Muhammad AliHis Rise and Internal Reforms

Essential Question

• Assess the impact of Muhammed Ali on Egypt in the first half of the nineteenth century.

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Mamluks and Egypt before Muhammad Ali

Egypt before Muhammad Ali

• Ottomans control Egypt• Ottomans use Mamluks as the local rulers to control Egypt• Mamluks are a social class that had risen to control

• Political anarchy

"We are all pillagers; you pillage, and [he] pillages, and I pillage too." (One Mamluk to another, Jabarti)

• Economic activity • Egypt begins to export raw materials to/import finished products from Europe

• Sufi ṭarīqas flourish

• ‘Ulamā’ flourish• Mediate between rulers and people• Considerable land in awqāf

His Background and Rise

• Originally from Balkan Region – ethnically Albanian, born in Kavala – Near Greece

• Was promoted to military after serving as tax collector

• Served as Second Commander of the Kavala Regiment of the Ottoman Empire under his Cousin.

Reasons for Muhammad in Egypt

• French invade Egypt in 1798• Napoleon lands troops in Alexandria

• Begins a war against the Mamluks

• Disrupts balance of power in Egypt

• Ottomans land on Nile Delta in 1801 to repel the French

Success in Egypt

• Muhammad Ali worked with local tribes of Egyptians while campaigning against French

• Napoleon left in 1801, French expelled by 1802

• Mamluks wounded by not vanquished• Power struggle existed between Mamluks, Ottomans, and

Muhammad Ali’s Army

Consolidation of Power

• Muhammad Ali allied with local leaders to gain support of the public• Albanians forced Ottoman governor out in 1803

• Islamic Scholars demanded the Ottoman government appoint Muhammad Ali the Pasha - 1805• This began Muhammad Ali’s seizure of power in Egypt

• Sultan Selim III was unable to oppose because of Muhammad Ali’s popular support

End of the Mamluks

• After a temporary alliance with Mamluks to get rid of Ottomans,• Ali was focused on removing the leaders of Mamluks, then their

followers

• Ali invited the leadership to a celebration of an Arabian invasion, which they accepted in 1811• His troops assassinated all the leaders

• After their demise, Muhammad Ali sent his troops through Egypt to quash the rest of the Mamluks

Assassination of the Mamluks

Ali’s Goals and Reforms

• Muhammad Ali recognized the demise of the Ottomans:• “I am well aware that the (Ottoman) Empire is heading by the day

toward destruction…On its ruins I will build a vast kingdom… up to the Euphrates and the Tigris’’

• Ali’s conquest of Mamluks and exile of former allies gave him total control over reforming Egypt• Prevented British invasion in _______________________________

• Establish a European style country be reforming all aspects of society:• ______________________________________________________

Gaining Control and Agricultural Control

• Institutes high taxes on land owning elite• Failure to pay would result in state control of farms• ____________________________________• 1813: sharing of common land (changed the state of the fellaheen in

Egypt)

• Muhammad Ali established a virtual monopoly on land• ___________________________________• Took control of new product – bought from producers• Sold to European to manufacture - Bought back from Europeans• Sold to public

• ________________________________________________, which resulted in greater support of Muhammad Ali

Education Reforms

• Educational system was founded in 1821 – SEPARATE FROM RELIGIOUS EDUCATION• Offered scholarships for students to go

_________________________• Used to create people he needed for military (Veterinarians,

doctors, engineers)• Established Language schools

___________________________________

• Focused on Tertiary education first• Ulema (Islamic Scholars) not prepared for “Western” subjects –

math, science, language

• To build a native Egyptian workforce and military, needed to educate the secondary and primary students• Took effort to educate all people in his country, especially girls • Established many schools particularly in rural areas

Politics

• Muhammad Ali was the viceroy/ pasha of Egypt from 1805-1848

• He wanted to create an independent, sovereign Egypt politically and economically

• Divided Egypt into 10 provinces and collected taxes from them

Political Reforms

• Muhammad Ali desired a professional bureaucracy

• He reorganized the administrative structure of the government• Created a professional governmental organization• Appointed sons to positions of power

• Worked to modernize Egypt

Social Structure

• Religious leaders acted as intermediaries/ buffers between the public and administration• Intermediaries would take money or authority for

services

• In times of crisis, intermediaries would usurp the central government• Guilds had tax-collecting elders

