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Total marks — 60
SECTION 1 — DEMOCRACY IN SCOTLAND AND THE UNITED KINGDOM — 20 marksAttempt ONE part, EITHERPart A Democracy in Scotland Pages 2–4ORPart B Democracy in the United Kingdom Pages 5–7
SECTION 2 — SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM — 20 marksAttempt ONE part, EITHERPart C Social Inequality Pages 8–10ORPart D Crime and the Law Pages 11–13
SECTION 3 — INTERNATIONAL ISSUES — 20 marksAttempt ONE part, EITHERPart E World Powers Pages 14–16ORPart F World Issues Pages 17–19
Before attempting the questions you must check that your answer booklet is for the same subject and level as this question paper.
Read the questions carefully.
On the answer booklet, you must clearly identify the question number you are attempting.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
N5SQ31/N5/01 Modern Studies
Date — Not applicable
Duration — 1 hour and 30 minutes
*SQ31N501*
©
NationalQualicationsSPECIMEN ONLY
MARKS
Page two
SECTION 1 — DEMOCRACY IN SCOTLAND AND THE UNITED KINGDOM — 20 marks
Attempt ONE part, either
Part A — Democracy in Scotland on pages 2–4
OR
Part B — Democracy in the United Kingdom on pages 5–7
PART A — DEMOCRACY IN SCOTLAND
In your answers to Questions 1 and 2 you should give recent examples from Scotland.
Question 1
Groups which try to influence the Scottish Government
Pressure Groups Trades Unions The Media
Choose one of the groups above.
Describe, in detail, two ways in which the group you have chosen tries to influence the Scottish Government.
Question 2
The Additional Member System (AMS), used to elect the Scottish Parliament, has both advantages and disadvantages.
Explain, in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of the Additional Member System (AMS) which is used to elect the Scottish Parliament.
4
8
Page three
Part A (continued)
Question 3
Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below, then attempt the question which follows.
SOURCE 1
Committees in the Scottish Parliament
Much of the important work of the Scottish Parliament goes on in the many committees set up by the Parliament. In session 2008–09 the committees completed inquiries into a range of subjects, including tourism, child poverty, fuel poverty, and flooding and flood management in Scotland. In addition, the committees’ job is to closely check the work of the Scottish Government and any of its proposed laws. Committee meetings have taken place in venues around Scotland, including Fraserburgh, Ayr and Aberdeen.
Committees can request debating time in the Scottish Parliament to bring issues raised in reports they have published to the attention of a wider audience. The Public Petitions Committee, for example, debated its report on the availability, on the National Health Service (NHS), of cancer treatment drugs. Committees also have the right to put forward Bills, hoping they will become law. One Bill out of the 17 introduced in 2008–09 —on a pension scheme for MSPs—was a Committee Bill.
The membership of the committees is made up of MSPs from every party, with Committee Conveners, who chair meetings, being drawn from different parties. Most committees meet weekly or fortnightly, usually on Tuesdays or on Wednesday mornings, in one of the Scottish Parliament’s committee rooms—or in locations around Scotland. Most meetings are open to the public.
Committees play a central part in the work of the Parliament—taking evidence from witnesses, examining proposed new laws and conducting inquiries. The work of the committees has contributed to the positive view most Scots have of their Parliament, with 70% saying devolution had been good for Scotland after 10 years.
SOURCE 2
Scottish Parliament Committees by Convener’s Party 2008–09
Finance
Economy, Energyand Tourism
Equal Opportunities
Public Audit
Justice
SubordinateLegislation
Rural Affairs andEnvironment
Health and Sport
Standards,Procedures and
Public AppointmentsPublic Petitions
Education, LifelongLearning and
Culture
Local Governmentand Communities
European andExternal Relations
6
5
4
3
2
1
0Labour
Num
ber
ofCo
mm
itte
es
SNP
Transport,Infrastructure andClimate Change
GreenLiberal Democrat Conservative
MARKS
Page four
Part A Question 3 (continued)
SOURCE 3
Case Study: Public Petitions Committee
• The public petitions system gives members of the public direct access to policy development and the chance to examine new laws.
• The Public Petitions Committee has nine members: three Labour, three SNP, and one each from the Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and the Green Party.
• The existence of the Public Petitions Committee means the public can raise issues of concern directly with their Parliament.
• During 2008–09, 112 new petitions were lodged; the committee heard oral evidence on 35 new petitions and considered over 200 current petitions.
• The committee launched a year-long inquiry investigating ways to increase public awareness of, and participation in, the petitions process.
• It took forward an inquiry into the availability of cancer treatment drugs on the NHS.• It hosted a debate in the chamber of the Parliament where community groups,
victims, police, medical staff and many others met to discuss knife crime.• The Public Petitions Committee played an important part in the successful law
banning smoking in public places.• The e-petitions system, which allows petitions to be raised online, continued to be
influential, with around two-thirds of petitions being lodged in this way.•Members of the public have lodged over 1,244 petitions in the past ten years.
Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above, what conclusions can be drawn about committees in the Scottish Parliament?
You should reach a conclusion about each of the following:
•theworkdonebycommittees
•themembershipofcommittees
•publicinvolvementincommittees.
Your conclusions must be supported by evidence from the sources. You should link information within and between sources in support of your conclusions.
Your answer must be based on all three sources.
NOW GO TO SECTION 2 ON PAGE EIGHT
8
MARKS
Page five
PART B — DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
In your answers to Questions 1 and 2 you should give recent examples from the United Kingdom.
Question 1
Groups which try to influence the United Kingdom Government
Pressure Groups Trades Unions The Media
Choose one of the groups above.
Describe, in detail, two ways in which the group you have chosen tries to influence the UK Government.
Question 2
The First Past the Post system (FPTP), used to elect the United Kingdom Parliament, has both advantages and disadvantages.
Explain, in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of the First Past the Post system (FPTP) which is used to elect the United Kingdom Parliament.
4
8
MARKS
Page six
Part B (continued)
Question 3
Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below, then attempt the question which follows.
SOURCE 1
Committees in the UK Parliament
Some of the most important work of the House of Commons goes on in the many Select Committees. Select Committees examine the work of Government. They keep a close eye on the expenditure, administration and policy of every Government department. Over the years, this checking role of the Select Committees has become well-established and well-publicised.
Committees are normally made up of backbench MPs. Their membership reflects the strength of each party in the House of Commons. This means the governing party always has a majority. Select Committees can hold meetings in different parts of the country, members of the public can attend, each has its own website and committee meetings are broadcast on television and the Internet.
Committees play a central part in the work of Parliament—taking evidence from witnesses including senior Government members, examining proposed new laws and conducting inquiries. MPs from every party take part in the work of the committees with Committee Chairpersons being drawn from different parties. In 2010, for the first time, Committee Chairs were elected by their fellow MPs.
Most committee reports are unanimous (ie publicly supported by all committee members), reflecting a more non-party way of working. Different parties often work together and try to reach agreement in the committees. While the reputation of Parliament as a whole has suffered in recent years, the work of the Select Committees is seen as a real check on the power of Government.
SOURCE 2
UK Parliament Select Committees by Chairperson’s party 2008–09
2
0Labour Conservative
12
10
8
6
4
Innovation, Universities,Science and Skills;
InternationalDevelopment;
Justice
Business and Enterprise;Culture, Media and Sport;
Defence;Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs;Northern Ireland
Children, Schools andFamilies;
Communities and LocalGovernment;
Energy and ClimateChange;
Foreign Affairs;Health;
Home Affairs;Scottish Affairs;
Transport;Treasury;
Welsh Affairs;Work and Pensions
Liberal Democrats
Num
ber o
f Com
mitt
ees
MARKS
Page seven
Part B Question 3 (continued)
SOURCE 3
Case Study: Treasury Select Committee
• The Treasury Select Committee took a leading role in investigating the financial and banking crisis of 2008–09.
• In 2009, the Treasury Select Committee had 14 members: eight Labour, four Conservatives and two Liberal Democrats.
• The Committee chooses its own subjects of inquiry. An inquiry may last for several months and result in a report to the House of Commons; or consist of a single day’s evidence which may be published without a report.
•When the Committee has chosen an inquiry it normally contacts the media outlining the main themes of inquiry and inviting interested individuals, groups and organisations to submit written evidence.
• Parliament has given the Committee the power to send for “persons, papers and records”. It therefore has powers to insist upon the attendance of witnesses, such as Ministers and civil servants, and the production of papers and other material.
•Members of the public are welcome to attend hearings of the Committee.• July 2009, the Treasury Select Committee announced a new inquiry: “Women in the
City” and called for evidence.• At a televised hearing of the Treasury Select Committee, former Royal Bank of
Scotland chief executive, Sir Fred Goodwin, told MPs he “could not be more sorry” for what had happened during the banking crisis.
• The Treasury Select Committee was successful in putting pressure, along with others, on the Government to help those affected by the ending of the 10p rate of income tax.
Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above, what conclusions can be drawn about committees in the UK Parliament?
You should reach a conclusion about each of the following:
•theworkdonebycommittees
•themembershipofcommittees
•publicinvolvementincommittees.
Your conclusions must be supported by evidence from the sources. You should link information within and between sources in support of your conclusions.
NOW GO TO SECTION 2 ON PAGE EIGHT
8
MARKS
Page eight
SECTION 2 — SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM — 20 marks
Attempt ONE part, either
Part C — Social Inequality on pages 8–10
OR
Part D — Crime and the Law on pages 11–13
PART C — SOCIAL INEQUALITY
In your answers to Questions 1 and 2 you should give recent examples from the United Kingdom.
Question 1
Examples of some groups that face inequality
Ethnic minority groups Elderly people Unemployed people
Lone parent families Disabled groups Women
Choose one group from above or another group you have studied.
Describe, in detail, at least two ways in which the Government provides help for the group you have chosen.
Question 2
Many people in the UK have good health while others do not.
Explain, in detail, why many people in the UK have good health while others do not.
6
6
Page nine
Part C (continued)
Question 3
Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below, then attempt the question which follows.
SOURCE 1
Homelessness in Scotland
• In Scotland, it is the responsibility of local councils to help homeless people.• In 2011–12, 45,322 households made homeless applications to their local council in
Scotland. In 2010–11 the figure was 56,350.• In 2011–12, local councils accepted 35,515 of these applications. In 2010–11 the
figure was 38,100.• Police report that the number of people forced onto homeless waiting lists because
of their anti-social neighbours has doubled since 2001.• At present there are 87,000 empty homes of all types across Scotland and 29,300
second and holiday homes which lie empty for much of the year.•Many believe that the homelessness problem worsened due to the introduction of the
“Right to Buy” policy. This allowed council tenants to buy their homes, leaving few decent houses for rental.
• Housing charity Shelter has recently criticised the Scottish Government for cutting the housing budget by 45%. Shelter claims that the most needy and vulnerable groups are suffering.
• In 2012, council waiting lists had almost 188,000 households on them. At the same time there were 7,847 empty council houses.
• In 2011–12, 15,900 new houses were completed in Scotland. This represents a reduction of 38% over the last four years.
• Charities like APEX and SACRO try to help ex-prisoners who find themselves homeless. Both organisations have limited funding.
SOURCE 2
No. Houses
Private companies(10,039)
Local councils(5,861)
0
5,000
10,000
New houses built in Scotland (2011–12)Local council homes sold through
“Right to Buy” since 2001
City Houses sold through “Right to Buy”
Aberdeen 4,345
Dundee 2,017
Edinburgh 3,914
Glasgow 8,566
Rest of Scotland 61,569
Scottish Total 80,411
MARKS
Page ten
Part C Question 3 (continued)
SOURCE 3
Article by Daisy Kingscourt, homeless campaigner
Although homelessness is falling in Scotland, it is still a worrying problem. Being without a permanent home causes stress and illness among people. It affects the large number of children involved, damaging their education and their health.
Over one quarter of all the households who apply for homeless status do so as a result of a family dispute. The fact that 5% of homeless people have left prison or some kind of hospital only to find themselves on the streets is a scandal. Homeless Scots do not often match the common view of the homeless, ie a person who has been evicted for not paying their rent or mortgage. In fact, less than 5% of the Scottish homeless are without a home for this reason. Worryingly, 5% of homeless people leave their homes as a result of violence or harassment from their neighbours. Working together, the Government, police and local councils must solve these problems. An easy first step would be to reverse recent Scottish Government spending cuts which are clearly affecting these vulnerable groups.
Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above explain why the view of Danny Wilson is selective in the use of facts.
“The homeless problem in Scotland is caused by a lack of available houses.”
View of Danny Wilson.
•You should give information that Danny Wilson has selected as it supports his view.
• You should give information that Danny Wilson has not selected as it does not support his view.
Your answer must be based on all three sources.
NOW GO TO SECTION 3 ON PAGE FOURTEEN
8
MARKS
Page eleven
PART D — CRIME AND THE LAW
In your answers to Questions 1 and 2 you should give recent examples from the United Kingdom.
Question 1
The police in the UK try to reduce crime levels.
Describe, in detail, at least two ways in which the police try to reduce crime levels.
Question 2
There are many reasons why people commit crime.
Explain, in detail, why some people commit crime.
6
6
Page twelve
Part D (continued)
Question 3
Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below, then attempt the question which follows.
SOURCE 1
Facts and Viewpoints
The Scottish Government is considering a petition which would mean that any person carrying a knife would be given a mandatory custodial sentence. This would mean that possession of such a weapon would automatically result in the offender being sent to prison or detention centre.
• Community groups have called on the Government to take action to deter young people from carrying knives.
• 1,200 offenders were sentenced for possession of a knife between 2004 and 2009, but only 314 were given custodial sentences.
• Scottish Prisons reported that as a result of overcrowding, offenders were not serving their full sentence and were being released early. Automatic sentences may make this problem worse.
• In 2009, one in five people convicted of carrying a knife in Edinburgh had previously been charged for a similar offence.
• Thirty per cent of young people thought that introducing tougher sentences would reduce knife crime; 53% thought that community sentences were an appropriate punishment for young people found carrying a knife.
• Judges in Scotland think that they should be able to consider the personal circumstances of each case before sentencing.
• A custodial sentence can have a huge impact on the future of young people convicted.• The number of people sent to prison for carrying a knife fell to a five-year low in 2008 because
only one in three offenders were jailed.• In 2009, 78% of youths questioned in Glasgow said that a prison sentence would make them never
carry a knife again.
SOURCE 2
Number of recorded crimes of carrying a knife in Scotland
1998-990
2000
4000
8000
6000
10,000
12,000
Num
ber
Year1999-00
2000-012001-02
2002-032003-04
2004-052005-06
2006-072007-08
MARKS
Page thirteen
Part D Question 3 (continued)
SOURCE 3
Evidence of Louise McKay to Scottish Parliament Committee
Locking up people who carry knives is not the answer to tackling this problem. Many of the young people who carry knives are not criminals. Sending these youngsters to prison would simply punish them for the rest of their lives for being young and foolish. Keeping a prisoner locked up costs around £30,000 per year. Even half of this money spent on community projects would help young people realise how much damage they can do themselves and others by carrying a knife. The numbers caught carrying knives in Scotland is falling. Clearly, this Government’s proposal for an automatic prison sentence is not necessary and would be a waste of taxpayers’ money.
Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above explain why the view of Billy Mackenzie is selective in the use of facts.
Giving anyone caught carrying a knife a prison sentence is a good way to reduce knife crime.
View of Billy Mackenzie.
• You should give information that Billy Mackenzie has selected as it supports his view.
• You should give information that Billy Mackenzie has not selected as it does not support his view.
Your answer must be based on all three sources.
NOW GO TO SECTION 3 ON PAGE FOURTEEN
8
MARKS
Page fourteen
SECTION 3 — INTERNATIONAL ISSUES — 20 marks
Attempt ONE part, either
Part E—World Powers on pages 14–16
OR
Part F—World Issues on pages 17–19
PART E — WORLD POWERS
In your answers to Questions 1 and 2 you should give recent examples from a world power you have studied.
Question 1
Citizens can participate in politics in many ways.
Describe, in detail, two ways in which citizens from a world power you have studied can participate in politics.
Question 2
Social and economic inequalities exist in all world powers.
Explain, in detail, why social and economic inequalities exist in a world power you have studied.
4
6
Page fifteen
Part E (continued)
Question 3
Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below, then attempt the question which follows.
You are a government adviser. You have been asked to recommend whether the Government should build the Melo Bonte Dam.
Option 1
Build the Melo Bonte Dam
Option 2
Do not build the Melo Bonte Dam
SOURCE 1
Government Signs Contracts for Controversial Rainforest Dam
In July 2010, a South American Government signed contracts for the construction of a massive new hydroelectric dam in their rainforest. Once complete, Melo Bonte will be the world’s third-largest hydroelectric dam. The Minister of Mines and Energy said the Melo Bonte complex, to be built near the mouth of the Celdy River in the northern rainforest, will “play an important role in the development of the area and people displaced by the dam will be compensated”.
