ac.ukBeneq © 2009
State-of-the-art – Methods 3/3
� Powder spray� Sol-Gel� Spray pyrolysis� Reactive sputtering� Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)� Topotaxy
Beneq © 2009 5
Thin films – Nanocoatings?
Autom.dimmingmirrors
Anti-fogging
windscreen
Heat reflectivewindscreen
Anti-reflectingdashboard
Image courtesy of AUDI AG
Minimised motor friction
Heated windscreen
Reflector surfaces of
lights
Self-repairingpaint
Water anddirt resistant
body paintMinimisedroll friction
Beneq © 2009 6
Energy!
World marketed energy consumption, 1980 – 2030World predicted CO2 emissions, 2005 - 2030
500
600
700
800Quadrillion Btu
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0 Billion metric tons
Source: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 Btu is approximately:≈ 1 000 J≈ 3 × 10-4 kWh
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
OECDNon-OECDWorld Total
Beneq © 2009 7
Home sweet home
� > 50 % of dwellings in EU (15) are single-glazed
� Decreasing the heat conductivity of the windows in Europe, i.e., changing from single-glazing to double-glazing, would save 26 million Toe (tonnes of oil equivalent) per annum. CO2 emissions would drop with 82 million tonnes per annum.
Beneq © 2009
Conservation of energy
Properties to affect� Reflection� Absorption� Emissivity
Product names and applications:� Low-e� Low-e� Solar control� Transparent conductive
oxide (TCO)
Beneq © 2009 9
Case 1: U-value
� Describes how well a building element conducts heat
� The lower, the better
Image courtesy of WikipediaBeneq © 2009
U-value versus Low-e
� Low-emissivity (Low-E) is a nanocoating deposited on glass that reduces the U-value by suppressing radiative heat flow, which is the principal mechanism of heat transfer in multilayer glazing.
� Low-e reflects a significant amount of this � Low-e reflects a significant amount of this radiant heat (IR energy), thus lowering the total heat flow through the window.
Image courtesy of www.welshwindows.co.ukBeneq © 2009
11
Case 2: Solar (Heat) Gain
� SHG refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object or structure that results from solar radiation.
� Objects absorb short-wave radiation from light and re-radiate heat at longer IR wavelengths.
Beneq © 2009 12
Solar Gain versus Solar control
� Solar control is a nanocoating deposited on glass that reduces the impact of the sun's heat, without sacrificing view.
� Solar control is spectrally selective (transmits � Solar control is spectrally selective (transmits visible light while reflecting the long-wave infrared portion of sunlight).
13Beneq © 2009
Environmental impact 1/3
� Buildings account for 40 % of CO2 emissions.� energy mainly needed for heating and cooling
� Manufacturing 1 m2 Low-e 2-glazing ⇒ 25 kg CO2.
� Annual savings in CO2 emissions, compared to single glazing (no Low-e) is 91 kg CO2.
Beneq © 2009 14
Uhlens, A. Glass Worldwide, 9, 2007.
Environmental impact 2/3
� It costs more to cool a building down than to heat it up.
� Total cooled area will rise by a factor of 5 from 1990 to 2020.
� Cooling expenses can be significantly reduced (up to 60 %) by using solar control glass (calculated for Brussels and Rome).
� Production-related CO2 emissions are offset after 2.5 months (Belgium).
Beneq © 2009 15
Uhlens, A. Glass Worldwide, 9, 2007.
Environmental impact 3/3
INDUSTRY DEMANDS:� Low cost
� low running cost, short down-time, less spillage etc.
� Improved functionality� lower Low-e, better filtration etc.
� Low energy consumption� we are running out of energy
� Low raw material consumption (yieldwise)� CVD on-line today η ≈ 5...15 %
� On-line� offline necessitates preparing: cleaning, heating etc.
Beneq © 2009 16
Generation of energy
� Crystalline Si� Amorphous Si� Thin film� Photochemical� Organic� Organic� Multi-junction
17Beneq © 2009
Beneq © 2009
Photovoltaics
Global cumulative photovoltaic (PV) power installed (per region)
Beneq © 2009 18
Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for PV until 2013.
PV basics
Nanocoatings
Beneq © 200919
Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Solar Generation V - 2008.
PV technologies – Nano?
� Thin film PV, because:� low material consumption� low weight� smooth appearance� ⇒ roll-to-roll manufacturing
Beneq © 200920
2009 ≈ 18 %2013 ≈ 25 %
Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Solar Generation V - 2008.
Environmental impact 1/2
� ”moderate scenario”
Beneq © 2009 21
Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Solar Generation V - 2008.
Environmental impact 2/2
� Thin film methods with higher yield, lower cost, more efficient raw material usage and less toxicity are constantly being developed, due to competition and global trends. A strong candidate for this is ALD.
