muscular control of movement. review of anatomy types of muscles –smooth: blood vessels and organs...
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Review of AnatomyReview of Anatomy
Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles
– Smooth: blood vessels and Smooth: blood vessels and organsorgans
– Cardiac: heartCardiac: heart
– Skeletal: muscles Skeletal: muscles
for movementfor movement
Review of AnatomyReview of Anatomy
Skeletal Skeletal MuscleMuscle
– 600 Skeletal 600 Skeletal MusclesMuscles
– Voluntary Voluntary MovementMovement
– Origin / Origin / InsertionInsertion
– 75% H2O, 75% H2O, 20% Prot.20% Prot.
The Structure of The Structure of Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
EpimysiumEpimysium– Covers the entire muscleCovers the entire muscle
PerimysiumPerimysium– Covers the FasciculiCovers the Fasciculi
EndomysiumEndomysium– Covers the muscle fiberCovers the muscle fiber
SarcoplasmSarcoplasm– Surrounds the myofibrilSurrounds the myofibril
The Structure of a The Structure of a Muscle CellMuscle Cell
SarcoplasmSarcoplasm– Transverse TubulesTransverse Tubules– Sarcoplasmic ReticulumSarcoplasmic Reticulum
MyofibrilMyofibril– SarcomereSarcomere
Myosin (heads)Myosin (heads)
Actin (tropomyosin, troponin)Actin (tropomyosin, troponin)
The Sliding Filament The Sliding Filament TheoryTheory
Motor nerve impulseMotor nerve impulse– motor nerve releases ACh to motor nerve releases ACh to
sarcolemmasarcolemma
Depolorization causes chain Depolorization causes chain reactionreaction– sarcoplasmic reticulum releases sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
calciumcalcium– calcium binds with troponin calcium binds with troponin – troponin lifts tropomyosintroponin lifts tropomyosin– myosin heads bind with actin (cross myosin heads bind with actin (cross
bridge)bridge)
Power Stroke: is the tilting of the Power Stroke: is the tilting of the myosin head myosin head
The Sliding Filament The Sliding Filament TheoryTheory
Energy is required for muscle Energy is required for muscle actionaction– the myosin head binds to ATP, and ATPase the myosin head binds to ATP, and ATPase
found on the head splits ATP into ADP and P, found on the head splits ATP into ADP and P, releasing energy for muscle contraction.releasing energy for muscle contraction.
Calcium releases for muscle Calcium releases for muscle relaxationrelaxation– calcium is pumped out of the sarcoplasm and calcium is pumped out of the sarcoplasm and
back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage, which requires ATP.storage, which requires ATP.
Slow Twitch vs Fast Slow Twitch vs Fast TwitchTwitch
SToSTo
slow ATPaseslow ATPase
small SRsmall SR
small motor small motor neuronneuron
less fibers per less fibers per unitunit
aerobic aerobic enduranceendurance
red color - red color - capillariescapillaries
B oxidation B oxidation enzymesenzymes
FTa, FTb, FTcFTa, FTb, FTc
fast ATPasefast ATPase
large SRlarge SR
large motor large motor neuronneuron
more fibers per more fibers per unitunit
anaerobic anaerobic powerpower
pink or white in pink or white in colorcolor
glycolytic glycolytic enzymesenzymes
Muscle Fiber Muscle Fiber RecruitmentRecruitment
Motor units: Motor units: consists of a single motor consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers is supplies.neuron and all of the muscle fibers is supplies.
All-or-None Response: All-or-None Response:
Gradation of recruitmentGradation of recruitment– force production: force production: is due to the number is due to the number
of fibers recruited, not the force generated by of fibers recruited, not the force generated by each fibereach fiber
– conditioning response: conditioning response: training training effects the coordination and recruitment of effects the coordination and recruitment of muscles for specific activitiesmuscles for specific activities
FTb & FTc fibers aren’t easily FTb & FTc fibers aren’t easily recruitedrecruited
Generation of ForceGeneration of Force
number of number of motor unitmotor unit
types of motor types of motor unitsunits
size of the size of the musclemuscle
muscles initial muscles initial lengthlength
angle of the angle of the jointjoint
muscle’s speedmuscle’s speed
stretch reflexstretch reflex
Use of MusclesUse of Muscles
Types of Types of MovementMovement
– agonistsagonists
– antagonistsantagonists
– synergistssynergists
Types of Types of ContractionContraction
– concentricconcentric
– staticstatic
– eccentriceccentric
Requirements For Requirements For Large Muscle Large Muscle DevelopmentDevelopment
Proper NutritionProper Nutrition– 65% CHO, 20% Fat, 15% 65% CHO, 20% Fat, 15%
ProteinProtein
Resistance TrainingResistance Training
GeneticsGenetics
Hormonal Secretion LevelsHormonal Secretion Levels– testosteronetestosterone– androgensandrogens
ACSM Strength ACSM Strength GuidelinesGuidelines
FFrequency = 2-3 days/weekrequency = 2-3 days/week
IIntensity ntensity – 85% of max for strength85% of max for strength– 75% of max for muscular power + 75% of max for muscular power +
(method)(method)– 50% - 65% of max for muscular 50% - 65% of max for muscular
enduranceendurance
TTime = ime = – 30 - 90 sec. per set / 8 - 12 reps 30 - 90 sec. per set / 8 - 12 reps
per setper set– work to rest ratio 1:4work to rest ratio 1:4
SSpecificity = resistance typepecificity = resistance type
Strength Training MythsStrength Training Myths
Strength training will cause “muscle Strength training will cause “muscle boundness”boundness”
Women who strength train will Women who strength train will become masculinizedbecome masculinized
Strength training reduces speedStrength training reduces speed
““No pain - No gain”No pain - No gain”
It takes hours of daily training to gain It takes hours of daily training to gain muscle massmuscle mass
Food supplements will speed up Food supplements will speed up muscle developmentmuscle development
Anabolic steroids are safe and Anabolic steroids are safe and effectiveeffective
Amino Acids are safe and effective Amino Acids are safe and effective
Types of TrainingTypes of Training
IsometricIsometric
IsotonicIsotonic
IsokineticIsokinetic
PlyometricsPlyometrics
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