The project has raised a storm of protest, with many judges, Hollywood celebrities, environmental pressure groups and organisations representing rainforest residents, opposing it. In April 2010, Avatar director James Cameron and two members of the film’s cast took part in protests about the dam. Protesters say the proposed dam would cause “serious damage” to the rainforest ecosystem and the lives of up to 50,000 rainforest residents could be affected as 500 square kilometres could be flooded.
The Government says the dam is vital for the continued expansion of the economy, as the growing population needs more electricity. The Melo Bonte Dam is expected to provide electricity for 23 million homes. The companies awarded contracts to build the dam will have to pay large amounts to protect the environment. The Government said that most people support the decision to build the dam.
The dam has been defended by some of the rainforest’s residents who hope to benefit from the estimated 18,000 direct jobs and 80,000 indirect jobs the project will create. However, some experts and business representatives in the energy industry also oppose the dam. They say the actual cost will be 60% higher than its US$10·8 billion budget and will only operate at 40% of its capacity due to the drop in water in the Celdy River during the dry season.
MARKS
Page sixteen
Part E Question 3 (continued)
SOURCE 2
Results of Opinion Polls
65
60
55
50
45
0Healthservices
Jobs
Perc
enta
ge
Environmentaldamage
What is the main priority facing the country?
Do you agree or disagree with the Government’s decision to build the
Melo Bonte Dam?
All people Rainforest residents
Agree 65% 12%
Disagree 30% 85%
Don’t know 5% 3%
SOURCE 3
Melo Bonte Dam Protests: April–July
April 12 International celebrities attend protests along with over 500 protesters to demand the cancellation of the project to build the Melo Bonte dam.
April 15 Under pressure from local people and campaigners, local politicians in the area obtain a court injunction to ban companies from bidding to build the dam.
April 17 The Government wins an appeal to overturn the ban in a higher court.
April 18 500 Greenpeace protesters dump three tons of manure in front of the National Electric Energy Agency in the capital city.
May 19 The Government finally wins the court case and awards the US$10 billion contract to a group of nine companies who hope to be transmitting power.
June 17 Kayapo Indians, who live in the rainforest, blockade a major highway disrupting commercial goods traffic.
June 20 Many people who live in the rainforest back the dam because it will generate employment to replace the jobs lost since a clampdown on illegal logging.
July 2 Campaigners say they will continue protesting despite the contract being awarded.
July 15 The companies building the dam agree to pay US$803 million to create parks and help monitor forests and to pay compensation to people affected by the dam.
You must decide which option to recommend, either build the Melo Bonte Dam (Option 1) or do not build the Melo Bonte Dam (Option 2).
(i) Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, which option would you choose?
(ii) Give reasons to support your choice.
(iii) Explain why you did not choose the other option.
Your answer must be based on all three sources. 10
MARKS
Page seventeen
PART F — WORLD ISSUES
In your answers to Questions 1 and 2 you should give recent examples from a world issue you have studied.
Question 1
International organisations which try to resolve international issues and problems
United Nations Organisation
NATO World Bank
European Union African Union Charities and other NGOs
Describe, in detail, two ways in which international organisations try to resolve an international issue or problem you have studied.
Question 2
International issues and problems have many causes.
Explain, in detail, the causes of an international issue or problem you have studied.
4
6
Page eighteen
Part F (continued)
Question 3
Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below, then attempt the question which follows.
You are an adviser to the European Union (EU). You have been asked to recommend whether Country A or Country B should be allowed to join the EU.
Option 1
Allow Country “A” to join the EU
Option 2
Allow Country “B” to join the EU
Country A and Country B are Candidate Countries hoping to be allowed to join the European Union. Source 1 and 2 contain information about both countries taken from their applications.
SOURCE 1
CANDIDATE COUNTRY “A”
• This country has a small population of 4·5 million people and an average income of only €11,200.
• The police have worked hard to catch drug traffickers. Many have been given long jail sentences.
• Country A allows its citizens many rights and freedoms. It would meet the criteria of the European Convention on Human Rights.
• UNICEF and several large childrens’ charities have criticised Country A for its social care system. Investigations have shown that many elderly people and children are cared for in terrible conditions.
2006 2008 2010 2012(Est)
50
40
30
20
10
0
University Graduates (%)
SOURCE 2
CANDIDATE COUNTRY “B”
• Country B produces 32 million barrels of oil per day and only uses 13 million barrels. It wants to export more.
• Healthcare is poor in Country B. Life expectancy is low at 58 and child mortality is high at 11 per 1,000 live births.
• In Country B, 36% of the population still work on farms. The EU would be asked to spend money to improve agriculture.
• UNESCO has praised the primary education system in Country B as levels of illiteracy have fallen to below 10%.
2006 2008 2010 2012(Est)
4
6
8
10Unemployment (%)
= Candidate country
= EU average
MARKS
Page nineteen
Part F Question 3 (continued)
SOURCE 3
EUROPEAN UNION (EU) FACTFILE
• The EU has grown over the years. In 2009, it had 27 member states and a population close to 500 million. Average life expectancy in the EU is 78 years and child mortality is 5 per 1,000 live births. More countries still wish to join.
• 48% of the EU’s budget is spent supporting agriculture and fishing although these industries employ only 4% of the workforce. This support is planned to fall over the next few years and many member governments see this as a necessity.
• The EU’s growing economy needs more university graduates. EU countries are among the most technologically advanced in the world. At the moment, 51% of school leavers go to university.
• Across all member states, schools in the EU have achieved a 96% literacy level. Any country wishing to join must be able to come close to this figure.
• Trade between EU member states contributes to the high standard of living within the EU. On average, a worker in the EU earns €23,100. Several member states are concerned about the number of poor countries applying to join.
• The EU has to import 11 million barrels of oil every day from countries like Russia. Many people in the EU worry that it is too dependent on Russia for oil and would like to admit new members with large oil reserves.
• EU health and welfare systems are among the best in the world. Groups such as the elderly and children are well looked after. Any new members must try to match these standards.
Survey of EU Public Opinion
Question: How important is it that new EU members have:
Unimportant Not very important
Fairly important
Very important
Strict policies on crime? 4% 8% 38% 50%
Low unemployment? 0% 0% 48% 52%
A good record on human rights? 2% 10% 53% 35%
You must decide which option to recommend, either allow Country A to join the EU (Option 1) or allow Country B to join the EU (Option 2).
(i) Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above, which option would you choose?
(ii) Give reasons to support your choice.
(iii) Explain why you did not choose the other option.
Your answer must be based on all three sources. 10
[END OF SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER]
N5
Marking Instructions
NationalQualicationsSPECIMEN ONLY
SQ31/N5/01 Modern Studies
©
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from SQA’s Marketing team on marketing@sqa.org.uk.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (ie secondary copyright), this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the user’s responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance.
These Marking Instructions have been provided to show how SQA would mark this Specimen Question Paper.
Page 2
Part One: General Marking Principles for National 5 Modern Studies
This information is provided to help you understand the general principles you must apply when marking candidate responses to questions in this Paper. These principles must be read in conjunction with the specific Marking Instructions for each question. The marking schemes are written to assist in determining the ‘minimal acceptable answer’ rather than listing every possible correct and incorrect answer. (a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these
general marking principles and the specific Marking Instructions for the relevant question.
(b) Marking should always be positive, ie marks should be awarded for what is correct and not deducted for errors or omissions.
(c) (i) For credit to be given, points must relate to the question asked.
(ii) There are five types of questions used in this question paper:
A Describe, in detail, . . . B Explain, in detail, . . . C What conclusions can be drawn D You must decide which option to recommend E Explain why the view . . . is selective in the use of facts
(iii) For each of the question types in this paper, the following provides an overview of marking principles and an example of its application for each question type.
Questions that assess Knowledge and Understanding (4, 6 or 8 marks) • Award up to three marks for any single description, depending on quality, level of detail,
relevance, accuracy and exemplification. • Award up to four marks for any single explanation, depending on quality, level of detail,
relevance, accuracy, exemplification and answers which show the interaction of various factors.
• List type answer, made up of a series of undeveloped points should be awarded a maximum of 2 marks.
• Full marks can be achieved by any combination of single and developed points in line with specific marking instructions.
• Where candidates are instructed to give specific knowledge and understanding related to a particular topic or issue, markers should refer to the marking instructions for the question.
Questions that assess the evaluation of sources (8 or 10 marks) • Award up to three marks for a developed point depending upon the quality of the
explanation and development of the evidence. • Candidates should be highly credited if they synthesise information within and between
sources. • For full marks, the candidate must refer to all sources in their answer. Award a maximum
of six marks if only two sources are used, maximum of four marks if only one source is used.
Page 3
Questions that require the candidate to use a limited range of sources and draw valid conclusions from them, with supporting evidence. • Candidates should draw conclusions using the headings/bullet points in the question. • Candidates should be highly credited if they draw conclusions which show interaction
between the sources. Answers which merely repeat the source material without making judgements or drawing conclusions should be awarded zero marks.
• For full marks, three developed conclusions must be given.
• 3 mark conclusion
— Candidate makes an original and insightful conclusion of their own which is supported by more than one piece of valid evidence drawn from two sources or from different parts of the same source. The conclusion will make a judgement and use evaluative terminology.
• 2 mark conclusion
— Candidate uses a piece of evidence from the source as a conclusion. This conclusion will involve a judgement being made but will not be original to the candidate. For example, the candidate may quote a point directly from a source and use it as a conclusion. The conclusion will be supported by accurate and relevant evidence drawn from the sources.
• 1 mark conclusion
— Candidate uses the prompts/headings to correctly organise information from the sources but does not reach any overall judgement or conclusion. Even although several pieces of evidence may be listed under the correct heading, limit this type of answer to one mark.
Questions that require the candidate to use a limited range of sources by selecting evidence from them in order to make and justify a decision/recommendation. • For full marks, the candidate must also explain why they have rejected the other option. • Award up to three marks for a justification depending on relevance and development of
the evidence. Candidates should be highly credited if they make justifications which show interaction between the sources.
• For full marks, candidates must justify their decision/recommendation and explain why they have rejected the other option. Answers, which deal with only one decision, should be awarded a maximum of eight marks.
Questions that require the candidate to use a limited range of sources, detecting and explaining instances of exaggeration or selective use of facts, giving developed arguments. • Award up to three marks for a developed explanation depending upon the quality of
argument and accurate use of evidence. • For full marks, candidates must explain why the statement is selective in the use of facts;
otherwise, a maximum of 6 marks should be awarded. Candidates may demonstrate selectivity in the use of facts by using the evidence in the sources to show that evidence has been selected which supports the view and that evidence has not been selected which does not support the view.
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or t
his
type
of
ques
tion
M
ax
mar
kSp
ecif
ic M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
ques
tion
Part
A
1Aw
ard
up t
o th
ree
mar
ks f
or a
sin
gle
desc
ript
ion,
dep
endi
ng o
n qu
alit
y, lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy a
nd
exem
plif
icat
ion.
At
leas
t tw
o de
scri
ptio
ns a
re n
eces
sary
for
ful
l m
arks
.
4Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
Pres
sure
gro
ups
try
to inf
luen
ce t
he S
cott
ish
Gov
ernm
ent
by h
avin
g a
dem
onst
rati
on,
lobb
ying
, pe
titi
ons
and
gett
ing
med
ia a
tten
tion
. [2
mar
ks a
war
ded
in t
otal—
list
typ
e an
swer
] Tra
des
Uni
ons
can
try
to inf
luen
ce t
he G
over
nmen
t by
goi
ng o
n st
rike
, fo
r ex
ampl
e N
HS
doct
ors
have
thr
eate
ned
indu
stri
al a
ctio
n.
[2 m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e po
int
plus
rel
evan
t ex
ampl
e]
New
spap
ers
can
try
to inf
luen
ce t
he G
over
nmen
t by
pri
ntin
g st
orie
s th
at a
re
very
cri
tica
l of
the
Gov
ernm
ent.
Ba
d pu
blic
ity
can
mak
e th
e G
over
nmen
t un
popu
lar,
for
exa
mpl
e w
hen
the
Dai
ly R
ecor
d st
arte
d a
cam
paig
n ag
ains
t or
gani
sed
crim
e ho
ping
tha
t th
e Sc
otti
sh G
over
nmen
t an
d co
urts
wou
ld c
lam
p do
wn.
[3
mar
ks f
or a
dev
elop
ed p
oint
wit
h ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
Pr
essu
re G
roup
s •
Dem
onst
rati
ons/
prot
est,
eg
rece
nt p
rote
sts
by t
he S
DL
and
UAF
outs
ide
the
Scot
tish
Par
liam
ent.
•
Peti
tion
s —in
clud
ing
e-pe
titi
ons
and
subm
issi
ons
to t
he p
etit
ions
com
mit
tee.
•
Act
ions
to
attr
act
med
ia a
tten
tion
, eg
cam
paig
n fo
r sa
fer
cycl
e ro
utes
usi
ng
cele
brit
ies
such
as
Chr
is H
oy in
a m
ass
cycl
e ri
de t
hrou
gh E
dinb
urgh
. •
Lobb
ying
—co
ntac
ting
ele
cted
mem
bers
of
the
parl
iam
ent
in o
rder
to
try
to
gain
the
ir s
uppo
rt.
Thi
s ca
n be
don
e by
pre
ssur
e gr
oups
the
mse
lves
or
they
m
ay e
mpl
oy a
dvis
ors,
ie
prof
essi
onal
lob
byis
ts.
• D
irec
t ac
tion
—di
srup
tive
and
oft
en illeg
al f
orm
s of
pro
test
, eg
the
Fas
lane
pe
ace
cam
p.
Pag
e 5
Trad
es U
nion
s •
Indu
stri
al a
ctio
n su
ch a
s st
rike
s, w
ork
to r
ule,
ove
rtim
e ba
ns.
Thi
s m
ay b
e es
peci
ally
eff
ecti
ve in
the
publ
ic s
ecto
r, e
g pr
opos
ed a
ctio
n by
NH
S do
ctor
s.
• D
emon
stra
tion
s/pr
otes
t—re
cent
dem
onst
rati
ons
orga
nise
d by
tea
chin
g un
ions
. •
Peti
tion
s —in
clud
ing
e-pe
titi
ons
and
subm
issi
ons
to t
he p
etit
ions
co
mm
itte
e.
• Act
ions
to
attr
act
med
ia a
tten
tion
, eg
pri
son
offi
cers
pro
test
ing
outs
ide
thei
r pr
ison
s.
The
Med
ia
• N
ewsp
aper
s su
ppor
ting
/opp
osin
g ca
mpa
igns
by
pres
sure
gro
ups,
eg
rece
nt
high
ligh
ting
of
new
med
ical
tes
ts int
rodu
ced
for
disa
bility
ben
efit
s.
• N
ewsp
aper
s su
ppor
ting
/opp
osin
g a
part
icul
ar p
olit
ical
par
ty d
urin
g el
ecti
on
cam
paig
ns,
eg t
he c
hang
ing
supp
ort
of t
he S
un n
ewsp
aper
in
rece
nt
elec
tion
s.
• N
ewsp
aper
s hi
ghligh
ting
wha
t th
ey s
ee a
s G
over
nmen
t in
com
pete
nce/
achi
evem
ents
, eg
cov
erag
e of
deb
ate
over
con
tinu
atio
n of
un
iver
sal be
nefi
ts.
• Br
oadc
ast
med
ia s
tric
tly
cont
rolled
by
legi
slat
ion
so c
anno
t at
tem
pt t
o in
flue
nce
the
Gov
ernm
ent.
A
ny o
ther
val
id p
oint
tha
t m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 6
Part
A
2Aw
ard
up t
o fo
ur m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e ex
plan
atio
n, d
epen
ding
on
qual
ity,
lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy,
exem
plif
icat
ion
and
answ
ers
whi
ch s
how
th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
var
ious
fac
tors
.
8Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
.
Cand
idat
es w
ho o
nly
expl
ain
eith
er a
dvan
tage
s or
dis
adva
ntag
es s
houl
d be
aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
six
mar
ks.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
An
adva
ntag
e of
the
add
itio
nal m
embe
r sy
stem
is
that
it
is a
fai
rly
prop
orti
onal
sy
stem
. [1
mar
k]
An
adva
ntag
e of
AM
S is
tha
t it
pro
vide
s be
tter
rep
rese
ntat
ion
as it
give
s vo
ters
a
choi
ce o
f M
SP t
o co
nsul
t.
[2 m
arks
—de
velo
ped
poin
t]
An
adva
ntag
e of
AM
S is
tha
t it
pro
vide
s be
tter
rep
rese
ntat
ion
as it
give
s vo
ters
a
choi
ce o
f M
SP t
o co
nsul
t. In
any
con
stit
uenc
y yo
u ha
ve a
con
stit
uenc
y an
d list
M
SPs.
[3
mar
ks—
wel
l de
velo
ped
poin
t]
An
adva
ntag
e of
AM
S is
tha
t it
is
a sy
stem
whe
re v
oter
s ha
ve t
wo
vote
s.
