minerals. a mineral is… 1. naturally occurring – made by nature – not by man question: what...
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Minerals
A Mineral is…
1. Naturally Occurring – made by nature – not by man
Question: What are the 5 characteristics that all minerals share?
A Mineral is…
2. Inorganic - not alive, never was alive, not made from a living process
Question: What are the 5 characteristics that all minerals share?
A Mineral is…
3. Solid – not a liquid or a gas
Question: What are the 5 characteristics that all minerals share?
A Mineral is…
4. Unique Chemical Composition – every mineral is different
Question: What are the 5 characteristics that all minerals share?
A Mineral is…
5. Crystalline Structure – atoms repeat in patterns
Question: What are the 5 characteristics that all minerals share?
Basics of Crystals• Crystals are defined by the number of sides
(faces) and the angles of these sides (geometry)
• What are the 6 crystal shapes?
1. Cubic
• cubic – all sides are square
2. Tetragonal
• tetragonal – 4 rectangles, 2 squares
3. Orthorhombic
• orthorhombic – all rectangles, 3 different sized rectangles
4. Monoclinic
• monoclinic – 4 rectangles, 2 parallelograms
5. Triclinic
• triclinic – all parallelograms
6. Hexagonal
• hexagonal - six-sided prisms. When you look at the crystal on-end, the cross section is a hexagon
Crystal growth lab
Mineral Groups
• Minerals are often grouped together by their composition (what they are made of)
• There are over 4,000 known minerals and only 7 groups
• What are the 7 mineral groups?
1. Silicates (most common)
• Contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)• Ex. Quartz, Olivine, Augite
2. Carbonates
• Contain CO3
• Ex. Calcite, Dolomite
3. Oxides
• Contain oxygen(O) bonded with 1 or more elements
• Ex. Corundum, Hematite
4. Sulfides and 5. Sulfates
• Sulfides (contain Sulfur S ), Sulfates contain SO4
• Ex. Gypsum, Galena, Pyrite
6. Halides
• Contain halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, etc.)• Ex. Halite, Fluorite
7. Native Elements
• Mostly metals, found as individual elements• Ex. Copper, Gold, Silver
1. Cooling magma or lava
3. Evaporation liquid solutions
Cooling liquid solutions
4. Precipitate out of solution
5 Characteristics Used to Identify Minerals
• 1) Hardness• 2) Break Tendency• 3) Luster (metallic/non-metallic)• 4) Streak• 5) Color
1) Hardness (Moh’s Scale)
• - how easily a mineral can be scratched
2) Break Tendency• Fracture - breaks
along rough, jagged edges
• Cleavage – breaks along smooth, flat surfaces
Conchoidal fracture – curved breakage
3) Luster (metallic/non-metallic)
• - how light shines off of its surface
• MetallicNon-metallic
Vitreous Luster
4) Streak Color of a mineral when broken or powdered
5) Color
Other ways to identify minerals
• Reactivity with acids• Density/specific gravity• Magnetism• More special properties to come
Some Other Properties of Minerals
• Reactivity with Acid – Carbonate group• Magnetic• Fluorescence – glows under UV light• Phosphorescence – glows after a light has been
turned off• Density• Specific Gravity• Crystal Shape• Triboluminesence – sparks when hit
Reactivity with acid
• Carbonate minerals fizz when acid is applied
Magnetic• Some iron rich
minerals are magnetic
Fluorescence Phosphorescence
Triboluminesence
Mineral Uses
• Minerals are used in many of our everyday products from toothpastes to pencils, from make-up to powders, from building materials to x-ray protection.
• The special properties of minerals allow us to use them for specific purposes and have made our lives better.
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