mesopotamia powerpoint

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM

Mesopotamian TimelineTimeline ©WSU, 1993 http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM

Mesopotamian TimelineTimeline ©WSU, 1993

7000-5500 BCE Early Neolithic building mounds

4700 BCE Hassunah period: earliest pottery making culture

4400 BCE Halaf period: pottery culture with knowledge of metal

3900 BCE Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; the Ubaids - first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture

3600 BCE Warka period

3400 BCE Gawra and Ninevite periods

2900 BCE Pre-dynastic Sumerians

2750 BCE First Sumerian dynasty of Ur

2340-2125 BCE Akkadian rule in Mesopotamia

2100-1800 BCE Third Sumerian dynasty of Ur

1800-1170 BCE Old Babylonian Period

1200-612 BCE Assyrian Period

612-539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Period

650-600 BCE Persian Era

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm

Ancient Mesopotamia

WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS, TURKEY, 2000. http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html

Early Chalcolithic period Early Chalcolithic period (paleolithic era)(paleolithic era)

(c. 7000-6500)(c. 7000-6500)

•metal known but not widely used•stone used for tools

WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS, TURKEY. 2000 http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html

WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS IN 2000 AD http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html

Building 5Unnamed Building

Arial view

CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM THE WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/visit/West/WestEN.html

unique horned clay objects, probably ritual in nature

Chacolithic PotteryChacolithic Pottery

Large Basket Handled Pot

Incised Decorated Pottery

Plaster Basin/Bowl

Halaf Period ArtifactsHalaf Period Artifacts

(5500-4500 B.C.,

North Mesopotamia-Syria)

http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

Halaf Pottery Plate from Arpachiyah, upper Mesopotamia. One of many small cultures of Northern Iraq and Turkey that were loosely in communication with each other. Ca. 5000 B.C. (London: British Museum).

Halaf Figurine heavy stone

(northern style) sans

arms or legs

Arpachiya, from upper Tigris, c. 5000 B.C.

(British Museum)

• http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

•Chagar Bazar, c. 5000 B.C• Exaggerated female characteristics - suggesting the object served some religious purpose. • Paint traces - suggesting arm and leg jewelery or decoration and a loin cloth. • Breasts - painted or tattood

(British Museum) http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

Terracotta Halaf female figurine

Al-`Ubaid Al-`Ubaid (6-4th millenium, South Mesopotamia)

These people displaced the Halaf culture.

• Two terracotta female heads, from Tell al-`Ubaid and from ??. ca. 4500 B.C.

Ubaid terracotta figurine of a woman suckling a child

(from Ur, c. 4500 B.C.)

Ubaid figure style •painted jewelery, body paint or tattoos • protruding eyes

•slim figure (in contrast to the North)

• elongated head

. • http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

What do you think?

Handmade painted potteryHandmade painted pottery

• from tombs at Eridu• Dark geometric designs on

light ground - Ubaid Levels XVIII-XIV

• piece at lower right - early style

(Iraq Museum, Baghdad)

Notice the vivid colors painted on these items.

Baked clay male figurine • from an Ubaid grave at Erid• Decoration or tattoos from

shoulder to shoulder - for men and women

• Southern Ubaid figure style

(Iraq Museum, Baghdad)

Pots from al `Ubaid type - typical of last phase of Ubaid pottery

(British Museum, UK),

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/

jmac/meso/meso.htm

The White Temple at Uruk

Uruk (Warka) Era(mid 4th to late 3rd mill. B.C.,

South Mesopotamia)

Ruin of ziggurat of E-anna at Uruk

Uruk chronology -based on the pottery styles found in a 20-meter deep pit dug at this sacred site.

limestone tablet from Kish - both sides ( c. 3500 B.C.)

– earliest example of pictographs– contains sign for head, hand, foot, a threshing

sledge, and numbers

(Dept. Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK)

Uruk http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

Uruk. http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

Administrative clay tablet

• c. 3000 B.C.• deep circles and

cresents – numbers• pictographs

representing high necked jars etc.