One
vo
te u
ses
the
firs
t pa
st t
he p
ost
syst
em s
o yo
u ha
ve a
dir
ectl
y el
ecte
d M
SP f
or
the
cons
titu
ency
and
the
oth
er v
ote
uses
the
lis
t sy
stem
to
elec
t re
gion
al M
SPs.
Thi
s m
eans
AM
S pr
ovid
es t
he a
dvan
tage
s of
bot
h sy
stem
s.
[4 m
arks
—de
velo
ped
poin
ts w
ith
som
e de
tail a
nd a
naly
sis]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
A
dvan
tage
s•
Mor
e pr
opor
tion
al—
Scot
tish
el
ecti
ons
have
had
a c
lose
r co
rrel
atio
n be
twee
n vo
tes
and
seat
s.
• Ret
ains
ele
men
ts o
f FP
TP
so
Dis
adva
ntag
es•
Too
man
y re
pres
enta
tive
s—12
9 M
SPs
is s
een
by m
any
as a
“to
p he
avy”
sys
tem
. •
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
to
parl
iam
ent
elec
ted
unde
r tw
o di
ffer
ent
Pag
e 7
som
e di
rect
rep
rese
ntat
ion—
vote
rs in
ever
y co
nsti
tuen
cy
know
who
to
cont
act.
•
Gre
ater
cho
ice —
each
vot
er c
an
cont
act
a nu
mbe
r of
MSP
s du
e to
th
e re
gion
al lis
t el
emen
t.
• Sm
alle
r pa
rtie
s ca
n be
suc
cess
ful,
eg
Gre
ens
in S
cott
ish
Parl
iam
ent.
syst
ems
thus
cre
atin
g al
mos
t a
“tw
o ti
er”
syst
em o
f M
SPs.
•
Syst
em m
ore
com
plex
tha
n FP
TP
so m
ay m
ore
diff
icul
t fo
r m
any
vote
rs t
o un
ders
tand
. •
Ret
enti
on o
f FP
TP
elem
ent
still
allo
ws
som
e pa
rtie
s to
dom
inat
e di
spro
port
iona
tely
, eg
SN
P do
min
atin
g th
is b
allo
t.
Any
oth
er r
elev
ant
fact
ual k
ey p
oint
of
know
ledg
e th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
Part
A
3The
can
dida
te is
requ
ired
to
use
a lim
ited
ran
ge o
f so
urce
s an
d dr
aw v
alid
co
nclu
sion
s fr
om t
hem
, w
ith
supp
orti
ng
evid
ence
.
8Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
. Po
ssib
le a
ppro
ache
s to
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tion
: Th
e w
ork
done
by
com
mit
tees
M
uch
of t
he im
port
ant
wor
k of
the
Par
liam
ent
is d
one
in c
omm
itte
es (
Sour
ce 1
).
Com
mit
tees
on
publ
ic a
udit
, fi
nanc
e, j
usti
ce e
tc (
Sour
ce 2
).
Hos
ted
deba
tes
on k
nife
cri
me
(Sou
rce
3).
[1
mar
k aw
arde
d ov
eral
l —no
con
clus
ion
reac
hed
or j
udge
men
t m
ade.
A s
erie
s of
rel
evan
t po
ints
arr
ange
d un
der
a co
rrec
t he
adin
g.]
• M
uch
of t
he im
port
ant
wor
k of
the
Par
liam
ent
done
in
com
mit
tees
(S
ourc
e 1)
. •
Com
plet
ed inq
uiri
es int
o a
rang
e of
sub
ject
s (S
ourc
e 1)
.
• Rol
e of
scr
utin
isin
g th
e w
ork
of t
he G
over
nmen
t an
d le
gisl
atio
n (S
ourc
e 1)
link
to
para
grap
h 4
(Sou
rce
1).
•
Can
req
uest
deb
atin
g ti
me
(Sou
rce
1) lin
k w
ith
(Sou
rce
3) d
ebat
e on
can
cer
trea
tmen
t dr
ugs.
•
Can
int
rodu
ce leg
isla
tion
—bu
t on
ly o
ne in
2008
-09
(Sou
rce
1).
•
Sour
ce 2
ind
icat
es t
he r
ange
of
area
s of
int
eres
t of
Com
mit
tees
, eg
Fin
ance
,
Pag
e 8
Publ
ic P
etit
ions
, Ju
stic
e (S
ourc
e 2)
. •
2008
-09
Publ
ic P
etit
ion
Com
mit
tee —
112
new
pet
itio
ns lod
ged;
con
side
red
over
200
pet
itio
ns (
Sour
ce 3
).
• In
quir
y in
to a
vailab
ilit
y of
can
cer
trea
tmen
t dr
ugs
(Sou
rce
3) lin
k w
ith
(Sou
rce
1).
•
Hos
ted
deba
tes
on k
nife
cri
me
(Sou
rce
3).
•
Poss
ible
con
clus
ion—
com
mit
tees
do
a lo
t of
wor
k an
d pl
ay a
n im
port
ant
role
in
the
wor
k of
the
Sco
ttis
h Pa
rlia
men
t.
Th
e m
embe
rshi
p of
com
mit
tees
The
mem
bers
hip
of t
he c
omm
itte
es is
mad
e up
of
MSP
s fr
om e
very
par
ty.
Thi
s is
sup
port
ed b
y ev
iden
ce f
rom
Sou
rce
3 w
hich
say
s The
Pub
lic
Peti
tion
s Com
mit
tee
has
9 m
embe
rs;
Labo
ur 3
, SN
P 3,
and
one
eac
h fr
om t
he
Con
serv
ativ
es,
Libe
ral D
emoc
rats
and
the
Gre
en P
arty
.
[2 m
arks
. C
oncl
usio
n gi
ven
but
take
n fr
om S
ourc
e 1 —
supp
orte
d by
acc
urat
e an
d re
leva
nt e
vide
nce
from
Sou
rce
3.]
• M
SPs
from
eve
ry p
arty
are
mem
bers
of
the
com
mit
tees
(So
urce
1).
•
Com
mit
tee
Con
veno
rs,
who
cha
ir m
eeti
ngs,
dra
wn
from
dif
fere
nt p
arti
es
(Sou
rce
1) lin
k w
ith
Sour
ce 2
.
• Con
vene
rs d
raw
n fr
om C
onse
rvat
ive,
Lab
our,
SN
P, L
iber
al D
emoc
rats
and
G
reen
s (S
ourc
e 2)
.
• The
Pub
lic
Peti
tion
s Com
mit
tee
has
9 m
embe
rs;
Labo
ur 3
, SN
P 3,
and
one
ea
ch f
rom
the
Con
serv
ativ
es,
Libe
ral D
emoc
rats
and
the
Gre
en P
arty
(S
ourc
e 3)
.
• Po
ssib
le c
oncl
usio
n—al
l pa
rtie
s pl
ay a
rol
e in
the
Com
mit
tees
.
Publ
ic in
volv
emen
t in
com
mit
tees
M
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
are
abl
e to
get
inv
olve
d in
pol
itic
s th
roug
h th
e co
mm
itte
e sy
stem
. [
orig
inal
con
clus
ion]
Thi
s co
nclu
sion
is
supp
orte
d by
ev
iden
ce f
rom
Sou
rce
1 w
hich
say
s th
at c
omm
itte
e m
eeti
ngs
have
bee
n he
ld
arou
nd S
cotl
and
in p
lace
s su
ch a
s Fr
aser
burg
h, A
yr a
nd A
berd
een.
Thi
s is
fu
rthe
r su
ppor
ted
in S
ourc
e 3
whi
ch s
ays
that
the
Pub
lic
Peti
tion
s Com
mit
tee
syst
em g
ives
mem
bers
of
the
publ
ic d
irec
t ac
cess
to
policy
dev
elop
men
t an
d
Pag
e 9
also
tha
t m
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
hav
e lo
dged
ove
r 1,
244
peti
tion
s in
the
las
t 10
ye
ars.
[3
mar
ks a
war
ded]
• Com
mit
tee
mee
ting
s ha
ve t
aken
pla
ce in
venu
es a
roun
d Sc
otla
nd,
incl
udin
g Fr
aser
burg
h, A
yr a
nd A
berd
een
(Sou
rce
1).
•
Mos
t co
mm
itte
es m
eet
wee
kly
or f
ortn
ight
ly in
one
of t
he S
cott
ish
Parl
iam
ent’
s co
mm
itte
e ro
oms —
or in
loca
tion
s ar
ound
Sco
tlan
d (S
ourc
e 1)
. •
Mos
t m
eeti
ngs
are
open
to
the
publ
ic (
Sour
ce 1
).
• The
pub
lic
peti
tion
s sy
stem
pro
vide
s m
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
wit
h di
rect
ac
cess
to
the
policy
dev
elop
men
t an
d sc
ruti
ny p
roce
ss (
Sour
ce 3
).
• The
exi
sten
ce o
f th
e Pu
blic
Pet
itio
ns C
omm
itte
e m
eans
tha
t pe
titi
oner
s ca
n ra
ise
issu
es o
f co
ncer
n di
rect
ly w
ith
thei
r Pa
rlia
men
t (S
ourc
e 3)
.
• The
com
mit
tee
laun
ched
a y
ear-
long
inq
uiry
inv
esti
gati
ng w
ays
to inc
reas
e pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
of,
and
part
icip
atio
n in
, th
e pe
titi
ons
proc
ess
(Sou
rce
3).
•
The
e-p
etit
ions
sys
tem
, w
hich
allow
s pe
titi
ons
to b
e ra
ised
onl
ine,
co
ntin
ued
to b
e in
flue
ntia
l, w
ith
arou
nd t
wo-
thir
ds o
f pe
titi
ons
bein
g lo
dged
in
thi
s fo
rm (
Sour
ce 3
).
• 1,
244
peti
tion
s ha
ve b
een
lodg
ed b
y m
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
ove
r 10
yea
rs
(Sou
rce
3).
•
Poss
ible
con
clus
ion—
the
com
mit
tees
are
ope
n to
the
pub
lic
and
the
publ
ic
can
part
icip
ate
in a
var
iety
of
way
s.
A
ny o
ther
val
id r
easo
n th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 10
Sect
ion
1 G
ener
al m
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
type
of
ques
tion
M
ax
mar
kSp
ecif
ic M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
ques
tion
Part
B
1Aw
ard
up t
o th
ree
mar
ks f
or a
sin
gle
desc
ript
ion,
dep
endi
ng o
n qu
alit
y, lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy a
nd
exem
plif
icat
ion.
At
leas
t tw
o de
scri
ptio
ns a
re n
eces
sary
for
ful
l m
arks
.
4Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
Pres
sure
gro
ups
try
to inf
luen
ce t
he U
K G
over
nmen
t by
hav
ing
a de
mon
stra
tion
.
[1 m
ark
for
an a
ccur
ate
but
unde
velo
ped
poin
t]
Tra
des
Uni
ons
can
try
to inf
luen
ce t
he G
over
nmen
t by
goi
ng o
n st
rike
, fo
r ex
ampl
e N
HS
doct
ors
have
thr
eate
ned
indu
stri
al a
ctio
n.
[2 m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e po
int
plus
rel
evan
t ex
ampl
e]
New
spap
ers
can
try
to inf
luen
ce t
he G
over
nmen
t by
pri
ntin
g st
orie
s th
at a
re
very
cri
tica
l of
the
Gov
ernm
ent.
Ba
d pu
blic
ity
can
mak
e th
e G
over
nmen
t un
popu
lar,
for
exa
mpl
e w
hen
som
e ne
wsp
aper
s cr
itic
ised
the
Gov
ernm
ent
for
tryi
ng t
o br
ing
in t
he ‘
past
y ta
x’ a
nd t
he G
over
nmen
t ch
ange
d th
eir
min
d.
[3 m
arks
for
a d
evel
oped
poi
nt w
ith
exem
plif
icat
ion]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
Pr
essu
re G
roup
s •
Dem
onst
rati
ons/
prot
est,
eg
rece
nt p
rote
sts
outs
ide
the
Hou
se o
f Com
mon
s co
ncer
ning
stu
dent
fee
s.
• Pe
titi
ons —
incl
udin
g e-
peti
tion
s.
• Act
ions
to
attr
act
med
ia a
tten
tion
, eg
Gre
enpe
ace
cam
paig
n ag
ains
t w
halin
g.
• Lo
bbyi
ng—
cont
acti
ng e
lect
ed m
embe
rs o
f th
e pa
rlia
men
t in
ord
er t
o tr
y to
ga
in t
heir
sup
port
. T
his
can
be d
one
by p
ress
ure
grou
ps t
hem
selv
es o
r th
ey
may
em
ploy
adv
isor
s, ie
prof
essi
onal
lob
byis
ts.
Als
o m
ass
lobb
ying
. •
Dir
ect
acti
on—
disr
upti
ve a
nd o
ften
illeg
al f
orm
s of
pro
test
, eg
the
Fas
lane
pe
ace
cam
p, h
unt
sabo
teur
s, a
nti-
abor
tion
gro
ups.
Tr
ades
Uni
ons
• In
dust
rial
act
ion
such
as
stri
kes,
wor
k to
rul
e, o
vert
ime
bans
. T
his
may
be
Pag
e 11
espe
cial
ly e
ffec
tive
in
the
publ
ic s
ecto
r,eg
str
ike
acti
on b
y N
HS
doct
ors.
•
Dem
onst
rati
ons/
prot
est—
rece
nt d
emon
stra
tion
s or
gani
sed
by t
each
ing
unio
ns.
• Pe
titi
ons—
incl
udin
g e-
peti
tion
s.
• Act
ions
to
attr
act
med
ia a
tten
tion
, eg
blo
ckad
es o
f pe
trol
dep
ots.
Th
e M
edia
•
New
spap
ers
supp
orti
ng/o
ppos
ing
cam
paig
ns b
y pr
essu
re g
roup
s, e
g su
ppor
t of
som
e ne
wsp
aper
s fo
r a
refe
rend
um o
ver
Euro
pe.
• N
ewsp
aper
s su
ppor
ting
/opp
osin
g a
part
icul
ar p
olit
ical
par
ty d
urin
g el
ecti
on
cam
paig
ns,
eg t
he t
radi
tion
al L
abou
r ve
rsus
Tor
y sp
lit
in t
he p
ress
. •
New
spap
ers
high
ligh
ting
wha
t th
ey s
ee a
s G
over
nmen
t in
com
pete
nce/
achi
evem
ents
, eg
Chi
ef W
hip
inci
dent
wit
h po
lice
off
icer
s.
• Br
oadc
ast
med
ia s
tric
tly
cont
rolled
by
legi
slat
ion
so c
anno
t at
tem
pt t
o in
flue
nce
the
Gov
ernm
ent.
Any
oth
er v
alid
poi
nt t
hat
mee
ts t
he c
rite
ria
desc
ribe
d in
the
gen
eral
m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
Part
B
2Aw
ard
up t
o fo
ur m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e ex
plan
atio
n, d
epen
ding
on
qual
ity,
lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy,
exem
plif
icat
ion
and
answ
ers
whi
ch s
how
th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
var
ious
fac
tors
.
8Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
.
Cand
idat
es w
ho o
nly
expl
ain
eith
er a
dvan
tage
s or
dis
adva
ntag
es s
houl
d be
aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
six
mar
ks.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
An
adva
ntag
e of
the
fir
st p
ast
the
post
sys
tem
is
that
it
is e
asy
for
vote
rs t
o un
ders
tand
. [1
mar
k]
An
adva
ntag
e of
FPT
P is
tha
t it
pro
vide
s a
clea
r w
inne
r in
eac
h co
nsti
tuen
cy a
s a
sim
ple
maj
orit
y is
all t
hat
is n
eede
d.
[2 m
arks
—de
velo
ped
poin
t]
Pag
e 12
A d
isad
vant
age
of F
PTP
is t
hat
man
y vo
ters
in
safe
sea
ts f
eel th
at t
heir
vot
e is
w
orth
less
. F
or e
xam
ple,
a L
abou
r su
ppor
ter
in a
saf
e Con
serv
ativ
e co
nsti
tuen
cy
may
not
bot
her
voti
ng a
s La
bour
hav
e ve
ry lit
tle
chan
ce o
f w
inni
ng in
that
sea
t.
[3 m
arks
—w
ell de
velo
ped
poin
t]
A d
isad
vant
age
of F
PTP
is t
hat
in s
afe
cons
titu
enci
es t
he p
arti
es h
ave
a lo
t of
po
wer
in
choo
sing
the
MP.
Fo
r ex
ampl
e, in
a sa
fe L
abou
r se
at lik
e Ki
rkca
ldy
and
Cow
denb
eath
(La
bour
maj
orit
y 23
,000
) it
may
not
mat
ter
who
the
loc
al
Labo
ur p
arty
cho
oses
as
thei
r ca
ndid
ate
as t
he p
arty
has
suc
h a
larg
e m
ajor
ity.
