Environmental impacts of air pollution from shipping

Christer Ågren

Emissions from international shipping

Globally, 70-80% of ship emissions occur within 400 km from land.

In the North Sea, 90% of emissions occur within 90 km from shore.

Sources: PBL (2012) and ICCT (2007)

33

Health damage from global ship emissions

Source: Corbett et al, Environ. Sci. Technol. (2007)

44

50,000 deaths/year in Europe

Air pollutant emissions from

international shipping is

estimated to cause some

50,000 premature

deaths/year in Europe.

Tiny airborne particles (PM)

cause premature death

through lung and heart

disease.

Source:J. Brandt et al, CEEH, Denmark (March 2011)

55

Ship emissions are a major cause of eutrophication and acidification

NOx-NitrogenDenmark 28%Sweden 25%Ireland 23%Portugal 23%Norway 23%Netherl. 21%UK 20%Finland 17%Belgium 16%Italy 15%France 15%

SO2-SulphurDenmark 39%Netherl. 31%Sweden 25%Norway 25%Portugal 22%Ireland 20%UK 18%France 18%Italy 15%Spain 15%Belgium 13%

Source: EMEP (2010)

Examples of countries with a high proportion of air pollutant fallout from ship emissions.

Sulphur content of fuels

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

IMO global

limit

IMO global

limit from

2012

Marine fuel

oil current

global

average

SECA limit

from July

2010

HFO max

land-based

IMO global

limit from

2020 (2025)

Heating oil

maximum

land-based

SECA limit

from 2015

Road

transport

fuel

45,000

35,000

27,000

10,000 10,000

5000

1000 1000 10

ppm

EU emission standards for stationary large combustion plants equal approx. 1000 ppm (0,1%) sulphur in fuel

0.001%

Global ship average: 2.7%

Ship SO2 emissions around Europe vs. EU27 land-based

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

EU27 Sea-baseline Sea-MEPC Sea-MTFR

1980-2010 SO2 emissions in EU27 came down by 88%.

kton

Sources: IIASA/GAINS (Oct 2010) and EMEP (2012)

IMO sulphur standards

0,0%

1,0%

2,0%

3,0%

4,0%

5,0%

3,5 %

0,1 %

0,5 %

1,0 %

4,5 %

1,5 %

Global limit

SECA limit

MARPOL Annex VI (1997 + 2008); EU Directive (2005 + 2012)

Ship NOx emissions around Europe vs. EU27 land-based

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

EU27 Sea-baseline Sea-MEPC Sea-MTFR

Sources: IIASA/GAINS (Oct 2010) and EMEP (2012)

1980-2010 NOx emissions in EU27 came down by 48%.

IMO NOx-standards for new ship engines

Euro-standards for new diesel engines (trucks, buses) are 2 g/kWh from 2009 and 0.4 g/kWh from 2013-14.

2000: 17-9,8 g/kWh

2011: 14,4-7,7 g/kWh

2016 (NOx-ECAs): 3,4-2 g/kWh

11

Ship PM2.5 emissions around Europe vs. EU27 land-based

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

EU27 Sea-baseline Sea-MEPC Sea-MTFR

Source: IIASA/GAINS (October 2010)

kton

Control of shipping GHG emissionscan significantly reduce also air pollutant emissions

Energy Efficiency- EEDI adopted by IMO in 2011 – into force as from 2013

Market based measures- Currently under discussion in IMO and under FCCC; results ??

Slow steaming – speed restrictions- Emerging issue in IMO and EU

Alternative ”fuels”- LNG; Biofuels; Wind

1313

What’s up?

• EU: Revised Sulphur-in-fuels Directive (adopted 2012)

• EU 2013 ”Year of Air”: Revised Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution –package of measures, possibly including proposal for new ECAs; NOx/PM ship standards…

• Additional ECAs in other parts of the world?

• IMO: Revised MARPOL Annex VI (adopted 2008; implementation 2010-2020). (Review of global 0.5% fuel limit in 2018; Action on PM/BC?)

• IMO: EEDI adopted in 2011. Additional measures to reduce ship GHG emissions discussed in IMO, FCCC and EU since several years…

1414

What should be done?• Ensure implementation of EU’s sulphur-in-fuels directive

• Designate all EU sea areas as full ECAs- Require member state action - need EU/COM support and coordination

• Introduce emission charges for NOx (and SO2/PM?)

• IMO MARPOL Annex VI- Implement global 0.5% sulphur in 2020

- Set BAT-based NOx standards also for large-emitting existing ships

- Establish emission standards also for PM/BC

• Introduce measures to lower ship speeds

• Develop and adopt an EU marine fuels quality directive

• Improve monitoring of compliance (fuels & emissions)

See also: ”Air pollution from ships” (Nov 2011), published jointly by six environmental NGOs: www.airclim.org

15

Health benefits outweigh control costs

Implementing the 0.1% sulphur limit around Europe estimated to save more than 26,000 lives per year in 2020 and provide health-related economic

benefits worth up to 14 times the costs.

Example 0.1% in North Sea & Baltic Sea 2020:

Abatement costs: €0.9-4.6 billion

Health benefits: €10-23 billion

Benefits/costs-ratio: up to 26

Source: AEA Technology (Dec 2009)

Benefits to ecosystems/environment not monetised…

Future developments?

• Low-S fuel vs Scrubbers

• Penetration of SCR and other low-NOx techniques?

• PM/BC control?

• Compliance control? CEMS?

• Expected growth (freight tons, passenger kms, fuel use)?

• Efficiency/speeds?

• Fuels (HFO, MGO, LNG…) and fuel quality?

Information

www.airclim.org

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