muhammad ali his rise and internal reforms. essential question assess the impact of muhammed ali on...
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Muhammad AliHis Rise and Internal Reforms
Essential Question
• Assess the impact of Muhammed Ali on Egypt in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Mamluks and Egypt before Muhammad Ali
Egypt before Muhammad Ali
• Ottomans control Egypt• Ottomans use Mamluks as the local rulers to control Egypt• Mamluks are a social class that had risen to control
• Political anarchy
"We are all pillagers; you pillage, and [he] pillages, and I pillage too." (One Mamluk to another, Jabarti)
• Economic activity • Egypt begins to export raw materials to/import finished products from Europe
• Sufi ṭarīqas flourish
• ‘Ulamā’ flourish• Mediate between rulers and people• Considerable land in awqāf
His Background and Rise
• Originally from Balkan Region – ethnically Albanian, born in Kavala – Near Greece
• Was promoted to military after serving as tax collector
• Served as Second Commander of the Kavala Regiment of the Ottoman Empire under his Cousin.
Reasons for Muhammad in Egypt
• French invade Egypt in 1798• Napoleon lands troops in Alexandria
• Begins a war against the Mamluks
• Disrupts balance of power in Egypt
• Ottomans land on Nile Delta in 1801 to repel the French
Success in Egypt
• Muhammad Ali worked with local tribes of Egyptians while campaigning against French
• Napoleon left in 1801, French expelled by 1802
• Mamluks wounded by not vanquished• Power struggle existed between Mamluks, Ottomans, and
Muhammad Ali’s Army
Consolidation of Power
• Muhammad Ali allied with local leaders to gain support of the public• Albanians forced Ottoman governor out in 1803
• Islamic Scholars demanded the Ottoman government appoint Muhammad Ali the Pasha - 1805• This began Muhammad Ali’s seizure of power in Egypt
• Sultan Selim III was unable to oppose because of Muhammad Ali’s popular support
End of the Mamluks
• After a temporary alliance with Mamluks to get rid of Ottomans,• Ali was focused on removing the leaders of Mamluks, then their
followers
• Ali invited the leadership to a celebration of an Arabian invasion, which they accepted in 1811• His troops assassinated all the leaders
• After their demise, Muhammad Ali sent his troops through Egypt to quash the rest of the Mamluks
Assassination of the Mamluks
Ali’s Goals and Reforms
• Muhammad Ali recognized the demise of the Ottomans:• “I am well aware that the (Ottoman) Empire is heading by the day
toward destruction…On its ruins I will build a vast kingdom… up to the Euphrates and the Tigris’’
• Ali’s conquest of Mamluks and exile of former allies gave him total control over reforming Egypt• Prevented British invasion in _______________________________
• Establish a European style country be reforming all aspects of society:• ______________________________________________________
Gaining Control and Agricultural Control
• Institutes high taxes on land owning elite• Failure to pay would result in state control of farms• ____________________________________• 1813: sharing of common land (changed the state of the fellaheen in
Egypt)
• Muhammad Ali established a virtual monopoly on land• ___________________________________• Took control of new product – bought from producers• Sold to European to manufacture - Bought back from Europeans• Sold to public
• ________________________________________________, which resulted in greater support of Muhammad Ali
Education Reforms
• Educational system was founded in 1821 – SEPARATE FROM RELIGIOUS EDUCATION• Offered scholarships for students to go
_________________________• Used to create people he needed for military (Veterinarians,
doctors, engineers)• Established Language schools
___________________________________
• Focused on Tertiary education first• Ulema (Islamic Scholars) not prepared for “Western” subjects –
math, science, language
• To build a native Egyptian workforce and military, needed to educate the secondary and primary students• Took effort to educate all people in his country, especially girls • Established many schools particularly in rural areas
Politics
• Muhammad Ali was the viceroy/ pasha of Egypt from 1805-1848
• He wanted to create an independent, sovereign Egypt politically and economically
• Divided Egypt into 10 provinces and collected taxes from them
Political Reforms
• Muhammad Ali desired a professional bureaucracy
• He reorganized the administrative structure of the government• Created a professional governmental organization• Appointed sons to positions of power
• Worked to modernize Egypt
Social Structure
• Religious leaders acted as intermediaries/ buffers between the public and administration• Intermediaries would take money or authority for
services
• In times of crisis, intermediaries would usurp the central government• Guilds had tax-collecting elders
• Village shaikh was power booker, money lender, and landlord