• Simple enumeration

Marble head of Marble head of woman from Urukwoman from Uruk

“Originally the eyes and eyebrows had colored inlays, and the head was perhaps placed on a wooden body.”

Zinchen, Z. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. ., Lauri Kaub ed. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm

The Sumerian Civilization

Relief of Relief of huntinghunting

or battle? or battle?

•http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html

http://www.sumerian.org/map.htm

Sumerian Migration

http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm

Contributions of Ancient Sumerian Mesopotamia to the World

• World’s first city-state ("cradle of civilization”)

• World’s first empire (Sargan I)• water clock• a writing system

(cuneiform and cylindrical seal that functioned like a printing press)

http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html ; http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html

• learned in strict Sumerian schools (edubbas, or tablet houses), lasting about twelve hours daily

• Subjects: reading, writing, arithmetic• “A mistake on a clay tablet could merit a beating.”• Career results: successfully completing twelve

years of schooling - an official scribe, or writer, a prestigious

• Role of Scribes: “to the maintain and improve the record keeping that the Sumerians deemed so very necessary.”

• Also wrote on cylinder seals carved out of stone.

What root word do you see here? What sounds familiar about the school system?

Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing

Contributions of Ancient Sumerian Mesopotamia to the

World• the twelve-month calendar based on lunar

cycles

• the wheel

• the plow

• high –rise buildings

• archways

• The Bronze Age

World• clay• the wheel• the plow• sailboat

World• clay

Sumerian MetalurgySumerian Metalurgy

Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm

Earrings Fertility Symbol Parthenon Horse ( or rocket)?

Sumerian Musical Instruments

Lyre with bull’s head and lapis lazuli – 3 views

Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm

Links:

Kaub, Lauri. Sumerian Civilization – Part 2 http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm; http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~catshaman/bamaledr/1endr.htm

Sumerian Attire and Hairstyles

“The basic garment was called ‘Tug’, without a doubt, the forerunner to the Roman ‘Toga’.”

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/middle_east/sumer_citizens.html;

http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/vammesopotamia4.html; http://www.shrewsbury-ma.gov/schools/Central/Curriculum/ELEMENTARY

/SOCIALSTUDIES/Mesopotamia/ancient_mesopotamia.htm#clothing

Sumerian AttireMaterials: wool or flax (a blue-flowerd plant with stems used to make the clothing); matched the seasons; finer texture and color to reflect wealthJewelry: earrings and necklaces for men and women - even more jewelry for celebrations. The wealthier Sumerians often wore beautiful gold and silver bracelets and earrings. Necklaces were also worn and were set with bright, precious stones. Some of these stones were the lapis lazuli and the carnelian.

http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/vammesopotamia4.htmlhttp;

://www.shrewsbury-ma.gov/schools/Central/Curriculum/ELEMENTARY/SOCIALSTUDIES/Mesopotamia/ancient_mesopotamia.htm#clothing

Sumerian Attire and HairstylesSumerian Attire and Hairstyles• Men’s Appearance: kilt-like garments tying at the

waist; Men were either clean shaven or had long hair and beards. Women wore their hair long, but they usually braided it and wrapped it around their heads. When entertaining guests

• Women’s Appearance: usually gowns that covered them from their shoulders to their ankles. The right arm and shoulder were left uncovered; headdresses Although both rich and poor Sumerians wore the same style of clothing

Clothes by Ashley. Student rendition lf Sumerian attire

Queen Shub Ad - Burial Attire

(First Dynasty of Ur) The Queen wore the beautiful headdress of spirals of gold, terminating in lapis-centered gold flowers (or stars). The Queen also wore large golden earrings of lunate shape that hung to her shoulders; lapis amulets of a bull and a calf, and strands of lapis, agate, carnelian and gold beads. The Queen's grave was much more elaborate than that of the King, perhaps indicating her equal or even greater importance.

http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html

Sumerian Transportation

Designed and promotd by Webpromotioncr.com. Copyright © 2001- 2004 by Strayreality.com Costa Rica, All rights reserved. Revised: 21 Jun 2004 09:16:05 -0400 . http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm; http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm

Composition of Sumerian Composition of Sumerian HomesHomes

– earliest – reeds– Later - sun-dried mud- bricks

• Modest - one story high with an open court in the center, around which there were several rooms.