M
any
vote
rs a
lway
s vo
te f
or t
he s
ame
part
y. Thi
s su
gges
ts t
hat
loca
l pa
rty
acti
vist
s ef
fect
ivel
y ch
oose
the
MP
and
not
loca
l vo
ters
. M
argi
nal
cons
titu
enci
es a
ctua
lly
prov
ide
vote
rs w
ith
mor
e po
wer
, eg
Edi
nbur
gh S
outh
w
hich
has
a L
abou
r m
ajor
ity
of 3
00.
[4 m
arks
—de
velo
ped
poin
ts w
ith
som
e de
tail,
anal
ysis
and
exe
mpl
ific
atio
n]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
A
dvan
tage
s•
Stra
ight
forw
ard
syst
em m
eans
vo
ters
not
con
fuse
d w
hich
may
m
ake
vote
rs f
eel pa
rt o
f th
e de
moc
rati
c pr
oces
s an
d en
cour
age
part
icip
atio
n.
• D
irec
tly
elec
ted
repr
esen
tati
ve—
one
per
cons
titu
ency
. M
Ps c
an b
e he
ld d
irec
tly
acco
unta
ble
by
cons
titu
ents
. •
Usu
ally
a q
uick
res
ult
is a
chie
ved
whi
ch a
void
s th
e un
cert
aint
y of
so
me
PR s
yste
ms.
•
Extr
emis
t pa
rtie
s su
ch a
s th
e BN
P ha
ve v
ery
litt
le c
hanc
e of
gai
ning
re
pres
enta
tion
.
Dis
adva
ntag
e•
Not
pro
port
iona
l so
man
y vo
ters
fe
el t
heir
vot
es a
re w
aste
d, e
g La
bour
sup
port
er in
a sa
fe
Con
serv
ativ
e se
at.
• En
cour
ages
ele
ctor
ate
to v
ote
tact
ical
ly.
Thi
s ad
vers
ely
affe
cts
the
dem
ocra
tic
natu
re o
f th
e pr
oces
s.
• M
any
MPs
ele
cted
on
a m
inor
ity
of t
he v
ote,
ie
win
ner
take
s al
l.
• Po
ssib
le f
or p
arty
to
form
m
ajor
ity
gove
rnm
ent
on m
inor
ity
of t
he p
opul
ar v
ote.
Pag
e 13
Any
oth
er r
elev
ant
fact
ual k
ey p
oint
of
know
ledg
e th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
Part
B
3The
can
dida
te is
requ
ired
to
use
a lim
ited
ran
ge o
f so
urce
s an
d dr
aw v
alid
co
nclu
sion
s fr
om t
hem
, w
ith
supp
orti
ng
evid
ence
.
8Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
. Po
ssib
le a
ppro
ache
s to
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tion
: Th
e w
ork
done
by
com
mit
tees
M
uch
of t
he im
port
ant
wor
k of
the
Par
liam
ent
done
in
sele
ct c
omm
itte
es
(Sou
rce
1).
The
re a
re S
elec
t Com
mit
tees
on
lots
of
issu
es (
Sour
ce 2
).
Sele
ct C
omm
itte
es h
ave
the
pow
er t
o in
vest
igat
e w
hat
they
wan
t. (
Sour
ce 3
).
[1 m
ark
awar
ded
over
all —
no c
oncl
usio
n re
ache
d or
jud
gem
ent
mad
e.
A s
erie
s of
rel
evan
t po
ints
arr
ange
d un
der
a co
rrec
t he
adin
g.]
• So
me
of t
he m
ost
impo
rtan
t w
ork
of P
arliam
ent
goes
on
in t
he m
any
Sele
ct
Com
mit
tees
(So
urce
1).
•
Rol
e is
to
“exa
min
e th
e ex
pend
itur
e, a
dmin
istr
atio
n an
d po
licy
of
the
prin
cipa
l G
over
nmen
t de
part
men
ts”
(Sou
rce
1).
•
Ove
r th
e ye
ars,
the
scr
utin
y ro
le o
f th
e Se
lect
Com
mit
tees
has
bec
ome
wel
l-es
tabl
ishe
d an
d w
ell-
publ
icis
ed (
Sour
ce 1
).
• Com
mit
tees
pla
y a
cent
ral pa
rt in
the
wor
k of
the
Par
liam
ent—
taki
ng
evid
ence
fro
m w
itne
sses
inc
ludi
ng s
enio
r G
over
nmen
t m
embe
rs,
scru
tini
sing
le
gisl
atio
n an
d co
nduc
ting
inq
uiri
es (
Sour
ce 1
).
• So
urce
2 ind
icat
es t
he r
ange
of
area
s of
int
eres
t of
Com
mit
tees
, eg
D
efen
ce,
Fore
ign
Aff
airs
, Tre
asur
y (S
ourc
e 2)
.
• The
Tre
asur
y Se
lect
Com
mit
tee
took
a lea
ding
rol
e in
inv
esti
gati
ng t
he
fina
ncia
l an
d ba
nkin
g cr
isis
of
2008
–09
(Sou
rce
3).
•
The
Com
mit
tee
choo
ses
its
own
subj
ects
of
inqu
iry.
•
Parl
iam
ent
has
give
n th
e Com
mit
tee
the
pow
er t
o se
nd f
or “
pers
ons,
pap
ers
and
reco
rds”
. It
the
refo
re h
as p
ower
s to
ins
ist
upon
the
att
enda
nce
of
wit
ness
es,
such
as
min
iste
rs a
nd c
ivil s
erva
nts,
and
the
pro
duct
ion
of p
aper
s an
d ot
her
mat
eria
l (S
ourc
e 3)
.
• Po
ssib
le c
oncl
usio
n —Com
mit
tees
do
a lo
t of
wor
k an
d pl
ay a
n im
port
ant
role
in
the
wor
k of
the
UK
Parl
iam
ent.
Pag
e 14
The
mem
bers
hip
of c
omm
itte
es
The
mem
bers
hip
of t
he c
omm
itte
es is
mad
e up
of
back
benc
h M
Ps f
rom
eve
ry
part
y.
Thi
s is
sup
port
ed b
y ev
iden
ce f
rom
Sou
rce
3 w
hich
say
s The
Tre
asur
y Se
lect
Com
mit
tee
has
8 La
bour
mem
bers
and
tw
o Li
bera
l de
moc
rats
.
[2 m
arks
. Con
clus
ion
give
n ta
ken
from
Sou
rce
1 —su
ppor
ted
by a
ccur
ate
and
rele
vant
evi
denc
e fr
om S
ourc
e 3.
] •
Com
mit
tees
nor
mal
ly c
onsi
st o
f ba
ckbe
nch
mem
bers
(So
urce
1).
•
Mem
bers
hip
refl
ects
the
com
posi
tion
of
the
part
ies
in t
he H
ouse
of
Com
mon
s as
a w
hole
. T
his
mea
ns t
he g
over
ning
par
ty a
lway
s ha
s a
maj
orit
y (S
ourc
e 1)
.
• M
ost
com
mit
tee
repo
rts
are
unan
imou
s, r
efle
ctin
g a
mor
e no
n-pa
rty
way
of
wor
king
. D
iffe
rent
par
ties
oft
en w
ork
toge
ther
and
try
to
reac
h ag
reem
ent
in t
he c
omm
itte
es (
Sour
ce 1
).
• M
Ps f
rom
eve
ry p
arty
tak
e pa
rt in
the
wor
k of
the
com
mit
tees
wit
h Com
mit
tee
Cha
irs
bein
g dr
awn
from
dif
fere
nt p
arti
es (
Sour
ce 1
).
• Cha
irs
draw
n fr
om t
hree
par
ties
, ie
Lab
our,
Con
serv
ativ
e an
d Li
bera
l D
emoc
rats
(So
urce
2).
•
The
Tre
asur
y Se
lect
Com
mit
tee
has
14 m
embe
rs;
Labo
ur 8
, Con
serv
ativ
es 4
, Li
bera
l D
emoc
rats
2 (
Sour
ce 3
).
• Po
ssib
le c
oncl
usio
n—Com
mit
tees
are
mad
e up
of
all pa
rtie
s al
thou
gh
gove
rnin
g pa
rty
(Lab
our
in 2
008-
09)
has
bigg
est
role
.
Publ
ic in
volv
emen
t in
com
mit
tees
M
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
hav
e se
vera
l op
port
unit
ies
to g
et inv
olve
d in
pol
itic
s th
roug
h th
e se
lect
com
mit
tee
syst
em.
[or
igin
al c
oncl
usio
n] T
his
conc
lusi
on is
supp
orte
d by
evi
denc
e fr
om S
ourc
e 1
whi
ch s
ays
that
com
mit
tee
mee
ting
s ha
ve
been
hel
d in
dif
fere
nt p
arts
of
the
coun
try
wit
h th
e pu
blic
att
endi
ng.
The
pu
blic
are
wel
com
e to
att
end
and
can
also
fee
l in
volv
ed t
hrou
gh t
elev
isio
n co
vera
ge,
inte
rnet
bro
adca
st a
nd t
he w
ebsi
te.
The
pub
lic
have
bee
n in
volv
ed
in r
ecen
t Se
lect
Com
mit
tee
inve
stig
atio
ns,
eg F
red
Goo
dwin
and
the
10p
tax
is
sue.
(So
urce
3)
• Se
lect
Com
mit
tees
can
hol
d m
eeti
ngs
in d
iffe
rent
par
ts o
f th
e co
untr
y (S
ourc
e 1)
.
Pag
e 15
• M
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
can
att
end
(Sou
rce
1).
• Ea
ch h
as its
ow
n w
ebsi
te a
nd c
omm
itte
e m
eeti
ngs
are
broa
dcas
t on
te
levi
sion
and
the
Inte
rnet
(So
urce
1).
•
Mem
bers
of
the
publ
ic a
re w
elco
me
to a
tten
d he
arin
gs o
f th
e co
mm
itte
e (S
ourc
e 3)
.
• At
a te
levi
sed
hear
ing
of t
he T
reas
ury
Sele
ct C
omm
itte
e, f
orm
er R
oyal
Ban
k of
Sco
tlan
d ch
ief
exec
utiv
e Si
r Fr
ed G
oodw
in t
old
MPs
he
“cou
ld n
ot b
e m
ore
sorr
y” f
or w
hat
had
happ
ened
dur
ing
the
bank
ing
cris
is (
Sour
ce 3
).
• Po
ssib
le c
oncl
usio
n—pu
blic
doe
s ha
ve s
ome
acce
ss t
o w
ork
of c
omm
itte
es.
A
ny o
ther
val
id r
easo
n th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 16
Sect
ion
2 G
ener
al M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
type
of
ques
tion
M
ax
mar
kSp
ecif
ic M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
ques
tion
Part
C
1 Aw
ard
up t
o th
ree
mar
ks f
or a
sin
gle
desc
ript
ion,
dep
endi
ng o
n qu
alit
y, lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy a
nd
exem
plif
icat
ion.
At
leas
t tw
o de
scri
ptio
ns a
re n
eces
sary
for
ful
l m
arks
.
6Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
6 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
The
Gov
ernm
ent
prov
ides
the
pen
sion
for
eld
erly
peo
ple.
[1
mar
k —ac
cura
te b
ut u
ndev
elop
ed p
oint
] The
Gov
ernm
ent
trie
s to
hel
p un
empl
oyed
peo
ple
by p
rovi
ding
“Jo
bcen
tre
plus
” w
hich
giv
es t
hem
fre
e in
terv
iew
adv
ice.
[2
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent]
The
Gov
ernm
ent
has
help
ed p
rote
ct e
thni
c m
inor
ity
grou
ps t
hrou
gh t
he E
qual
ity
Act
(20
10).
Thi
s re
plac
es v
ario
us o
ther
law
s ag
ains
t ra
cism
. The
se g
roup
s ca
nnot
be
disc
rim
inat
ed a
gain
st in
any
wal
k of
lif
e, e
g ho
usin
g, e
mpl
oym
ent,
be
nefi
ts,
leis
ure,
law
and
ord
er.
[3 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
Ethn
ic m
inor
ity
grou
ps
• Pr
otec
tion
fro
m d
iscr
imin
atio
n th
roug
h va
riou
s pi
eces
of
legi
slat
ion
now
co
nsol
idat
ed b
y th
e Eq
uality
Act
(20
10).
•
Supp
ort
of v
ario
us a
nti-
raci
st c
ampa
igns
, eg
“O
ne S
cotl
and,
Man
y Cul
ture
s”.
• Var
ious
soc
ial be
nefi
ts p
rovi
ded
to a
ll a
ffec
ted
grou
ps,
eg Inc
ome
Supp
ort,
H
ousi
ng B
enef
it.
Wel
fare
Ref
orm
Act
int
rodu
cing
the
Uni
vers
al B
enef
it a
nd
refo
rmin
g th
e So
cial
Fun
d sy
stem
. El
derl
y pe
ople
•
Prot
ecti
on f
rom
dis
crim
inat
ion
thro
ugh
vari
ous
piec
es o
f le
gisl
atio
n no
w
cons
olid
ated
by
the
Equa
lity
Act
(20
10).
•
Prov
isio
n of
the
Sta
te r
etir
emen
t pe
nsio
n an
d in
trod
ucti
on o
f ne
w
Wor
kpla
ce P
ensi
ons
in 2
012.
•
Var
ious
soc
ial be
nefi
ts p
rovi
ded
to a
ll a
ffec
ted
grou
ps,
eg Inc
ome
Supp
ort,
H
ousi
ng B
enef
it.
Wel
fare
Ref
orm
Act
whi
ch m
akes
big
cha
nges
to
Dis
abilit
y Li
ving
Allow
ance
.
Pag
e 17
• Var
ious
fre
e, u
nive
rsal
ben
efit
s av
aila
ble
to t
he e
lder
ly s
uch
as f
ree
pers
onal
car
e in
Sco
tlan
d an
d fr
ee b
us t
rave
l.
Une
mpl
oyed
•
Var
ious
ser
vice
s pr
ovid
ed b
y Jo
bcen
tre
plus
suc
h as
“Th
e W
ork
Prog
ram
me”
, “W
ork
Clu
bs”,
“En
terp
rise
Clu
bs”
etc.
Job
cent
re p
lus
also
pr
ovid
es a
dvic
e, j
ob s
earc
h fa
ciliti
es a
nd a
cces
s to
ben
efit
s.
• Pr
ovis
ion
of b
enef
its
incl
udin
g th
e ne
w U
nive
rsal
Cre
dit
whi
ch a
ims
to
enco
urag
e cl
aim
ants
bac
k in
to w
ork.
Thi
s w
ill in
volv
e re
form
of
the
Empl
oym
ent
and
Supp
ort
Allow
ance
, Jo
b Se
eker
s Allow
ance
etc
. •
Tra
inin
g/re
trai
ning
opp
ortu
niti
es t
hrou
gh f
urth
er e
duca
tion
and
or
gani
sati
ons
such
as
“Ski
lls
Dev
elop
men
t Sc
otla
nd”
prov
idin
g sc
hem
es lik
e M
oder
n App
rent
ices
hips
and
its
web
site
“M
y w
orld
of
wor
k”.
Lone
par
ent
fam
ilies
•
Prot
ecti
on f
rom
dis
crim
inat
ion
thro
ugh
the
Equa
lity
Act
(20
10).
•
Var
ious
soc
ial be
nefi
ts p
rovi
ded
to a
ll a
ffec
ted
grou
ps,
eg Inc
ome
Supp
ort,
H
ousi
ng B
enef
it.
Wel
fare
Ref
orm
Act
int
rodu
cing
the
Uni
vers
al B
enef
it
whi
ch c
onta
ins
a ch
ildc
are
elem
ent
repl
acin
g Chi
ld T
ax C
redi
t.
• Fr
ee n
urse
ry p
lace
s fo
r th
ree
and
four
-yea
r-ol
ds,
Sure
Sta
rt C
hild
ren’
s Cen
tres
, M
ater
nity
Gra
nts
etc.
D
isab
led
grou
ps
• Pr
otec
tion
fro
m d
iscr
imin
atio
n th
roug
h th
e Eq
uality
Act
(20
10),
rep
laci
ng
vari
ous
piec
es o
f di
sabi
lity
rig
hts
legi
slat
ion.
•
Var
ious
soc
ial be
nefi
ts p
rovi
ded
to a
ll a
ffec
ted
grou
ps,
eg Inc
ome
Supp
ort,
H
ousi
ng B
enef
it.
Wel
fare
Ref
orm
Act
int
rodu
cing
the
Uni
vers
al B
enef
it
whi
ch c
onta
ins
a Pe
rson
al In
depe
nden
ce p
aym
ent.
W
omen
•
Prot
ecti
on f
rom
dis
crim
inat
ion
thro
ugh
the
Equa
lity
Act
(20
10),
rep
laci
ng
vari
ous
piec
es o
f le
gisl
atio
n.