� Possibilities to eliminate the use of dangerous � Possibilities to eliminate the use of dangerous substances, e.g., cadmium (Cd), phosphorus (P) and fluorine (F), both from the production process and the procuct are being developed.
� If dry process (ALD): no massive water handling or rinsing and no toxic waste solutions.
Image courtesy of ARCHITEKTURBÜRO HAGEMANN/European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA)
Beneq © 2009 22
Potential H&E safety concerns
� Emissions of particulate matter� filtering and immobilisation
� Toxicity� compared to 1 µm and larger
� Recycling� chemical toxicity versus dimensional toxicity
Oberdörster, G. et al., Env. Health Persp., 113, 7 (2005), pp 823-839.Beneq © 200923
Where are we today?
� ”Carbon nanotubes...show asbestos-like pathogenicity in pilot study” (Nature Nanotehchnology, May 2008.)� ”This is a wakeup call for nanotehncology in general and
nanotubes in particular. As a society, we cannot afford not to exploit this incredible material, but neither can we afford to get it wrong – as we did with asbestos.” (Andrew Maynard, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, USA)
� ”The caution or prudence principle is of paramount importance in nanoproduction. If you don’t know the effects of nanoparticles, don’t expose yourself to them.” (Arto Säämänen, VTT, Telma-magazine 1/2009)
� ”The largest part of nanoparticles are most likely harmless, but the challenge is to identify the harmful ones and prevent them from causing a health risk.” (Kai Savolainen, TTL, Telma-magazine 1/2009)
Beneq © 2009 24
What do we need?
� Information (filtered)� documents� standards� research results� international reviews
� Support (active)� Support (active)� call-centre� firm opinions� measurement services� access to projects
� Codes of conduct (applicable)� practical solutions� BATs, SOPs and harmful nanoexposure levels
Beneq © 2009 25
How does Beneq gather data?
� National projects (Tekes)� NanoBAT� NanoTurva
� Companies (B2B)� Dekati
� Customers� Consultants
� Industry organisations� NIA
� Standards� ISO, BSI...
� Serious scientific research� Less serious scientific
reports/articles� Consultants� dedicated
� Conferences and seminars, workshops� within the EU� OECD
� Expert organisations� TTL, VTT, IOM...
� Authorities
reports/articles� ”grey goo”
� In-house technical studies� filtering efficiency� ventilation efficiency
� In-house clinical studies� biomonitoring� thorax� spiro
Beneq © 2009 26
Nano – impact at Beneq
Occupationalsafety and health
Design
Marketing
The
”NANO”
aspectCustomer interface
R&D
Training
aspect
Environment
Business modelStrategic planning
FutureBeneq © 2009 27
The nanobusinesses - attitudes
� All need to understand that this ”nanothing” might apply to us too, because if one causes a stir, we will all be affected.
1. Old companies, ”No, we don’t have nano, do we?”Mines, ceramic plants, airports, foundries, bakeries, welding huts, pigment manufacturers, coaters etc.huts, pigment manufacturers, coaters etc.
2. Old companies, ”Yes, we have nano.”Chemical manufacturers, particle manufacturers, coaters etc.
3. New companies, ”No, we don’t have nano.”?
4. New companies, ”Yes, we have nano.”All companies using ”nano” in their marketing, coaters, chemical companies etc.
Beneq © 2009 28
Policy considerations
Nano tools Nanomaterials
Nano energyand others
Nano information technology
Nanohealthcare
Manipulation Materials Solar panels ICs Sensors Drug delivery
NANOTECHNOLOGY
� The platform is global, broad and fragmented.� Policies must cope with this, or they will be useless.� The only(?) unifying property of all nanotechnology is
still that it is a fourteen letter word to fast funding.
Source: Credit Suisse, 2009 & A.Maynard, 2007
ManipulationCharacteri-
sation
MaterialsCompositesCoatings
Solar panelsFuel cellsBatteries
Supercapacitors
ICs SensorsMemorySystems
Drug deliveryMedical devicesCancer treatmentBiomaterials
Beneq © 2009 29
More on policy
� There is an abundance of ”non-official” information available. In addition, there is common sense.
� Consciensious companies are already doing what policy and directives of the future most likely and hopefully and directives of the future most likely and hopefully will demand of them. The mavericks will be the biggest risk to health.
� Reaching the ”non-nano” nanobusinesses will be a big challenge.
Beneq © 2009 30
Beneq’s Process Palette
AEROSOLCOATINGS
(CVD)
ATOMIC LAYERDEPOSITION
(ALD)
� atmospheric p� continuous
� vacuum batch� epitaxial growth
Beneq © 2009 31
nHALO®
nAERO™
� continuous� large-scale
� epitaxial growth� Å-accuracy
� particle synthesis� surface doping
� aerosol generation� thin film coating
Thank you!
Beneq, nHALO and nAERO are trademarks and registered trademarks of Beneq Oy.
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