• Wealthy - homes two stories high with approximately twelve rooms, including servants' quarters and whitewashed walls inside and outside to project the appearance of affluence and cleanliness

• private chapels and mausoleums – possibly on estates of wealthier people

Sumerian Gods and Sumerian Gods and GoddessesGoddesses

Reptilian in Nature?

Sumerian PantheonSumerian Pantheon

Enki (Ea) in his watery home, the Apsu

Enki walking out of the water to the land,attended by Usmu (Isimud), a god with two faces

Enki with the Gods and the Initiate

The Water of Life flowing into the laboratory glasswareindicates alchemical circulations.

Annunaki

Creation of first man by Anunnaki. Laboratory vessels and Tree of Life.

What does this picture tell you about the Sumerian culture’s view of creation?

Enlil –second and most powerful god of the Sumerian

Pantheon

The Ziggurat of Enlil at Nippur

Inanna (E-anna)- aka INNIN - INNINI - patron and special god/goddess of

Erech (Uruk)

Inanna (E-anna)queen of beasts; lion her sacred animal

Inanna (E-anna)sculptures showing her softer nature

Ishtar

Symbol: an eight or sixteen-pointed star Sacred number: 15 Astrological region: Dibalt (Venus) and the Bowstar (Sirius) Sacred animal: lion, (dragon)

Ishtar Gate

Gate created for her to return to earth from the underworld

Model of Ashur: the double temple of Anu and Adad – reinforces the idea of Sumerians being polytheistic

Temple tower of Agar Guf,Kassite city of Dur Kurigalz

Traces of the staircase have been found.

Model of The Painted Temple at

British Museum’s interactive guide to Mesopotamia. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/

Ur of the Chaldees

(birthplace of Abraham)

Model of Ur (c. 2100 B.C.),

Mesopotamian capital city, built

around a ziggurat (temple)

Model of a ziggurat

Ur at peace: one side of the

Standard of Ur

Ur at war: the other side of the

Standard of Ur

The Standard of Ur(found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)

THE STANDARD OF UR: Scenes of War and Tribute, The Standard of Ur, c. 3000 BCE (Standard is in the British Museum) http://www.ripon.edu/faculty/kaine/Art171/171images.html

Dimensional View of the Standard of Ur (c. 2685 BC)

http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Sept4/Standard%20of%20Ur.jpg

http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html

GILGAMESHGILGAMESH• one of the most heroic priest-kings

• The oldest written story in the world – an account of his legendary deeds

• characterized as both human and divine. Accompanied by Enkidu around the world, performing heroic acts.)

Sumerian Burial Sumerian Burial PracticesPractices

King’s death – sacrifice of his queen and his attendants so that he would go to eternity with servants and favorite personal possessions; their possessions also included; king at bottom, servants next, queen on top

Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html

Stairways leading down to tomb chambers at the Royal

Cemetery at UR

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm; Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html

Golden head of a bull on the front of a lyre

found at Ur

(c. 2685 BC)

Queen’s harp (lyre)

Artifacts - Royal Cemetery (Ur)

Ceremonial dagger (mes01042)

Spouted vessel of Gold

Limestone statue of a woman – found in a soldier’s grave

Fluted Cup

The ram (goat) and the shrub (tree)

• Processions of Musicians Bismiasma Vase

• Jewelry

Model of the ziggurat, with the ascents partly restored

Ziggurat at Ur(c. 2250 BC)

restored by successive

rulers

Drawing of the ziggurat with people going to worship the moon-god Nanna

BabylonBabylon

Colored reproduction of stone depiction of Hammurabi receiving the code of laws, http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html;

Ruins of Babylon today

Achievements of Hammurabi of Babylon

• Amorite city-state ruler who united large number of city-states (c. 1800 BCE)

• improved the irrigation system, tax system, and government housing system

• united the people under one religion

• provided uniformity among the city-states by enacting a code of law (282 laws- "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.")