Social Reforms
• Confiscated _______________________________
• 1808, he started confiscating private lands of individuals and gave them pensions• Landholders now collecting from
_________________________
• Reform programs were aimed at creating a modern Egyptian society
• European educations created social mobility for Egyptians• Primary recipients were
__________________________________
Economic Reforms
• By reorganizing the administrative structure of the government, Muhammad Ali guaranteed strict control of the economy
• Created state monopolies over chief products - 1809• ____________________________
• Encouraged overland transit of goods ________________________________________________• Early 1820’s – this practice resumed
Industrial Reforms
• He tried constructing a modern industrial system to process raw materials• 1809 – _______________________________• Shipbuilding and construction in ___________________ in
1809
• 1815 - Factories weaving silk and cotton
• __________________________ used to manage factories• Foreign infrastructure (machines) imported to promote
industrialization
• Created factories to manufacture military goods• 1815 - _________________________________ begin
production in Cairo
Industrial Reforms Cont’d
• Monopolized all industry• Forced __________________________ on foreign imports• Merchants worked for government or went broke• _____________________ trained to work in factories• 1825 – Total exports valued at ~$10.6 million• Imports only ~$5 million
• 1819 Started building a new canal, called Mahmudiya• This made travel safer and trading more efficient• Between _______________________________• Named after Sultan Mahmut II
Military Reforms
• Military campaigns forced need for more troops• Needed troops loyal only to Muhammad Ali and his sons
• 1820 – _____________ – Peasants mandated to unpaid work and military conscription• Used to complete canals, provide troops for Sudan and Greece• _____________________specifically during late 1820’s
following losses in Greece
• French were used to train and modernize Egyptian Army• Also assisting in modernization of industry
• Military leaders training in Europe since _________________
Military Reforms
• Establishment of Training grounds throughout Egypt following Arabian Campaign• ________________________________ led Aswan camp
• Patterned after French Army• Bought and built artillery• Built ________________________________ schools to train
troops
• 1826 - ______________________________to train military and government officials• French regulations translated into _______________
Failure of Reforms
• Muhammad Ali was unable to sever ties with Ottoman Sultanate
• ________________________________________due to Egypt’s lack of power sources and a skilled working class
• Agricultural sector declined due to _____________________________ and ____________________
• _____________________________increased because of military campaigns
ESTABLISHING CONTROL OVER MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
Muhammad Ali Controls the Middle East
• _______________________in 1808 – Muhammad Ali fends them off
• ________________________to prevent the Wahhabi Rebellion – 1811• Celebration was the end of Mamluk Leaders in Egypt• Tusun, at the time eldest son of Muhammad Ali, led the invasion.• Controlled _______________________________• By 1813, was planning to take Diriyah – the capital of the Wahhabi
rebellion - 1815 – a treaty is signed with Ibn Saud’s son Abdullah I• 1816 – Muhammad Ali ____________________________to finish the
campaign• Long and arduous marches – Diriyah Captured by 1818
• Muhammad Ali controlled ________________________, and had designs to complete his empire.
Muhammad Ali Controls Libya and Sudan
• 1820 – Muhammad Ali decides to conquer __________________• February 1820 – captured Siwa in the _______________________
• July 1820 – Ismail (youngest son) leads troops south• Ismail meets with quick progress• Muhammad Ali also dispatches _________________________• ____________________________ by a Sudanese King in 1822 • Mohammad Bey leads the rest the expedition • By 1825, Controls most of ______________________and
_____________ through the Sudan down to Massawa on the Red Sea
EGYPTIAN EXPEDITION IN GREECE
Muhammad Ali Sends his troops to Greece
• Greek Rebellion – Asked by Sultan in intervene• ___________________________ by 1824• ___________________________(already controls the Hejaz)• In return for his participation in _________________________
• Invades Pelopon nesus in 1825 – controls ________________
• Battle of ________________- 1827• Rejection of the Treaty of London led to Naval Battle• Muhammad Ali’s navy _____________________
• British ships appear off __________________ and “convince” Muhammad Ali to withdraw troops from Greece• French landed troops in 1828 – ______________________________
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