• Village shaikh was power booker, money lender, and landlord

Social Reforms

• Confiscated _______________________________

• 1808, he started confiscating private lands of individuals and gave them pensions• Landholders now collecting from

_________________________

• Reform programs were aimed at creating a modern Egyptian society

• European educations created social mobility for Egyptians• Primary recipients were

__________________________________

Economic Reforms

• By reorganizing the administrative structure of the government, Muhammad Ali guaranteed strict control of the economy

• Created state monopolies over chief products - 1809• ____________________________

• Encouraged overland transit of goods ________________________________________________• Early 1820’s – this practice resumed

Industrial Reforms

• He tried constructing a modern industrial system to process raw materials• 1809 – _______________________________• Shipbuilding and construction in ___________________ in

1809

• 1815 - Factories weaving silk and cotton

• __________________________ used to manage factories• Foreign infrastructure (machines) imported to promote

industrialization

• Created factories to manufacture military goods• 1815 - _________________________________ begin

production in Cairo

Industrial Reforms Cont’d

• Monopolized all industry• Forced __________________________ on foreign imports• Merchants worked for government or went broke• _____________________ trained to work in factories• 1825 – Total exports valued at ~$10.6 million• Imports only ~$5 million

• 1819 Started building a new canal, called Mahmudiya• This made travel safer and trading more efficient• Between _______________________________• Named after Sultan Mahmut II

Military Reforms

• Military campaigns forced need for more troops• Needed troops loyal only to Muhammad Ali and his sons

• 1820 – _____________ – Peasants mandated to unpaid work and military conscription• Used to complete canals, provide troops for Sudan and Greece• _____________________specifically during late 1820’s

following losses in Greece

• French were used to train and modernize Egyptian Army• Also assisting in modernization of industry

• Military leaders training in Europe since _________________

Military Reforms

• Establishment of Training grounds throughout Egypt following Arabian Campaign• ________________________________ led Aswan camp

• Patterned after French Army• Bought and built artillery• Built ________________________________ schools to train

troops

• 1826 - ______________________________to train military and government officials• French regulations translated into _______________

Failure of Reforms

• Muhammad Ali was unable to sever ties with Ottoman Sultanate

• ________________________________________due to Egypt’s lack of power sources and a skilled working class

• Agricultural sector declined due to _____________________________ and ____________________

• _____________________________increased because of military campaigns

ESTABLISHING CONTROL OVER MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

Muhammad Ali Controls the Middle East

• _______________________in 1808 – Muhammad Ali fends them off

• ________________________to prevent the Wahhabi Rebellion – 1811• Celebration was the end of Mamluk Leaders in Egypt• Tusun, at the time eldest son of Muhammad Ali, led the invasion.• Controlled _______________________________• By 1813, was planning to take Diriyah – the capital of the Wahhabi

rebellion - 1815 – a treaty is signed with Ibn Saud’s son Abdullah I• 1816 – Muhammad Ali ____________________________to finish the

campaign• Long and arduous marches – Diriyah Captured by 1818

• Muhammad Ali controlled ________________________, and had designs to complete his empire.

Muhammad Ali Controls Libya and Sudan

• 1820 – Muhammad Ali decides to conquer __________________• February 1820 – captured Siwa in the _______________________

• July 1820 – Ismail (youngest son) leads troops south• Ismail meets with quick progress• Muhammad Ali also dispatches _________________________• ____________________________ by a Sudanese King in 1822 • Mohammad Bey leads the rest the expedition • By 1825, Controls most of ______________________and

_____________ through the Sudan down to Massawa on the Red Sea

EGYPTIAN EXPEDITION IN GREECE

Muhammad Ali Sends his troops to Greece

• Greek Rebellion – Asked by Sultan in intervene• ___________________________ by 1824• ___________________________(already controls the Hejaz)• In return for his participation in _________________________

• Invades Pelopon nesus in 1825 – controls ________________

• Battle of ________________- 1827• Rejection of the Treaty of London led to Naval Battle• Muhammad Ali’s navy _____________________

• British ships appear off __________________ and “convince” Muhammad Ali to withdraw troops from Greece• French landed troops in 1828 – ______________________________