Hammurabi - Receiving the Laws from

a Seated God

www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html; http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm

Detail of the inscription on the stele of Hamurabi's code

Pazuzu: Babylonian Demon• little-known demon from Babylonian myth• represented as a very thin, emaciated man

with the feet and wings of an eagle, and the forepaws and head of a lion.

• nearly always shown with the right paw raised and the left held at his side.

• first appeared in early Babylonian myth in the guise of the "storm-bird" Zu, who stole the Tablets of Destiny from the dragoness Tiamat.

• Appeared in later Babylonian civilization as Pazuzu, child of the chief wind-demon, Hanpa.

• Several metal amulets depicting Pazuzu have been found. In all of these amulets, he is represented as appearing similar to the above description. Of these small (a few inches in height) amulets, an occasional magical one is found.

Pazuzu: a nonmagical image; the personification of the south-east storm wind, which brings diseases.

The Hanging Gardens• Foundation of the palace

“It is said that the Gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his wife or concubine who had been "brought up in Media and had a passion for mountain surroundings". - http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/Gallery/gardens_site.jpg

http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/Gallery/gardens_site.jpg

“The approach to the Garden sloped like a hillside and the several parts of the structure rose from one another tier on tier... On all this, the earth had been piled... and was thickly planted with trees of every kind that, by their great size and other charm, gave pleasure to the beholder... The water machines [raised] the water in great abundance from the river, although no one outside could see it.”

-Diodorus Siculus

Wall of Hanging gardens of Babylon still extant

Ishtar Gate of Babylon built by

Nebuchadnezzar II (604 - 562 BC)

location ?

Plan of the palace at Babylon centering at the Ishtar gate

Ishtar Gate in Context(current aerial

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/images/babylon-horizo2.jpg

http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html

The Assyrian The Assyrian EmpireEmpire

Priest-King or God (?).

(c. 1600 BC)North Syria, Hittite.

The Cleveland Museum of Art. No. 1971.45.

Copyright, The Cleveland Museum of Art.

Gudea of Lagash

2141-2122 B.C. Mesopotamian, Neo-Sumerian period

Paragonite 41 cm (16 1/8 in.)

Founders Society Purchase, Robert H. Tannahill Foundation

Fund; 82.64

Detroit Institute of Arts. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/31.25.html

http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html

Assyrian AchievementsAssyrian Achievements

• dammed the rivers leading into Babylon to deprive the Babylonians of water

• conquered all of Mesopotamia and expanded it as far as Egypt

• developed powerful armies with iron weapons• used chariots, and battering rams

What is the significance of these accomplishments?

An alabaster relief of an Arab - Assyrian

battle found near

Ninevah (c. 660 BC)

How can you tell the battle is with the Arabs?

Dragon of MardukDragon of Marduk• scaly body, • serpent's head, • viper's horns, • front feet of a feline, • hind feet of a bird, • a scorpion's tail;

was sacred to the god Marduk, principal deity of Babylon

ca. 604-562 B.C. Mesopotamian, Neo-

Babylonian Period Ishtar Gate, Babylon

Molded, glazed bricks; 1.2 x 1.7 m (45 1/2 x 65 3/4 in.);

Glazed Brick Representing a Glazed Brick Representing a BirdmanBirdman

7th century B.C.; Neo-Assyrian Period;

Glazed terracotta; 33.6 x 34.3 cm (13 1/3 X 13 1/2

in.); Founders Society Purchase,

Cleo and Lester Gruber Fund, and the Hill Memorial Fund;

1989.68

The winged Bull of Khorsabad

Panel from the gates of Balwat • Jehu, the king of Israel, bowing to

Shalmaneser 111 (859- 824 BC) who forced Tyre, Sidon and Israel to pay tribute to him.

Plan of the circular city of Baghdad

(c. 766 AD) by Caliph Al-Mansoor

the innermost circle diameter: 2000 yards The four gates to– Khorasan (NE),– Basra (SE), – Kufa (SW) – Syria (NW)

found in al' Ain region of the United Arab

Emirates - which attests to contacts between

Mesopotamia and Oman peninsula - an important

source of copper.

