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Environmental impacts of air pollution from shipping
Christer Ågren
Emissions from international shipping
Globally, 70-80% of ship emissions occur within 400 km from land.
In the North Sea, 90% of emissions occur within 90 km from shore.
Sources: PBL (2012) and ICCT (2007)
33
Health damage from global ship emissions
Source: Corbett et al, Environ. Sci. Technol. (2007)
44
50,000 deaths/year in Europe
Air pollutant emissions from
international shipping is
estimated to cause some
50,000 premature
deaths/year in Europe.
Tiny airborne particles (PM)
cause premature death
through lung and heart
disease.
Source:J. Brandt et al, CEEH, Denmark (March 2011)
55
Ship emissions are a major cause of eutrophication and acidification
NOx-NitrogenDenmark 28%Sweden 25%Ireland 23%Portugal 23%Norway 23%Netherl. 21%UK 20%Finland 17%Belgium 16%Italy 15%France 15%
SO2-SulphurDenmark 39%Netherl. 31%Sweden 25%Norway 25%Portugal 22%Ireland 20%UK 18%France 18%Italy 15%Spain 15%Belgium 13%
Source: EMEP (2010)
Examples of countries with a high proportion of air pollutant fallout from ship emissions.
Sulphur content of fuels
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
IMO global
limit
IMO global
limit from
2012
Marine fuel
oil current
global
average
SECA limit
from July
2010
HFO max
land-based
IMO global
limit from
2020 (2025)
Heating oil
maximum
land-based
SECA limit
from 2015
Road
transport
fuel
45,000
35,000
27,000
10,000 10,000
5000
1000 1000 10
ppm
EU emission standards for stationary large combustion plants equal approx. 1000 ppm (0,1%) sulphur in fuel
0.001%
Global ship average: 2.7%
Ship SO2 emissions around Europe vs. EU27 land-based
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
EU27 Sea-baseline Sea-MEPC Sea-MTFR
1980-2010 SO2 emissions in EU27 came down by 88%.
kton
Sources: IIASA/GAINS (Oct 2010) and EMEP (2012)
IMO sulphur standards
0,0%
1,0%
2,0%
3,0%
4,0%
5,0%
3,5 %
0,1 %
0,5 %
1,0 %
4,5 %
1,5 %
Global limit
SECA limit
MARPOL Annex VI (1997 + 2008); EU Directive (2005 + 2012)
Ship NOx emissions around Europe vs. EU27 land-based
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
EU27 Sea-baseline Sea-MEPC Sea-MTFR
Sources: IIASA/GAINS (Oct 2010) and EMEP (2012)
1980-2010 NOx emissions in EU27 came down by 48%.
IMO NOx-standards for new ship engines
Euro-standards for new diesel engines (trucks, buses) are 2 g/kWh from 2009 and 0.4 g/kWh from 2013-14.
2000: 17-9,8 g/kWh
2011: 14,4-7,7 g/kWh
2016 (NOx-ECAs): 3,4-2 g/kWh
11
Ship PM2.5 emissions around Europe vs. EU27 land-based
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
EU27 Sea-baseline Sea-MEPC Sea-MTFR
Source: IIASA/GAINS (October 2010)
kton
Control of shipping GHG emissionscan significantly reduce also air pollutant emissions
Energy Efficiency- EEDI adopted by IMO in 2011 – into force as from 2013
Market based measures- Currently under discussion in IMO and under FCCC; results ??
Slow steaming – speed restrictions- Emerging issue in IMO and EU
Alternative ”fuels”- LNG; Biofuels; Wind
1313
What’s up?
• EU: Revised Sulphur-in-fuels Directive (adopted 2012)
• EU 2013 ”Year of Air”: Revised Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution –package of measures, possibly including proposal for new ECAs; NOx/PM ship standards…
• Additional ECAs in other parts of the world?
• IMO: Revised MARPOL Annex VI (adopted 2008; implementation 2010-2020). (Review of global 0.5% fuel limit in 2018; Action on PM/BC?)
• IMO: EEDI adopted in 2011. Additional measures to reduce ship GHG emissions discussed in IMO, FCCC and EU since several years…
1414
What should be done?• Ensure implementation of EU’s sulphur-in-fuels directive
• Designate all EU sea areas as full ECAs- Require member state action - need EU/COM support and coordination
• Introduce emission charges for NOx (and SO2/PM?)
• IMO MARPOL Annex VI- Implement global 0.5% sulphur in 2020
- Set BAT-based NOx standards also for large-emitting existing ships
- Establish emission standards also for PM/BC
• Introduce measures to lower ship speeds
• Develop and adopt an EU marine fuels quality directive
• Improve monitoring of compliance (fuels & emissions)
See also: ”Air pollution from ships” (Nov 2011), published jointly by six environmental NGOs: www.airclim.org
15
Health benefits outweigh control costs
Implementing the 0.1% sulphur limit around Europe estimated to save more than 26,000 lives per year in 2020 and provide health-related economic
benefits worth up to 14 times the costs.
Example 0.1% in North Sea & Baltic Sea 2020:
Abatement costs: €0.9-4.6 billion
Health benefits: €10-23 billion
Benefits/costs-ratio: up to 26
Source: AEA Technology (Dec 2009)
Benefits to ecosystems/environment not monetised…
Future developments?
• Low-S fuel vs Scrubbers
• Penetration of SCR and other low-NOx techniques?
• PM/BC control?
• Compliance control? CEMS?
• Expected growth (freight tons, passenger kms, fuel use)?
• Efficiency/speeds?
• Fuels (HFO, MGO, LNG…) and fuel quality?
Information
www.airclim.org
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