• Var
ious
soc
ial be
nefi
ts p
rovi
ded
to a
ll a
ffec
ted
grou
ps,
eg Inc
ome
Supp
ort,
H
ousi
ng B
enef
it.
Wel
fare
Ref
orm
Act
int
rodu
cing
the
Uni
vers
al B
enef
it
whi
ch w
ill e
ncou
rage
cla
iman
ts b
ack
into
wor
k.
Pag
e 18
Any
oth
er v
alid
poi
nt t
hat
mee
ts t
he c
rite
ria
desc
ribe
d in
the
gen
eral
m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
Part
C
2 Aw
ard
up t
o fo
ur m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e ex
plan
atio
n, d
epen
ding
on
qual
ity,
lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy,
exem
plif
icat
ion
and
answ
ers
whi
ch s
how
th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
var
ious
fac
tors
.
6Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
6 m
arks
. Cre
dit
answ
ers
whi
ch e
xpla
in w
hy p
eopl
e ha
ve g
ood
heal
th o
r ot
hers
do
not
have
goo
d he
alth
or
a co
mbi
nati
on o
f th
e tw
o ap
proa
ches
to
expl
aini
ng t
he
issu
e.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
Som
e pe
ople
hav
e go
od h
ealt
h be
caus
e th
ey e
at v
eget
able
s.
[1 m
ark —
accu
rate
but
und
evel
oped
poi
nt]
Som
e pe
ople
hav
e go
od h
ealt
h be
caus
e th
ey t
ake
regu
lar
exer
cise
whi
ch k
eeps
th
eir
hear
t fi
t an
d st
rong
. [2
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent]
So
me
peop
le h
ave
poor
hea
lth
as t
hey
may
liv
e in
a p
oor
qual
ity
hous
e. If
they
ha
ve ina
dequ
ate
heat
ing
or t
heir
hou
se is
dam
p th
en c
ondi
tion
s like
ast
hma
and
bron
chit
is a
re m
ore
like
ly.
[3 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
Som
e pe
ople
hav
e po
or h
ealt
h du
e to
the
cho
ices
the
y m
ake
in t
he w
ay t
hey
live
the
ir liv
es.
Smok
ers
are
mor
e like
ly t
o de
velo
p lu
ng c
ance
r, d
rink
ers
are
mor
e like
ly t
o da
mag
e th
eir
liver
and
tho
se w
ho a
buse
her
oin
are
mor
e like
ly t
o fa
ll v
icti
m t
o H
IV/A
IDS.
Peo
ple
choo
se t
o do
the
se t
hing
s bu
t th
ey a
re a
lso
link
ed t
o po
vert
y, ie
peop
le w
ho liv
e in
pov
erty
are
mor
e like
ly t
o ch
oose
to
abus
e th
emse
lves
in
thes
e w
ays.
Thi
s is
sho
wn
by t
he f
act
that
lif
e ex
pect
ancy
in
Sco
tlan
d’s
poor
est
area
s is
alm
ost
twen
ty y
ears
les
s th
an in
its
wea
lthi
est
area
s.
[4 m
arks
—re
leva
nt,
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent,
ana
lysi
s an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
• Li
fest
yle
fact
ors —
eg t
he e
ffec
ts o
f sm
okin
g, d
rink
/alc
ohol
abu
se,
lack
of
exer
cise
.
• So
cial
and
eco
nom
ic d
isad
vant
ages
—eg
poo
r di
et,
effe
cts
of p
over
ty.
Pag
e 19
• G
eogr
aphy
and
env
iron
men
t—eg
poor
qua
lity
hou
sing
, lim
ited
acc
ess
to
loca
l am
enit
ies,
hig
h le
vels
of
crim
e.
• Age
—The
old
er y
ou a
re t
he m
ore
like
ly y
ou a
re t
o su
ffer
poo
r he
alth
.
• G
ende
r —W
omen
liv
e lo
nger
tha
n m
en b
ut a
re m
ore
like
ly t
o su
ffer
poo
r he
alth
.
• Rac
e—H
igh
inci
denc
e of
hea
rt a
ttac
ks,
stro
kes,
dep
ress
ion
etc
amon
gst
som
e et
hnic
min
orit
ies.
Als
o m
ore
like
ly t
o su
ffer
soc
io-e
cono
mic
di
sadv
anta
ge a
nd t
here
fore
suf
fer
ill he
alth
due
to
this
.
Any
oth
er r
elev
ant
fact
ual k
ey p
oint
of
know
ledg
e th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
)
Part
C
3 The
can
dida
te is
requ
ired
to
eval
uate
a
lim
ited
ran
ge o
f so
urce
s, d
etec
ting
and
ex
plai
ning
ins
tanc
es o
f ex
agge
rati
on
and/
or s
elec
tive
use
of
fact
s, g
ivin
g de
velo
ped
argu
men
ts.
In
ord
er t
o ac
hiev
e fu
ll m
arks
ca
ndid
ates
mus
t sh
ow e
vide
nce
that
has
be
en s
elec
ted
as it
supp
orts
the
vie
w
and
show
evi
denc
e th
at h
as n
ot b
een
sele
cted
as
it d
oes
not
supp
ort
the
view
. An
answ
er w
hich
dea
ls w
ith
only
one
si
de o
f th
e ex
plan
atio
n sh
ould
be
awar
ded
a m
axim
um o
f 6
mar
ks.
8Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
. Po
ssib
le a
ppro
ache
s to
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tion
: O
ptio
n 1:
Dan
ny W
ilson
is n
ot s
elec
tive
in h
is v
iew
“Th
e ho
mel
ess
prob
lem
in
Sco
tlan
d is
cau
sed
by a
lack
of
avai
labl
e ho
uses
.”
Can
dida
te s
houl
d gi
ve inf
orm
atio
n th
at D
anny
Wilso
n ha
s se
lect
ed b
ecau
se it
supp
orts
his
vie
w.
Dan
ny’s
vie
w is
not
sele
ctiv
e as
Sou
rce
1 sh
ows
that
the
num
ber
of n
ew h
ouse
s is
dow
n 38
%.
[1 m
ark —
accu
rate
use
of
Sour
ce 1
but
min
imal
dev
elop
men
t]
Dan
ny’s
vie
w is
not
sele
ctiv
e as
Sou
rce
1 sh
ows
that
the
num
ber
of n
ew h
ouse
s bu
ilt
in 2
011/
12 f
ell to
a f
our-
year
-low
of
15,9
00 w
hich
is
not
near
ly e
noug
h to
ta
ckle
the
hug
e nu
mbe
rs w
ho h
ave
been
acc
epte
d as
hom
eles
s —35
,515
ho
useh
olds
acc
ordi
ng t
o So
urce
1.
[2 m
arks
—ac
cura
te a
nd d
etai
led
use
of s
tati
stic
s]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
• The
“Rig
ht t
o Bu
y” p
olic
y ha
s re
duce
d th
e nu
mbe
rs o
f av
aila
ble
hom
es b
y 80
,411
[S2
] w
hich
mea
ns f
ewer
“de
cent
hom
es f
or r
enta
l” [
S1].
Pag
e 20
• O
nly
7,84
7 co
unci
l ho
uses
are
em
pty
[S1]
whi
ch is
not
enou
gh c
onsi
deri
ng
that
ove
r 35
,000
hou
seho
lds
have
bee
n ac
cept
ed a
s ho
mel
ess
by o
ur loc
al
coun
cils
. [S
1]
• Cou
ncils
are
not
buildi
ng e
noug
h ne
w h
ouse
s, o
nly
5,86
1 ac
cord
ing
to
Sour
ce 2
. Thi
s is
par
tly
due
to t
he 4
5% c
ut in
the
Scot
tish
Gov
ernm
ent’
s ho
usin
g bu
dget
[S1
] w
hich
sho
uld
be r
ever
sed
[S3]
if
the
prob
lem
s ar
e to
be
tack
led.
Opt
ion
2: D
anny
Wils
on is
sel
ecti
ve in
his
vie
w “
The
hom
eles
s pr
oble
m in
Sc
otla
nd is
cau
sed
by a
lack
of
avai
labl
e ho
uses
.”
Can
dida
te s
houl
d gi
ve inf
orm
atio
n th
at D
anny
Wilso
n ha
s no
t se
lect
ed b
ecau
se
it d
oes
not
supp
ort
his
view
. D
anny
Wilso
n’s
view
is
sele
ctiv
e w
hen
he s
ays
‘the
hom
eles
s pr
oble
m in
Scot
land
is
caus
ed b
y a
lack
of
avai
labl
e ho
uses
’ as
sou
rce
3 sh
ows
that
peo
ple
are
mad
e ho
mel
ess
for
a va
riet
y of
rea
sons
whi
ch h
ave
noth
ing
to d
o w
ith
a sh
orta
ge o
f av
aila
ble
hom
es.
The
se inc
lude
rel
ease
fro
m p
riso
n or
hos
pita
l,
whi
ch a
ccou
nts
for
5% o
f th
e ho
mel
ess.
Alt
houg
h th
is is
only
one
in
twen
ty
peop
le,
the
situ
atio
n ha
s be
en m
ade
wor
se b
y m
assi
ve G
over
nmen
t cu
ts o
f 45
%
whi
ch h
as e
xagg
erat
ed t
he p
robl
em f
or v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
[S3
] an
d no
t he
lped
th
e ch
arit
ies
like
SACRO
and
APE
X w
ho h
ave
lim
ited
fun
ding
. [S
1 an
d S3
] [3
mar
ks—
accu
rate
inf
orm
atio
n fr
om t
wo
sour
ces
wit
h so
me
eval
uati
ve
term
inol
ogy
used
reg
ardi
ng t
he s
tati
stic
inc
lude
d, ie
“onl
y on
e in
tw
enty
” an
d “m
assi
ve”]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
•
Ove
r 40
% o
f ho
mel
ess
peop
le a
re h
omel
ess
beca
use
of r
easo
ns inc
ludi
ng
bein
g in
tim
idat
ed b
y an
ti-s
ocia
l (S
1) o
r vi
olen
t ne
ighb
ours
(S3
). T
his
acco
unts
for
5% o
f th
e ho
mel
ess
and
is n
ot c
ause
d by
a lac
k of
hou
sing
. •
Som
e pe
ople
bec
ome
hom
eles
s be
caus
e th
ey d
o no
t pa
y th
eir
rent
or
mor
tgag
e. T
his
is a
sm
all fi
gure
(5%
) bu
t it
is
not
caus
ed b
y a
lack
of
hous
ing
as t
here
are
87,
000
empt
y ho
uses
in
Scot
land
and
7,8
47 e
mpt
y co
unci
l ho
uses
. •
Dan
ny is
sele
ctiv
e be
caus
e a
com
pari
son
of a
ll t
ypes
of
empt
y ho
uses
(S1
)
Pag
e 21
(87,
000)
and
the
num
bers
who
are
hom
eles
s (3
5,51
5)sh
ow t
hat
ther
e ar
e m
ore
than
eno
ugh
avai
labl
e ho
uses
to
mee
t de
man
d.
• H
omel
essn
ess
has
fallen
by
2,58
5 ho
useh
olds
sin
ce 2
010–
11,
acco
mpa
nied
by
a f
all in
new
hou
ses.
If a
sho
rtag
e of
hou
ses
was
to
blam
e th
en
hom
eles
snes
s w
ould
hav
e go
ne u
p.
Any
oth
er v
alid
rea
son
that
mee
ts t
he c
rite
ria
desc
ribe
d in
the
gen
eral
m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
Pag
e 22
Sect
ion
2G
ener
al M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
type
of
ques
tion
M
ax
mar
kSp
ecif
ic M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
ques
tion
Part
D
1Aw
ard
up t
o th
ree
mar
ks f
or a
sin
gle
desc
ript
ion,
dep
endi
ng o
n qu
alit
y, lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy a
nd
exem
plif
icat
ion.
At
leas
t tw
o de
scri
ptio
ns a
re n
eces
sary
for
ful
l m
arks
.
6Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
6 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
The
pol
ice
try
to r
educ
e cr
ime
by a
rres
ting
sus
pect
s.
[1 m
ark —
accu
rate
but
und
evel
oped
poi
nt]
The
pol
ice
try
to r
educ
e cr
ime
leve
ls b
y pr
omot
ing
crim
e pr
even
tion
cam
paig
ns
such
as
“Nei
ghbo
urho
od W
atch
”.
[2 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t]
The
pol
ice
try
to r
educ
e cr
ime
leve
ls b
y w
orki
ng in
the
com
mun
ity.
The
y vi
sit
scho
ols
to t
alk
to p
upils
and
som
e sc
hool
s ha
ve “
cam
pus”
off
icer
s w
ho t
ry t
o ge
t to
kno
w p
upils
and
stee
r th
em c
lear
of
trou
ble.
In m
y sc
hool
man
y pu
pils
at
tend
reg
ular
“Bl
ue L
ight
” di
scos
org
anis
ed b
y th
e lo
cal po
lice
off
icer
s.
[3 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
• M
aint
ain
law
and
ord
er b
y ha
ving
foo
t pa
trol
off
icer
s “o
n th
e be
at”.
•
Det
ect
crim
es,
eg c
arry
out
inv
esti
gati
ons,
int
ervi
ew w
itne
sses
, pr
oces
s ev
iden
ce.
Rol
e of
CID
. •
Cri
me
prev
enti
on,
eg v
isit
ing
scho
ols,
Nei
ghbo
urho
od W
atch
.
• H
ighl
y vi
sibl
e pr
esen
ce a
t pu
blic
eve
nts,
eg
secu
rity
at
foot
ball m
atch
es.
• In
itia
tive
s, e
g kn
ife
amne
stie
s.
• W
ork
wit
h co
mm
unit
y gr
oups
and
cha
riti
es s
uch
as A
pex.
A
ny o
ther
val
id p
oint
tha
t m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 23
Part
D
2Aw
ard
up t
o fo
ur m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e ex
plan
atio
n, d
epen
ding
on
qual
ity,
lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy,
exem
plif
icat
ion
and
answ
ers
whi
ch s
how
th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
var
ious
fac
tors
.
6Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
6 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
Som
e pe
ople
com
mit
cri
me
beca
use
they
are
bor
ed.
[1
mar
k —ac
cura
te b
ut u
ndev
elop
ed p
oint
] So
me
peop
le c
omm
it c
rim
e be
caus
e th
ey a
re a
ddic
ted
to d
rugs
and
ste
al t
hing
s to
pay
for
the
se.
[2 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t]
Som
e pe
ople
com
mit
cri
me
beca
use
they
are
inf
luen
ced
by t
hose
aro
und
them
. Pe
er p
ress
ure
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t es
peci
ally
am
ongs
t yo
ung
peop
le w
ho f
eel
excl
uded
fro
m s
ocie
ty.
Som
e yo
ung
peop
le c
an b
e en
cour
aged
int
o dr
ug t
akin
g an
d cr
ime
just
for
the
“th
rill”.
[3
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent
and
exem
plif
icat
ion]
Pe
ople
com
mit
cri
me
for
num
erou
s re
ason
s. M
any
offe
nder
s co
me
from
de
priv
ed a
reas
and
fee
l a
sens
e of
hop
eles
snes
s ab
out
thei
r fu
ture
. H
owev
er,
“whi
te c
olla
r cr
ime”
see
ms
to b
e m
otiv
ated
by
gree
d. M
any
very
ric
h pe
ople
in
the
fina
ncia
l in
dust
ries
hav
e be
en g
uilt
y of
the
ft a
nd f
raud
des
pite
the
fac
t th
at
they
app
ear
to h
ave
ever
ythi
ng t
hey
need
. M
any
see
“whi
te c
olla
r cr
ime”
as
inev
itab
le a
s pe
ople
are
bou
nd t
o be
tem
pted
by
the
huge
sum
s of
mon
ey t
hat
they
man
age.
A r
ecen
t ex
ampl
e of
“w
hite
col
lar
crim
e” w
as t
he s
cand
al o
ver
MPs
’ ex
pens
es.
[4 m
arks
—re
leva
nt,
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent,
ana
lysi
s an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
• Fa
mily
back
grou
nd,
crim
inal
beh
avio
ur w
ithi
n fa
mily.
•
Peer
pre
ssur
e/ro
le m
odel
s.
• Alie
nati
on f
rom
soc
iety
. •
Poor
env
iron
men
t.
• So
cial
and
eco
nom
ic c
ircu
mst
ance
s.
• Cri
min
al b
ehav
iour
whi
le y
oung
. •
Thr
ill se
ekin
g.
• Res
pons
e to
pov
erty
/eco
nom
ic ine
qual
ity.
Pag
e 24
• G
reed
.•
Opp
ortu
nist
ic c
rim
e.
• Li
nk w
ith
alco
hol/
drug
use
•
Impa
ct o
f vi
olen
t m
edia
. A
ny o
ther
rel
evan
t fa
ctua
l key
poi
nt o
f kn
owle
dge
that
mee
ts t
he c
rite
ria
desc
ribe
d in
the
gen
eral
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Part
D
3The
can
dida
te is
requ
ired
to
eval
uate
a
lim
ited
ran
ge o
f so
urce
s, d
etec
ting
and
ex
plai
ning
ins
tanc
es o
f ex
agge
rati
on
and/
or s
elec
tive
use
of
fact
s, g
ivin
g de
velo
ped
argu
men
ts.