Ca. 3000 B.C.

(London: British Museum)

Jemdet Nasr Pottery(late 4th mill., South Mesopotamia)

Wheel-turned, Jemdet Nasr painted pottery

• http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html

• Persian connections: • Polychrome geometric

designs in black and plum - characteristic of

the period.• Shapes - often derived

from metalware • (Asmholean Museum

Oxford)

Lion killing a slave

What social commentaries might be made from this relief?

Nimrud Relief Architectural Panels

Temple of BaalTemple of BaalTadmor (Palmyra), Syria

http://www.mystae.com/restricted/streams/scripts/solomon.html

Tadmor (Palmyra) – palm; a city built by Solomon • “ [It was ] . . . a city on the southern border of Palestine and

toward the wilderness, [standing] . . . in the great Syrian wilderness, 176 miles from Damascus and 130 from the Mediterranean and was the center of a vast commercial traffic with Western Asia. It was also an important military station.”

http://www.mystae.com/restricted/streams/scripts/solomon.html

Altar of Baal

Relief on palace of

King Ashurnasirpal II

(883 - 859 BC)

with the winged god at Nimrud

Relief of lion hunting found at Nimrud

http://www.livius.org/da-dd/darius/darius_i_0.html

Beginning of the Persian

Empire: Darius I

(reign: 522 to 486)

Models of Persian ArtifactsA copy of the relief of

Cyrus the Great

A drawing of PersianSoldiers, 560-330

Pictures and text in the following pages are from "The Persian Army, 560-330 BC" by Nick Sekunda with drawings by Simon Chew, Osprey Publishing Ltd. London SW3. http://www.oznet.net/cyrus/cyframe.htm

Wall Paintings at Dura Europos, Syria

http://www.philthompson.net/pages/icons/duraeuropos.html

Close up of Wall Painting at Dura Europos

“Dura Europos in Syria was founded by Alexander's lieutenant, Seleucus Nicator. The town was closely linked with Palmyra, serving as an important forward line of defense against Persians. It was captured and destroyed by the Sassanids in 256 AD shortly before the fall of the Syrian Metropolis itself.”

What are the artistic contributions or

recognizable stylistic traits of the

Mesopotamians?

Artistic and Stylistic Traits

• Heavy usage of relief sculpture• Moving from abstract to realistic figures• Use of bricks, alabaster, and limestone• Highly decorated, durable pottery• Steles• Cuneiform writing stamped by cylindrical printing seals• Recreation of gods and religious beliefs in artwork• Sculpture and drawings of royalty• Use of metals and stones • Vivid colors

SourcesBritish Museum’s interactive guide to

Mesopotamia. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html

Classicas Technology Center. Mesopotamia - Artifacts by Ashley and Kamario http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/vammesopotamia4.html

Cleveland Museum of Art.Crystal, Ellie. Metaphysical and Science Website. Sumerian Gods and Goddesses. http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html Detroit Institute of Arts. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/31.25.html Secunda, Nick with drawings by Simon

Chew, The Persian Army, 560-330 BC, Osprey Publishing Ltd. London SW3. http://www.oznet.net/cyrus/cyframe.htmHelstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html“Pazuzu” Image created on 19 February 2000; last modified on 19 February 2000. © 1995-2004 Encyclopedia Mythica. All

rights reserved. http://www.pantheon.org/areas/gallery/mythology/asia/mesopotamian/pazuzu.htmlThe Sumerian People. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/ middle_east/sumer_citizens.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook03.html- Taylor, Andrew. ataylor1@student.northpark.eduOctober 6,

1998http://www.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/MiddleEast/RevMesopot.htmlZitchen, Z., Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. Laur Kaub ed. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization

Annonynous articles, authorshttp://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Sept4/Standard%20of%20Ur.jpg

http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~catshaman/bamaledr/1endr.htm; LINKhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/images/babylon-horizo2.jpg http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/arkham/80/pazuzu.html http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.htmlhttp://www.ripon.edu/faculty/kaine/Art171/171images.htmlhttp://www.sumerian.org/map.htm http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM

Secondary SourcesBibliography for Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.

edu/sacrifice/sumerians.htmlCeram, C.W. Gods, Graves, & Scholars. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1967.