In
ord
er t
o ac
hiev
e fu
ll m
arks
ca
ndid
ates
mus
t sh
ow e
vide
nce
that
has
be
en s
elec
ted
as it
supp
orts
the
vie
w
and
show
evi
denc
e th
at h
as n
ot b
een
sele
cted
as
it d
oes
not
supp
ort
the
view
. An
answ
er w
hich
dea
ls w
ith
only
one
si
de o
f th
e ex
plan
atio
n sh
ould
be
awar
ded
a m
axim
um o
f 6
mar
ks.
8Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
. Po
ssib
le a
ppro
ache
s to
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tion
: O
ptio
n 1:
Bill
y M
acke
nzie
is n
ot s
elec
tive
in h
is v
iew
, “G
ivin
g an
yone
cau
ght
carr
ying
a k
nife
a p
riso
n se
nten
ce is
a g
ood
way
to
redu
ce k
nife
cri
me.
” Can
dida
te s
houl
d gi
ve inf
orm
atio
n th
at B
illy
Mac
kenz
ie h
as s
elec
ted
beca
use
it
supp
orts
his
vie
w.
Billy’
s vi
ew is
not
sele
ctiv
e as
Sou
rce
2 su
ppor
ts h
is v
iew
bec
ause
the
num
ber
of c
onvi
ctio
ns f
or c
arry
ing
a kn
ife
is h
ighe
r in
200
7/08
com
pare
d w
ith
1998
/99.
[1
mar
k —ac
cura
te u
se o
f so
urce
2 b
ut m
inim
al d
evel
opm
ent]
Bi
lly’
s vi
ew is
not
sele
ctiv
e as
Sou
rce
2 su
ppor
ts h
is v
iew
bec
ause
the
num
ber
of c
onvi
ctio
ns f
or c
arry
ing
a kn
ife
has
rise
n in
mos
t ye
ars
from
199
8/99
whe
n it
w
as a
bout
7,0
00 u
ntil it
reac
hed
a pe
ak in
2006
/07
at o
ver
10,0
00.
[2 m
arks
—ac
cura
te a
nd d
etai
led
use
of s
tati
stic
s]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
•
Com
mun
ity
grou
ps h
ave
called
on
the
Gov
ernm
ent
to t
ake
acti
on o
n de
terr
ing
youn
g pe
ople
fro
m c
arry
ing
such
wea
pons
(So
urce
1)
back
ed b
y “P
eopl
e ar
e w
orri
ed a
bout
cri
me.
” (S
ourc
e 3)
.
• The
num
ber
of p
eopl
e se
nt t
o pr
ison
for
car
ryin
g a
knif
e in
pub
lic
fell t
o a
five
-yea
r-lo
w in
2008
whe
n on
ly o
ne in
thre
e of
fend
ers
wer
e ja
iled
(So
urce
1)
bac
ked
by r
ise
in n
umbe
r of
mur
ders
wit
h kn
ives
at
its
peak
(53
%)
Pag
e 25
(Sou
rce
2) s
how
ing
curr
ent
syst
em n
ot w
orki
ng.
• 1,
200
offe
nder
s w
ere
sent
ence
d fo
r po
sses
sion
of
a kn
ife
or o
ffen
sive
w
eapo
n be
twee
n 20
04 a
nd 2
009,
but
onl
y 31
4 w
ere
give
n cu
stod
ial te
rms
(Sou
rce
1) b
acke
d by
per
cent
age
of m
urde
rs w
ith
kniv
es r
isin
g fr
om 3
7% in
2005
to
48%
in
2007
and
han
dlin
g an
off
ensi
ve w
eapo
n ri
sing
fro
m a
roun
d 9,
000
to 1
0,00
0 in
Sou
rce
2.
• In
200
9, o
ne in
five
peo
ple
conv
icte
d of
car
ryin
g a
knif
e or
off
ensi
ve
wea
pon
in E
dinb
urgh
has
pre
viou
sly
been
cha
rged
for
a s
imilar
off
ence
(S
ourc
e 1)
sho
ws
curr
ent
sent
ence
s do
not
det
er t
he c
arry
ing
of k
nive
s.
Thi
s is
bac
ked
by 7
8% o
f G
lasg
ow y
outh
s w
ho s
aid
they
wou
ld s
top
carr
ying
a
knif
e if
the
y w
ere
give
n a
pris
on s
ente
nce
(Sou
rce
1)
Opt
ion
2: B
illy
Mac
kenz
ie is
sel
ecti
ve in
his
vie
w,
“Giv
ing
anyo
ne c
augh
t ca
rryi
ng a
kni
fe a
pri
son
sent
ence
is a
goo
d w
ay t
o re
duce
kni
fe c
rim
e.”
Can
dida
te s
houl
d gi
ve inf
orm
atio
n th
at B
illy
Mac
kenz
ie h
as n
ot s
elec
ted
beca
use
it d
oes
not
supp
ort
his
view
.
Billy
Mac
kenz
ie’s
vie
w is
bein
g se
lect
ive
whe
n it
say
s ‘g
ivin
g al
l pe
ople
cau
ght
carr
ying
a k
nife
a p
riso
n se
nten
ce is
a go
od w
ay t
o re
duce
kni
fe c
rim
e’ a
s on
ly
30% o
f yo
ung
peop
le t
houg
ht t
hat
intr
oduc
ing
toug
her
sent
ence
s w
ould
red
uce
knif
e cr
ime
whi
ch is
quit
e a
smal
l pe
rcen
tage
and
thi
s is
sup
port
ed b
y Lo
uise
M
cKay
who
say
s th
at loc
king
up
peop
le w
ho c
arry
kni
ves
is n
ot t
he a
nsw
er t
o ta
ckling
thi
s pr
oble
m.
[3 m
arks
—ac
cura
te inf
orm
atio
n fr
om t
wo
sour
ces
wit
h so
me
eval
uati
ve
term
inol
ogy
used
reg
ardi
ng t
he s
tati
stic
inc
lude
d, ie
‘onl
y’ a
nd ‘
quit
e a
smal
l pe
rcen
tage
’]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
•
Scot
tish
Pri
sons
rep
orte
d th
at a
s a
resu
lt o
f ov
ercr
owdi
ng,
offe
nder
s w
ere
not
serv
ing
thei
r fu
ll s
ente
nce
and
wer
e be
ing
rele
ased
ear
ly (
Sour
ce 1
).
Thi
s sh
ows
that
int
rodu
cing
man
dato
ry s
ente
ncin
g w
ill o
nly
crow
d pr
ison
s fu
rthe
r.
• 30
% o
f yo
ung
peop
le t
houg
ht t
hat
intr
oduc
ing
toug
her
sent
ence
s w
ould
re
duce
kni
fe c
rim
e (S
ourc
e 1)
whi
ch is
a m
inor
ity
back
ed b
y So
urce
3.
Pag
e 26
“Loc
king
up
peop
le is
not
the
answ
er…
”•
53% o
f te
ens
ques
tion
ed t
houg
ht t
hat
com
mun
ity
sent
ence
s w
ere
an
appr
opri
ate
puni
shm
ent
for
youn
g pe
ople
fou
nd c
arry
ing
a kn
ife.
Ba
cked
by
Sou
rce
3. “
Com
mun
ity
proj
ects
wou
ld h
elp
youn
g pe
ople
rea
lise
how
m
uch
dam
age
they
can
do
them
selv
es a
nd o
ther
s by
car
ryin
g a
knif
e. …
” (S
ourc
e 3)
. A
ny o
ther
val
id r
easo
n th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 27
Sect
ion
3 G
ener
al m
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
type
of
ques
tion
M
ax
Mar
kSp
ecif
ic M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
ques
tion
Part
E
1Aw
ard
up t
o th
ree
mar
ks f
or a
sin
gle
desc
ript
ion,
dep
endi
ng o
n qu
alit
y, lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy a
nd
exem
plif
icat
ion.
At
leas
t tw
o de
scri
ptio
ns a
re n
eces
sary
for
ful
l m
arks
.
Ans
wer
s m
ay f
ocus
on
any
one
of t
he
G20
cou
ntri
es a
nd c
andi
date
s w
ill be
ex
pect
ed t
o pr
ovid
e ex
ampl
es f
rom
tha
t co
untr
y.
Ans
wer
s w
hich
do
not
mak
e sp
ecif
ic
refe
renc
e to
a w
orld
pow
er s
houl
d be
aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
2 m
arks
.
4Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
Cit
izen
s ca
n pa
rtic
ipat
e in
pol
itic
s by
joi
ning
a p
olit
ical
par
ty.
[1 m
ark —
accu
rate
but
und
evel
oped
poi
nt]
Peop
le in
Aus
tral
ia c
an p
arti
cipa
te in
politi
cs b
y vo
ting
in
elec
tion
s w
hen
they
ar
e 18
or
over
. [2
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent]
Am
eric
an c
itiz
ens
can
part
icip
ate
in p
olit
ics
by j
oini
ng a
n in
tere
st g
roup
tha
t th
ey a
gree
wit
h (e
g th
e N
atio
nal Rif
le A
ssoc
iati
on)
and
help
ing
to c
ampa
ign
for
cert
ain
law
s. T
he N
RA s
uppo
rts
the
righ
t to
ow
n gu
ns in
the
USA
and
cit
izen
s co
uld
take
par
t in
leg
al a
ctiv
itie
s su
ch a
s m
arch
es,
rallie
s, p
etit
ions
, le
tter
w
riti
ng t
o Se
nato
rs e
tc.
[3 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
•
voti
ng in
elec
tion
s at
var
ious
lev
els
• m
embe
rshi
p of
pol
itic
al p
arti
es
• st
andi
ng a
s a
cand
idat
e in
ele
ctio
ns
• fu
ndra
isin
g •
part
y ac
tivi
sm
• in
tere
st g
roup
mem
bers
hip
and
acti
vity
•
prot
est/
dire
ct a
ctio
n A
ny o
ther
val
id p
oint
tha
t m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 28
Part
E
2Aw
ard
up t
o fo
ur m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e ex
plan
atio
n, d
epen
ding
on
qual
ity,
lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy,
exem
plif
icat
ion
and
answ
ers
whi
ch s
how
th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
var
ious
fac
tors
.
Ans
wer
s m
ay f
ocus
on
any
one
of t
he
G20
cou
ntri
es a
nd c
andi
date
s w
ill be
ex
pect
ed t
o pr
ovid
e ex
ampl
es f
rom
tha
t co
untr
y.
Ans
wer
s w
hich
do
not
mak
e sp
ecif
ic
refe
renc
e to
a w
orld
pow
er s
houl
d be
aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
.
6Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
6 m
arks
. Cre
dit
answ
ers
whi
ch e
xpla
in s
ocia
l in
equa
liti
es,
econ
omic
ine
qual
itie
s or
a
com
bina
tion
of
the
two.
Po
ssib
le a
ppro
ache
s to
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tion
: In
equa
lity
exi
sts
in t
he U
SA a
s so
me
peop
le d
o ba
dly
at s
choo
l.
[1 m
ark —
accu
rate
but
und
evel
oped
poi
nt]
In C
hina
, so
me
peop
le in
rura
l ar
eas
still
rel
y on
tra
diti
onal
met
hods
of
heal
thca
re,
unlike
the
mod
ern
met
hods
and
equ
ipm
ent
in t
he t
owns
. [2
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent]
In
Can
ada,
som
e pe
ople
are
ver
y w
ealt
hy w
hile
oth
ers
have
low
inc
omes
. Can
ada
is a
cap
ital
ist
coun
try
and
so p
eopl
e w
ho s
ucce
ed in
busi
ness
can
be
com
e ve
ry w
ealt
hy.
Oth
er g
roup
s w
ho m
ay h
ave
poor
qua
lific
atio
ns m
ay b
e st
uck
in low
pai
d jo
bs o
r be
rel
iant
on
bene
fits
. [3
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent
and
exem
plif
icat
ion]
M
any
peop
le in
Indi
a liv
e in
ver
y po
or h
ousi
ng c
ondi
tion
s. Ind
ian
citi
es h
ave
grow
n ra
pidl
y in
rec
ent
year
s as
Indi
a is
one
of
the
fast
est
grow
ing
econ
omie
s in
th
e w
orld
. M
any
peop
le liv
e in
poo
rly
cons
truc
ted
shan
ty t
owns
or
slum
s w
hich
ar
e un
safe
and
unh
ealt
hy.
Alt
houg
h so
me
Indi
ans
are
very
ric
h, m
ost
are
poor
an
d w
ork
in u
nski
lled
job
s an
d so
can
onl
y af
ford
to
live
in
thes
e po
or a
reas
. Pe
ople
who
liv
e in
the
se s
lum
s ar
e m
ore
like
ly t
o su
ffer
ill-h
ealt
h, b
e th
e vi
ctim
s of
cri
me
and
expe
rien
ce lac
k of
suc
cess
in
educ
atio
n. T
his
mea
ns t
hat
hous
ing
ineq
ualiti
es w
ill co
ntin
ue
[4 m
arks
—re
leva
nt,
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent,
ana
lysi
s an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
•
educ
atio
n in
equa
liti
es
• he
alth
ine
qual
itie
s •
empl
oym
ent/
unem
ploy
men
t •
wea
lth/
pove
rty
Pag
e 29
• ho
usin
g•
gend
er ine
qual
itie
s •
raci
al ine
qual
itie
s •
soci
al c
lass
ine
qual
itie
s
Any
oth
er r
elev
ant
fact
ual k
ey p
oint
of
know
ledg
e th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
Part
E
3The
can
dida
te is
requ
ired
to
eval
uate
a
lim
ited
ran
ge o
f so
urce
s, in
orde
r to
m
ake
and
just
ify
a de
cisi
on/r
ecom
men
dati
on.
The
ca
ndid
ate
mus
t al
so e
xpla
in w
hy t
hey
have
rej
ecte
d th
e ot
her
opti
on.
In
ord
er t
o ac
hiev
e fu
ll m
arks
ca
ndid
ates
mus
t w
hy t
hey
did
not
choo
se t
he o
ther
opt
ion.
An
answ
er
whi
ch d
eals
wit
h on
ly o
ne o
ptio
n sh
ould
be
aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
.
10Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
10 m
arks
. Po
ssib
le a
ppro
ache
s to
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tion
: O
ptio
n 1:
Bui
ld t
he M
elo
Bont
e D
am
The
Gov
ernm
ent
shou
ld b
uild
the
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
as
it is
vita
l fo
r th
e co
ntin
ued
expa
nsio
n of
the
eco
nom
y, a
s th
e gr
owin
g po
pula
tion
nee
ds m
ore
elec
tric
ity.
[1
mar
k —ev
iden
ce d
raw
n fr
om S
ourc
e 1]
The
Gov
ernm
ent
shou
ld b
uild
the
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
as
it is
vita
l fo
r th
e co
ntin
ued
expa
nsio
n of
the
eco
nom
y, a
s So
urce
1 s
ays
that
mos
t pe
ople
sup
port
th
e de
cisi
on t
o bu
ild
the
dam
and
thi
s is
bac
ked
up b
y th
e op
inio
n po
ll in
Sour
ce
2 w
hich
sho
ws
65% o
f al
l pe
ople
agr
ee w
ith
the
deci
sion
to
build
the
dam
. [2
mar
ks—
evid
ence
lin
ked
from
Sou
rce
1 an
d So
urce
2]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
•
The
Min
iste
r of
Min
es a
nd E
nerg
y sa
id t
he M
elo
Bont
e co
mpl
ex,
to b
e bu
ilt
near
the
mou
th o
f th
e Cel
dy R
iver
in
the
rain
fore
st,
will “p
lay
an im
port
ant
role
in
the
deve
lopm
ent”
of
the
area
and
peo
ple
disp
lace
d by
the
dam
“w
ill
be c
ompe
nsat
ed.”
(So
urce
1).
•
The
Gov
ernm
ent
says
the
dam
is
vita
l fo
r th
e co
ntin
ued
expa
nsio
n of
the
ec
onom
y as
the
cou
ntry
nee
ds m
ore
elec
tric
ity
(Sou
rce
1).
•
The
dam
has
bee
n de
fend
ed b
y so
me
in t
he loc
al p
opul
atio
n w
ho h
ope
to
bene
fit
from
the
est
imat
ed 1
8,00
0 di
rect
job
s an
d 80
,000
ind
irec
t jo
bs t
he
Pag
e 30
Gov
ernm
ent
says
the
pro
ject
wou
ld c
reat
e. (
Sour
ce 1
) •
The
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
is
expe
cted
to
prov
ide
elec
tric
ity
to 2
3 m
illion
hom
es.
•
The
Gov
ernm
ent
said
tha
t m
ost
peop
le s
uppo
rt t
he d
ecis
ion
to b
uild
the
da
m (
Sour
ce 1
).
• 65
% o
f th
e po
pula
tion
agr
eed
wit
h th
e G
over
nmen
t’s
deci
sion
to
build
the
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
(So
urce
2).
•
June
20,
Man
y in
dige
nous
peo
ple
back
the
dam
bec
ause
it
will ge
nera
te
empl
oym
ent
to r
epla
ce t
he j
obs
lost
sin
ce a
cla
mp
dow
n on
illeg
al log
ging
(S
ourc
e 3)
.
• Ju
ly 1
5, T
he c
ompa
nies
bui
ldin
g th
e da
m a
gree
to
pay
US$
803
million
to
crea
te p
arks
and
hel
p m
onit
or f
ores
ts a
nd t
o pa
y co
mpe
nsat
ion
to p
eopl
e af
fect
ed b
y th
e da
m (
Sour
ce 3
).
Rea
sons
for
rej
ecti
ng o
ther
opt
ion.
I r
ejec
ted
the
opti
on t
o no
t bu
ild
the
dam
as
alth
ough
pro
test
ers
say
the
dam
co
uld
caus
e se
riou
s da
mag
e to
the
rai
nfor
est
and
the
live
s of
up
to 5
0,00
0 ra
info
rest
res
iden
ts c
ould
be
affe
cted
, So
urce
3 s
ays
the
com
pani
es b
uild
ing
the
dam
agr
ee t
o pa
y U
S$80
3 m
illion
to
crea
te p
arks
and
hel
p m
onit
or f
ores
ts a
nd
to p
ay c
ompe
nsat
ion
to p
eopl
e af
fect
ed b
y th
e da
m.
[2 m
arks
] O
ptio
n 2:
Do
not
build
the
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
The
Gov
ernm
ent
shou
ld n
ot b
uild
the
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
as
prot
este
rs s
ay t
he
prop
osed
dam
wou
ld c
ause
ser
ious
dam
age
to t
he r
ainf
ores
t an
d th
e liv
es o
f up
to
50,
000
rain
fore
st r
esid
ents
cou
ld b
e af
fect
ed (
Sour
ce 1
). In
an o
pini
on p
oll
only
12%
of
rain
fore
st r
esid
ents
agr
eed
and
a la
rge
maj
orit
y of
85%
sai
d th
ey
disa
gree
d w
ith
the
deci
sion
to
build
the
dam
.
[3 m
arks
—ev
iden
ce lin
ked
from
Sou
rce
1 (1
mar
k) w
ith
deta
iled
use
of
evid
ence
fro
m S
ourc
e 2
dem
onst
rati
ng e
valu
ativ
e te
rmin
olog
y (2
mar
ks)]
. Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
A
rgum
ents
to
oppo
se t
he b
uild
ing
of t
he M
elo
Bont
e D
am
• Th
e pr
ojec
t ha
s ra
ised
a s
torm
of
prot
est,
wit
h ju
dges
, H
olly
woo
d ce
lebr
itie
s,
Pag
e 31
envi
ronm
enta
l pre
ssur
e gr
oups
and
loca
l peo
ple
in o
ppos
itio
n (S
ourc
e 1)
. •
In A
pril 2
010,
Ava
tar
dire
ctor
Jam
es C
amer
on a
nd t
wo
mem
bers
of
the
film
’s c
ast,
too
k pa
rt in
prot
ests
. (S
ourc
e 1)
•
Prot
este
rs s
ay t
he p
ropo
sed
dam
wou
ld c
ause
“se
riou
s da
mag
e” t
o th
e ra
info
rest
eco
syst
em,
and
the
live
s of
up
to 5
0,00
0 pe
ople
cou
ld b
e af
fect
ed
as 5
00 s
quar
e ki
lom
etre
s co
uld
be f
lood
ed (
Sour
ce 1
).
• So
me
expe
rts
and
busi
ness
rep
rese
ntat
ives
in t
he e
nerg
y in
dust
ry a
lso
oppo
se
the
dam
. Th
ey s
ay t
he a
ctua
l cos
t w
ill b
e 60
% h
ighe
r th
an it
s U
S$10
.8 b
illio
n bu
dget
and
will
onl
y op
erat
e at
40%
of
its
inst
alle
d ca
paci
ty,
due
to t
he d
rop
in w
ater
in t
he C
eldy
Riv
er d
urin
g th
e dr
y se
ason
(So
urce
1).
•
In a
n op
inio
n po
ll 8
5% o
f ra
info
rest
res
iden
ts d
isag
reed
wit
h th
e G
over
nmen
t’s
deci
sion
to
build
the
Mel
o Bo
nte
Dam
(So
urce
2).
•
Ove
r ha
lf o
f pe
ople
thi
nk t
hat
envi
ronm
enta
l da
mag
e is
the
mai
n pr
iori
ty
faci
ng t
he c
ount
ry.
(Sou
rce
2).
•
62% o
f pe
ople
thi
nk t
he h
ealt
h se
rvic
e is
the
mai
n pr
iori
ty f
acin
g th
e co
untr
y. (
Sour
ce 2
)
• Apr
il 1
2, int
erna
tion
al c
eleb
riti
es a
tten
d pr
otes
ts w
ith
over
500
pro
test
ers
to d
eman
d th
e ca
ncel
lati
on o
f th
e pr
ojec
t to
bui
ld t
he M
elo
Bont
e D
am
(Sou
rce
3).
•
Apr
il 1
5, u
nder
pre
ssur
e fr
om loc
al p
eopl
e an
d ca
mpa
igne
rs,
loca
l po
liti
cian
s ob
tain
a c
ourt
inj
unct
ion
to b
an c
ompa
nies
bid
ding
to
build
the
dam
(So
urce
3).
•
July
2,
Cam
paig
ners
say
the
y w
ill co
ntin
ue p
rote
stin
g de
spit
e th
e co
ntra
ct
bein
g aw
arde
d (S
ourc
e 3)
.
Rea
sons
for
rej
ecti
ng o
ther
opt
ion.
I r
ejec
ted
the
opti
on t
o bu
ild
the
dam
as
ther
e ha
ve b
een
a st
orm
of
prot
ests
fr
om H
olly
woo
d ce
lebr
itie
s an
d en
viro
nmen
tal pr
essu
re g
roup
s an
d or
gani
sati
ons
repr
esen
ting
rai
nfor
est
resi
dent
s. [
1 m
ark
awar
ded
for
use
of o
ne
piec
e of
inf
orm
atio
n fr
om S
ourc
e 1
wit
h no
lin
king
. D
o no
t cr
edit
if
mar
ks
alre
ady
awar
ded
for
this
poi
nt.]
A
ny o
ther
val
id r
easo
n th
at m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Pag
e 32
Sect
ion
3G
ener
al M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
type
of
ques
tion
M
ax
Mar
kSp
ecif
ic M
arki
ng In
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
ques
tion
Part
F
1Aw
ard
up t
o th
ree
mar
ks f
or a
sin
gle
desc
ript
ion,
dep
endi
ng o
n qu
alit
y, lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy a
nd
exem
plif
icat
ion.
At
leas
t tw
o de
scri
ptio
ns a
re n
eces
sary
for
ful
l m
arks
.
Ans
wer
s m
ay f
ocus
on
any
wor
ld iss
ue
and
cand
idat
es w
ill be
exp
ecte
d to
pr
ovid
e ex
ampl
es r
elev
ant
to t
hat
issu
e.
Ans
wer
s w
hich
do
not
mak
e sp
ecif
ic
refe
renc
e to
a r
elev
ant
wor
ld iss
ue
shou
ld b
e aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
2 m
arks
.
4Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
The
Wor
ld B
ank
give
s lo
ans
to c
ount
ries
. [1
mar
k —ac
cura
te b
ut u
ndev
elop
ed p
oint
] The
Afr
ican
Uni
on t
ry t
o he
lp s
top
conf
lict
s be
twee
n co
untr
ies
in A
fric
a by
ho
ldin
g pe
ace
talk
s w
ith
thei
r le
ader
s.
[2 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t]
The
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
has
tri
ed t
o he
lp r
efug
ees
in m
any
poor
are
as in
the
wor
ld.
Rec
entl
y, t
hey
have
bee
n pr
ovid
ing
emer
genc
y m
edic
ines
, sh
elte
rs a
nd c
lean
w
ater
to
peop
le in
the
“Hor
n of
Afr
ica”
as
they
suf
fere
d a
very
ser
ious
dro
ught
. M
any
peop
le w
alke
d hu
ndre
ds o
f m
iles
to r
efug
ee c
amps
jus
t to
get
bas
ic f
ood
and
clea
n w
ater
. [3
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent
and
exem
plif
icat
ion]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
U
nite
d N
atio
ns O
rgan
isat
ion
The
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
res
pond
s to
inte
rnat
iona
l pro
blem
s la
rgel
y th
roug
h it
s “S
peci
alis
ed A
genc
ies”
. U
NIC
EF
• Age
ncy
invo
lved
in
help
ing
mee
t th
e sp
ecif
ic n
eeds
of
childr
en.
• O
ral Reh
ydra
tion
The
rapy
acr
oss
Afr
ica.
•
Cam
paig
n in
sou
ther
n Afr
ica
to p
reve
nt A
IDS
tran
smis
sion
fro
m m
othe
rs t
o ch
ildr
en—
sett
ing
up c
lini
cs,
scho
ol v
isit
s an
d po
ster
/TV c
ampa
igns
. •
Cam
paig
n to
hel
p ch
ild
sold
iers
in
Suda
n—‘d
e-m
ob’
cam
ps.
WH
O
• Age
ncy
invo
lved
in
help
ing
mee
t Afr
ican
hea
lth
need
s.
• Res
earc
h in
to A
fric
a’s
killer
dis
ease
s su
ch a
s AID
S an
d m
alar
ia.
Pag
e 33
• Bu
ildin
g an
d eq
uipp
ing
of c
linic
s ac
ross
Afr
ica
such
as
rece
ntly
in
Con
go.
• Cam
paig
n to
inc
reas
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
blo
od d
onor
s in
Eth
iopi
a. T
his
also
in
clud
es t
rain
ing
and
educ
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es.
• O
ngoi
ng v
acci
nati
on p
rogr
amm
es a
gain
st p
olio
acr
oss
Sub-
Saha
ran
Afr
ica.
•
Don
atio
n of
ICT e
quip
men
t to
Afr
ican
hea
lth
min
istr
ies
to h
elp
coor
dina
te
heal
thca
re a
nd u
se o
f he
alth
res
ourc
es.
• Su
ppor
ting
cha
rity
cam
paig
ns t
o do
nate
old
spe
ctac
les
to A
fric
a.
UN
ESCO
•
Age
ncy
invo
lved
in
help
ing
mee
t Afr
ican
edu
cati
on,
cult
ural
and
sci
ence
ne
eds.
•
Sett
ing
up w
orld
her
itag
e si
tes
to p
rote
ct A
fric
an h
erit
age.
•
Tea
cher
tra
inin
g in
Sub
-Sah
aran
Afr
ica
(TTIS
SA)
cam
paig
n.
• The
LIF
E ca
mpa
ign—
Lite
racy
Init
iati
ve f
or E
mpo
wer
men
t.
• The
sch
ool in
a s
uitc
ase
cam
paig
n. A
ll t
he e
quip
men
t to
run
a c
lass
room
an
ywhe
re,
in o
ne b
ag.
• ED
UCAID
S—ca
mpa
ign
to im
prov
e AID
S ed
ucat
ion
acro
ss A
fric
a.
• Ed
ucat
ion
for
all by
201
5. U
NES
CO
’s m
ajor
cam
paig
n to
try
to
mee
t th
e M
ille
nniu
m D
evel
opm
ent
goal
s.
FAO
•
Age
ncy
mai
nly
conc
erne
d w
ith
the
prod
ucti
on o
f fo
od in
Afr
ica
and
in
help
ing
deve
lop
agri
cult
ural
eff
icie
ncy.
•
Rec
ent
cam
paig
n ag
ains
t hi
gh f
ood
pric
es.
• H
elp
for
smal
l fa
rmer
s to
inc
reas
e pr
oduc
tion
, eg
em
erge
ncy
rice
pr
ogra
mm
e in
wes
t Afr
ica.
•
Cam
paig
ns t
o pr
otec
t vu
lner
able
cro
ps a
gain
st v
irus
and
dis
ease
, eg
ca
ssav
a.
• Cam
paig
ns t
o ed
ucat
e fa
rmer
s on
the
use
of
fert
iliz
ers
and
farm
mac
hine
ry.
• Fu
ndin
g of
res
earc
h in
to G
M s
eeds
and
oth
er “
bio-
agri
cult
ure”
. W
FP
• Pr
epar
e re
port
s w
hich
hel
p N
atio
nal G
over
nmen
ts a
nd N
GO
s un
ders
tand
m
ore
clea
rly
wha
t th
e pr
oble
ms
are
wit
h fo
od s
ecur
ity,
nut
riti
on,
heal
th
and
educ
atio
n w
ithi
n a
coun
try.
•
Red
uce
hung
er a
nd u
nder
-nut
riti
on e
very
whe
re.
Pag
e 34
• Sa
ve liv
es a
nd p
rote
ct liv
elih
oods
in
emer
genc
ies
by g
etti
ng f
ood
to w
here
it
is m
ost
need
ed a
nd q
uick
ly.
The
WFP
doe
s th
is b
y la
unch
ing
appe
als
to t
he
inte
rnat
iona
l co
mm
unit
y fo
r fu
nds
and
food
aid
. •
The
WFP
rel
ies
enti
rely
on
volu
ntar
y co
ntri
buti
ons
to f
inan
ce its
ope
rati
ons.
•
Res
tore
and
reb
uild
liv
es a
fter
em
erge
ncie
s.
The
Secu
rity
Cou
ncil
The
UN
Sec
urit
y Cou
ncil is
a sm
all
body
of
fift
een
mem
ber
stat
es (
Five
pe
rman
ent
mem
bers
and
10
non-
perm
anen
t m
embe
rs,
elec
ted
for
two
year
te
rm).
Am
bass
ador
s fr
om t
he f
ifte
en c
ount
ries
can
mee
t at
sho
rt n
otic
e in
re
spon
se t
o gl
obal
sec
urit
y is
sues
. The
y di
scus
s th
ese
mat
ters
and
can
pas
s re
solu
tion
s w
hich
can
inc
lude
milit
ary
inte
rven
tion
, sa
ncti
ons,
pea
ce k
eepi
ng
mis
sion
s, m
edia
tion
etc
.
NA
TO
• N
ATO
has
tri
ed t
o re
spon
d to
ter
rori
sm (
9/11
att
acks
, Lo
ndon
und
ergr
ound
bo
mbi
ngs,
Mad
rid
bom
bing
s, G
lasg
ow a
irpo
rt a
ttac
k) b
y la
unch
ing
oper
atio
ns in
Afg
hani
stan
and
Ira
q as
par
t of
the
“W
ar o
n Ter
ror”
. Als
o in
volv
emen
t in
Lib
ya.
• N
ATO
’s D
efen
ce A
gain
st T
erro
rism
Pro
gram
me
esta
blis
hed
in 2
004.
NATO
ha
s re
spon
ded
to a
ttem
pts
by c
ount
ries
suc
h as
Ira
n to
bui
ld n
ucle
ar
wea
pons
by
intr
oduc
ing
sanc
tion
s on
tra
de e
tc,
wit
h th
e co
oper
atio
n of
the
U
N S
ecur
ity
Cou
ncil.
The
re h
ave
also
bee
n di
plom
atic
dis
cuss
ions
to
furt
her
redu
ce a
nd p
ossi
bly
elim
inat
e en
tire
cla
sses
of
nucl
ear
wea
pons
. •
NATO
has
an
inte
rnat
iona
l na
val fo
rce
patr
olling
pir
acy
“hot
spot
s”
espe
cial
ly o
ff t
he c
oast
of
nort
h-ea
st A
fric
a.
• D
evel
opin
g ne
w m
issi
le d
efen
ce s
yste
ms
to p
rote
ct N
ATO
cou
ntri
es.
• Cyb
er s
ecur
ity —
A m
ajor
cyb
er-a
ttac
k on
Est
onia
, a
NATO
mem
ber,
in
2007
by
Rus
sian
hac
kers
. Chi
na “
hija
ckin
g” 1
5 pe
r ce
nt o
f th
e w
orld
’s In
tern
et
traf
fic
in 2
010.
Mor
e tr
aini
ng in
cybe
r de
fenc
e fo
r N
ATO
mem
bers
. Be
tter
ea
rly
war
ning
sys
tem
s to
pro
tect
NATO
mem
bers
fro
m c
yber
-att
ack.
W
orld
Ban
k
• The
Wor
ld B
ank
is a
n in
tern
atio
nal fi
nanc
ial in
stit
utio
n th
at p
rovi
des
loan
s to
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s fo
r ca
pita
l pr
ogra
ms.