Clark, Grahame. Prehistoric Societies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1965.

Davies, Nigel. Human Sacrifice: In History & Today. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc., 1981.

Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: their history, culture, and character. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1963.

Tierney, Patrick. The Highest Altar: The Story of Human Sacrifice. England: Viking Penguin, 1989.

Woolley, Leonard. Excavations at Ur. New York: Crowell Company, 1965.

Woolley, Leonard. History of Mankind. United States: UNESCO, 1963

Woolley, Leonard. The Sumerians. London: Oxford University Press,1965.

Bibliography Sources for http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htmA SHORT HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE IN IRAQ (3,000 B.C. 1258 AD)Samuel M. Ronaya, Lecturer, Al-Hikma University, Baghdad

5000 YEARS OF THE ART OF MESOPOTAMIA,BY EVA STROMMENGER, PHOTOGRAPHS BY MAX HIRMER, ABRAMS, NEW YORK: 1964

ANCIENT IRAQ, by GEORGES ROUX, LONDON: ALLEN & UNWIN: 1964

TWIN RIVERS By SETON LLOYD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS: BOMBAY 1947

HISTORY BEGINS AT S U M E R, by Samuel Noah KramerDoubleday Anchor Books: Garden City, New York: 1959

EARLY MESOPOTAMIA AND IRAN by M. E. L. MallowanMcGRAW-HILL NEW YORK 1969

Bibliography Sources for The Sumerian People. http://www.mnsu.edu/ emuseum/prehistory/ middle_east/sumer_citizens.html Tom B. Jones, "Sumer," Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, 1993;Samuel Noah Kramer, Cradle of Civilization, New York: Time Incorporated, 1969; World History, Volume One, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1991; http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~lheagney/mesopotamia/SUMER.html

Excerpted from Lebanon: A Country Study. Thomas Collelo, ed. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1987]. ...

http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Lebanon1.html

• Roman temple in the mountain village of Bayt Miri Courtesy Lebanese Information and Research Center

Tyre Cathedral ? 400 CE

http://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm

Deir Mar Elishaa (Monastry of Saint Eliseus)

• http://www.libanmall.com/main/hist5.htm

Baalbeck

• http://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm

Sidonhttp://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm

Anjarhttp://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm

History of Lebanon. http://www.lgic.org/en/history.php

History of Lebanon(from 50,000 BC - 2004 AD in a glance)

Pre-HistoricPaleolithic- Neolithic (50 000 BC - 4000 BC)

Recorded HistoryPhoenicians - Greek - Romans (4000 BC - 600 AD)

Arab- Crusades- Mamluks (600 AD - 1516 AD) Ottomans- French- Independence (1516 AD - 1943 AD)

Switzerland of the East (1943 AD - 1969 AD) War in Lebanon (1970 AD - 1982AD)

Occupied Lebanon (1982 AD - 1990AD) Lebanon Now (1990 AD - 2003 AD)

• Pre-Historic• (50,000 BC – 10,000 BC) Paleolithic Period • The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of Lebanon

shows that it was inhabited all through the classic stages of human development: Paleolithic, Neolithic, the bronze, and the iron working periods.Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon people were making flint tools in this region around 50,000 years ago.

• (10 000 BC- 4000 BC) Neolithic Period• Village life followed the domestication of plants and animals with the

Neolithic Revolution starting around 10,000 BC. The traces of the coastal settlements in Lebanon date back to around 9000 BC in Byblos, favoring it’s founding among the earliest ‘communities’ during this period.