•
The
Wor
ld B
ank
fund
s pr
ojec
ts a
imed
at
tack
ling
pov
erty
, in
crea
se f
orei
gn
Pag
e 35
inve
stm
ent
in p
oor
coun
trie
s, inc
reas
e in
tern
atio
nal tr
ade
etc.
• H
aiti
was
hel
ped
to r
ebui
ld h
ousi
ng a
nd inf
rast
ruct
ure,
ICT t
rain
ing
has
been
pr
ovid
ed in
man
y Afr
ican
cou
ntri
es,
bank
s in
cou
ntri
es s
uch
as N
epal
hav
e be
en s
uppo
rted
thr
ough
the
wor
ldw
ide
rece
ssio
n.
• Lo
ans
have
bee
n pr
ovid
ed a
cros
s th
e w
orld
to
supp
ort
educ
atio
n, m
edic
ine
and
clea
n w
ater
pro
ject
s.
Euro
pean
Uni
on
• Co-
oper
atio
n be
twee
n m
embe
r st
ates
, eg
Iris
h fi
nanc
ial cr
isis
or
Gre
ek
fina
ncia
l ba
ilou
t. A
ttem
pts
to c
reat
e in
tern
atio
nal ec
onom
ic s
tabi
lity.
•
Reg
iona
l ai
d br
ingi
ng inv
estm
ent
and
jobs
, eg
inf
rast
ruct
ure
into
pla
ces
like
s th
e H
ighl
ands
and
Isl
ands
hel
ping
ine
qual
itie
s ac
ross
the
Uni
on.
Free
dom
of
mov
emen
t al
so h
elps
to
solv
e in
equa
lity
. Reg
iona
l ai
d be
nefi
ts
Euro
pe’s
poo
rer
nati
ons.
•
Att
empt
s th
roug
h th
e CFP
and
CAP
to s
afeg
uard
foo
d su
pplies
and
to
cons
erve
fis
h st
ocks
. •
The
EU
tri
es t
o pr
omot
e pe
ace
and
secu
rity
and
has
bec
ome
invo
lved
in
area
s ou
tsid
e Eu
rope
in
rece
nt y
ear.
In 2
004,
Euf
or t
ook
over
pea
ce k
eepi
ng
in B
osni
a-H
erze
govi
na p
rovi
ding
ove
r 6,
000
troo
ps.
The
Eur
opea
n D
efen
ce
Forc
e (E
DF)
has
als
o be
en inv
olve
d in
the
Dem
ocra
tic
Rep
ublic
of C
ongo
, G
eorg
ia,
Indo
nesi
a, S
udan
and
Pal
esti
ne.
Mos
t re
cent
ly t
he E
U w
as inv
olve
d in
Lib
ya.
• H
uman
itar
ian
aid
is g
iven
(eg
Lib
ya)
in p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith
the
UN
and
oth
er
NG
Os.
It a
ssis
ts r
efug
ees,
tre
ats
the
inju
red,
pre
vent
s hu
man
rig
hts
abus
es
and
mee
ts o
ther
bas
ic n
eeds
. •
The
EU
tri
es t
o cr
eate
job
s an
d pr
ospe
rity
acr
oss
its
mem
ber
stat
es t
hrou
gh
the
Euro
pean
Sin
gle
Cur
renc
y.
A
fric
an U
nion
•
Org
anis
atio
n of
Afr
ican
cou
ntri
es w
hich
aim
s to
pro
mot
e an
d im
prov
e pe
ace
and
secu
rity
, im
prov
e th
e so
cio/
econ
omic
liv
es o
f Afr
ican
s an
d pr
omot
e de
moc
racy
and
hum
an r
ight
s.
• The
AU
has
bee
n ce
ntra
l to
the
fig
ht a
gain
st A
IDS.
The
y ha
ve s
uppo
rted
ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
mes
as
wel
l as
fun
ding
tre
atm
ent
cent
res
and
trai
ning
sp
ecia
list
sta
ff.
• The
AU
tri
ed t
o he
lp n
egot
iate
a p
eace
ful se
ttle
men
t to
the
Lib
yan
civi
l w
ar
Pag
e 36
in 2
011.
The
AU
has
bee
n in
volv
ed in
“con
flic
t re
solu
tion
” du
ring
sev
eral
Afr
ican
war
s.
• AU
tro
ops
have
bee
n ac
tive
as
peac
ekee
pers
and
as
com
bata
nts
in S
omal
ia,
figh
ting
aga
inst
al-
Shab
ab.
• The
AU
has
cap
ture
d, d
etai
ned
and
trie
d su
spec
ted
war
cri
min
als
from
va
riou
s Afr
ican
con
flic
ts.
Char
itie
s an
d ot
her
NG
Os
• Ex
pect
ref
eren
ce t
o ch
arit
ies
such
as
Oxf
am,
Save
the
Chi
ldre
n, T
he R
ed
Cro
ss e
tc.
• M
edic
al a
id,
nurs
es,
doct
ors,
med
icin
es.
• Fo
od a
id,
prov
ided
dur
ing
tim
es o
f cr
isis
suc
h as
dro
ught
or
civi
l w
ar.
• Em
erge
ncy
relief
dur
ing
refu
gee
cris
is,
eg f
ood,
cle
an w
ater
, va
ccin
atio
ns,
shel
ter,
oth
er m
edic
al t
reat
men
ts.
A
ny o
ther
val
id p
oint
tha
t m
eets
the
cri
teri
a de
scri
bed
in t
he g
ener
al
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft)
Part
F
2Aw
ard
up t
o fo
ur m
arks
for
a s
ingl
e ex
plan
atio
n, d
epen
ding
on
qual
ity,
lev
el
of d
etai
l, r
elev
ance
, ac
cura
cy,
exem
plif
icat
ion
and
answ
ers
whi
ch s
how
th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
var
ious
fac
tors
.
Ans
wer
s m
ay f
ocus
on
any
wor
ld iss
ue
and
cand
idat
es w
ill be
exp
ecte
d to
pr
ovid
e ex
ampl
es r
elev
ant
to t
hat
issu
e.
Ans
wer
s w
hich
do
not
mak
e sp
ecif
ic
refe
renc
e to
a r
elev
ant
wor
ld iss
ue
shou
ld b
e aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
.
6Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
6 m
arks
.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
Pove
rty
has
caus
ed a
lot
of
ille
gal im
mig
rati
on.
[1 m
ark —
accu
rate
but
und
evel
oped
poi
nt]
Man
y pe
ople
hav
e be
en f
orce
d to
lea
ve t
heir
hom
es a
nd b
ecom
e re
fuge
es in
Afr
ica,
due
to
a se
riou
s fa
min
e an
d ci
vil w
ar.
[2 m
arks
—ac
cura
te p
oint
wit
h de
velo
pmen
t]
Man
y sh
ips
have
bee
n hi
jack
ed b
y pi
rate
s in
the
Indi
an O
cean
. M
any
of t
hese
pi
rate
s ha
ve c
ome
from
Som
alia
whe
re t
here
is
no r
eal go
vern
men
t an
d pe
ople
ar
e de
sper
atel
y po
or.
Tou
rist
yac
hts
are
seen
as
an e
asy
targ
et a
nd s
ever
al
Brit
ish
tour
ists
hav
e be
en k
idna
pped
and
hel
d fo
r ra
nsom
. [3
mar
ks—
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent
and
exem
plif
icat
ion]
Pag
e 37
Ter
rori
sm is
a m
ajor
pro
blem
, ca
used
by
feel
ings
of
inju
stic
e am
ong
som
e gr
oups
. In
the
las
t te
n ye
ars
som
e ex
trem
ists
hav
e be
com
e so
ang
ry a
t th
e U
SA’s
dom
inat
ion
of t
he w
orld
tha
t th
ey h
ave
targ
eted
the
ir b
uild
ings
and
ci
tize
ns.
Sev
eral
US
offi
cial
s w
ere
rece
ntly
kille
d in
Lib
ya.
Al Q
aeda
is
an
orga
nisa
tion
tha
t ha
s vo
wed
to
atta
ck t
he U
SA a
nd its
allie
s (s
uch
as t
he U
K) a
s th
ey c
laim
the
y ar
e “a
nti-
Mus
lim
”.
Oth
er t
erro
rist
org
anis
atio
ns e
xist
, in
clud
ing
extr
emis
ts in
Nor
ther
n Ir
elan
d w
ho s
till o
ppos
e Br
itis
h go
vern
men
t in
U
lste
r.
[4 m
arks
—re
leva
nt,
accu
rate
poi
nt w
ith
deve
lopm
ent,
ana
lysi
s an
d ex
empl
ific
atio
n]
Cre
dit
refe
renc
e to
asp
ects
of
the
follow
ing:
Po
vert
y •
war
•
unfa
ir t
rade
•
poor
edu
cati
on
• po
or h
ealt
h •
lack
of
fore
ign
inve
stm
ent
• fe
w n
atur
al e
cono
mic
res
ourc
es
War
•
land
dis
pute
•
religi
ous
disp
ute
• id
eolo
gica
l di
sput
es
• hi
stor
ical
dis
pute
s •
expa
nsio
n am
biti
ons
of g
over
nmen
ts
Pira
cy
• po
vert
y •
brea
k do
wn
of law
and
ord
er in
cert
ain
part
s of
Afr
ica
Pag
e 38
Dis
ease
(H
IV /
AID
S is
like
ly b
ut n
ot t
he o
nly
acce
ptab
le c
onte
xt)
• po
or h
ealt
h ed
ucat
ion
• tr
adit
iona
l co
mm
unit
ies
susp
icio
us o
f m
oder
n m
edic
al p
ract
ices
•
litt
le a
vailab
ilit
y of
dru
gs/t
reat
men
ts/t
rain
ed s
taff
•
poor
die
t •
poor
hou
sing
•
poor
san
itat
ion
A
ny o
ther
rel
evan
t fa
ctua
l key
poi
nt o
f kn
owle
dge
that
mee
ts t
he c
rite
ria
desc
ribe
d in
the
gen
eral
mar
king
inst
ruct
ions
for
thi
s ki
nd o
f qu
esti
on (
see
colu
mn
to le
ft).
Part
F
3The
can
dida
te is
requ
ired
to
eval
uate
a
lim
ited
ran
ge o
f so
urce
s, in
orde
r to
m
ake
and
just
ify
a de
cisi
on/r
ecom
men
dati
on.
The
ca
ndid
ate
mus
t al
so e
xpla
in w
hy t
hey
have
rej
ecte
d th
e ot
her
opti
on.
In
ord
er t
o ac
hiev
e fu
ll m
arks
ca
ndid
ates
mus
t sa
y w
hy t
hey
did
not
choo
se t
he o
ther
opt
ion.
An
answ
er
whi
ch d
eals
wit
h on
ly o
ne o
ptio
n sh
ould
be
aw
arde
d a
max
imum
of
8 m
arks
.
10Can
dida
tes
can
be c
redi
ted
in a
num
ber
of w
ays
up t
o a
max
imum
of
10
mar
ks.
Poss
ible
app
roac
hes
to a
nsw
erin
g th
e qu
esti
on:
For
opti
on 1
: Co
untr
y A
Cou
ntry
A s
houl
d be
allow
ed t
o jo
in t
he E
U a
s m
any
drug
dea
lers
hav
e be
en
sent
to
pris
on.
[1 m
ark —
one
piec
e of
evi
denc
e fr
om o
ne s
ourc
e]
I rej
ecte
d th
e se
cond
opt
ion
(allow
ing
coun
try
B to
joi
n) a
s ov
er o
ne t
hird
(36
%)
of its
pop
ulat
ion
still w
ork
in a
gric
ultu
re.
Thi
s is
nin
e ti
mes
the
lev
el in
the
EU
(4%)
whi
ch w
ould
not
allow
the
EU
to
redu
ce its
hug
e ex
pend
itur
e on
ag
ricu
ltur
e w
hich
sta
nds
at a
lmos
t ha
lf o
f th
e en
tire
bud
get
(48%
). M
any
of t
he
EU m
embe
rs s
ee a
dro
p in
thi
s 48
% a
s es
sent
ial.
[3
mar
ks—
accu
rate
inf
orm
atio
n fr
om t
wo
sour
ces
wit
h so
me
eval
uati
ve
com
men
t]
• Cou
ntry
A’s
pol
ice
have
don
e w
ell in
cla
mpi
ng d
own
on d
rug
traf
fick
ing.
Acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e EU
opi
nion
sur
vey,
88%
of
Euro
pean
s sa
w t
his
as f
airl
y im
port
ant
or v
ery
impo
rtan
t.
Pag
e 39
• 88
% o
f re
spon
dent
s in
the
sur
vey
also
saw
a g
ood
hum
an r
ight
s re
cord
as
fair
ly o
r ve
ry im
port
ant.
Cou
ntry
A w
ould
mee
t th
e cr
iter
ia f
or t
he E
CH
R.
• U
nive
rsit
y en
tran
ts in
Cou
ntry
A h
ave
been
gro
win
g in
num
ber
and
are
gett
ing
clos
e to
the
EU
ave
rage
of
51%.
The
EU
’s e
cono
my
need
s m
ore
univ
ersi
ty g
radu
ates
. A
gain
st o
ptio
n 1:
Cou
ntry
A
• Se
vera
l m
embe
r st
ates
hav
e be
com
e co
ncer
ned
abou
t th
e nu
mbe
r of
poo
r co
untr
ies
who
are
app
lyin
g to
joi
n th
e EU
. C
ount
ry A
’s a
vera
ge inc
ome
(11,
200)
is
less
tha
n ha
lf o
f th
e EU
ave
rage
(23
,100
).
• The
EU
tak
es g
ood
care
of
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s, lik
e ch
ildr
en.
Cou
ntry
A
wou
ld s
trug
gle
to m
eet
thes
e st
anda
rds
as s
how
n in
a r
ecen
t U
NIC
EF
inve
stig
atio
n, w
hich
cri
tici
zed
it f
or “
terr
ible
con
diti
ons”
. Fo
r op
tion
2:
Coun
try
B Cou
ntry
B s
houl
d be
allow
ed t
o jo
in t
he E
U a
s it
pro
duce
s 32
million
bar
rels
of
oil an
d th
e EU
doe
sn’t
wan
t to
rel
y on
Rus
sia.
[2
mar
ks—
evid
ence
lin
ked
from
Sou
rce
1 an
d So
urce
2]
I rej
ecte
d co
untr
y A a
s it
s av
erag
e in
com
e is
€11
,200
. In
the
EU
it
is €
23,1
00.
[2 m
arks
aw
arde
d fo
r us
e of
tw
o pi
eces
of
evid
ence
fro
m d
iffe
rent
sou
rces
. D
o no
t cr
edit
if
mar
ks a
lrea
dy a
war
ded
for
this
poi
nt in
just
ific
atio
n of
cho
ice.
] •
Cou
ntry
B is
self
-suf
fici
ent
in o
il a
nd is
alre
ady
prod
ucin
g 19
mill
ion
barr
els
per
day
mor
e th
an it
uses
. E
U d
epen
denc
e on
Rus
sia
wou
ld b
e re
duce
d.
Thi
s w
ould
be
good
as
man
y w
ould
lik
e to
adm
it c
ount
ries
wit
h oi
l re
serv
es.
• 10
0% in
the
surv
ey s
aid
that
low
une
mpl
oym
ent
was
fai
rly
impo
rtan
t or
ver
y im
port
ant.
The
gra
ph s
how
s th
at C
ount
ry B
’s u
nem
ploy
men
t ra
te is
cons
iste
ntly
les
s th
an t
he E
U a
vera
ge.
• Cou
ntry
B h
as b
een
prai
sed
for
redu
cing
illit
erac
y ra
tes
to b
elow
10%
. T
his
is c
omin
g cl
ose
to t
he lev
els
achi
eved
by
scho
ols
in t
he E
U.
Pag
e 40
Aga
inst
opt
ion
2: C
ount
ry B
• Cou
ntry
B h
as a
hug
e ag
ricu
ltur
al ind
ustr
y.
Ove
r on
e th
ird
of w
orke
rs a
re
empl
oyed
in
this
sec
tor.
Thi
s w
ould
mak
e it
dif
ficu
lt t
o re
duce
the
EU
’s
agri
cult
ure
budg
et,
whi
ch t
he m
embe
r st
ates
see
as
nece
ssar
y.
• Cou
ntry
B h
as p
oor
heal
th c
are.
Li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y is
tw
enty
yea
rs b
elow
the
EU
ave
rage
and
inf
ant
mor
tality
rat
e is
mor
e th
an d
oubl
e.
Any
oth
er v
alid
rea
son
that
mee
ts t
he c
rite
ria
desc
ribe
d in
the
gen
eral
m
arki
ng in
stru
ctio
ns f
or t
his
kind
of
ques
tion
(se
e co
lum
n to
left
).
[EN
D O
F SP
ECIM
EN M
ARK
ING
INST
RUCT
ION
S]
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