• 4000 BC - 600 AD

• The recorded history shows a group of coastal cities and heavily forested mountains inhabited by a Semitic people, the Canaanites, around 4000 BC. These early inhabitants referred to themselves according to their city of origin, and called their nation Canaan. They lived in the narrow East-Mediterranean cost and the parallel strip mountains of Lebanon. Around 2800 BC Canaanites traded cedar timber, olive oil and wine from Byblos for metals and ivory from Egypt. The Coastal cities fell to Amorites around 2000 BC, and to Egyptians from round 1800 until 1200 BC when they recovered independence.

• The Canaanites who inhabited that area were called Phoenicians by the Greeks (from the Greek word phoinos, meaning ‘red’) in a reference to the unique purple dye the Phoenicians produced from murex seashells. The Phoenicians mastered the art of navigation and dominated the Mediterranean Sea trade for over 500 years. They excelled in producing textiles, carving ivory and working with metal and glass. The Phoenicians built several local cities East of the Mediterranean among which are: Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Berytus (Beirut), Tripoli, Arvad Island-City, Baalbek and Caesarea.

• They established trade routes to Europe and Western Asia. Phoenician ships circumnavigated Africa a thousand years before those of the Portuguese. They founded colonies wherever they ventured on the North and South of the Mediterranean in Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Marseilles, Cadiz, and Carthage around the first Millennium B.C.

• Inventing the Alphabet• Around 1600 B.C. the Phoenicians invented the alphabet, and

passed them onto the world. The Greeks adopted the 22-letter alphabet from the Phoenicians which has led to the Latin letters of present day.

• Constructing Kings David and Solomon Palaces and Temple• The Phoenician king Hiram of Tyre (989-936 BC) built a palace for

David and two palaces and a temple for Solomon. The Bible provides a vast amount of information about them. The Phoenicians built David’s Palace and Solomon’s Temple. They also built King Solomon two palaces, of which one was called 'Forest of Lebanon'. Craftsmen of Phoenicia used Lebanon’s cedar and metal to accomplish the work around the mid of the tenth century BC. (for Details)

Images in Bekaa Region

American University of Beirut.http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/images/MT3/JPEG0248.html

Anjar: Ruines Ommayades

American University of

Beirut.http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/images/MT3/JPEG0248.html

Excavation of Anjar

Ummyadd Palace - Anjar• Anjar, 58 km from Beirut, is completely

different from any other archaeological experience you will have in Lebanon. At other historical sites in the country, different epochs and civilisations are superimposed one on top of each other. Anjar is exclusively one period, the Umayyad.

• Lebanon's other sites were founded a millennia ago, but Anjar is a relative new-comer, going back to the early 8th Century AD. Unlike Tyre and Byblos, which claim continuous habitation since the day they were founded, Anjar flourished for only a few decades. Other than a beautiful Umayyad mosque in Baalbeck, we have few remnants left from this important period of Arab history.

Text: Illustrated Publications, S.A.LPhotography: P. Magnin, A. YetenekianDesign: Mouna Bassilli, Printed in Lebanon by SYCOEdited by the National Council of Tourism in Lebanon, P.O. Box 5344 - Beirut, Telephone: 340 940/343 175

American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486

Manara Hmaireh – Roman Ruins

Tell Archeologique

Temple sacré

Dekweh -Roman Temple Ruins

Anjar - Costumes

Majdel Anjar Ruins

Castle of Rashaya - inside

Castle Rashaya - prison

Ruins in Rashaya

Temple Walls

Greek Dedicatory Inscription

"Mausoleum of sheikh ""Mousafir"""

The Ruins at Baalbek

The Ruins at Baalbek.http://www.tmeg.com/artifacts/baalbek/baalbek.htm

• Near the modern city of Baalbek in Lebanon,in ancient times called Heliopolis or city of theSun, ran a trade route linking Damascus and Tyre.Here, Roman engineers in the first century AD raiseda massive temple complex. The site was dominated byTemple of Jupiter, a stone colossus surrounded by fiftyfour columns of immense size and height.

Also contained in the complex is the Temple of Bacchus, with it's fluted columns.While not as impressive as the Temple to Jupiter and the huge columns it isstill an ancient engineering feat.

Beneath the temples lay a greater wonder, a huge foundationcomprising an area of more than five million square feet andcontaining more stone than the Great Pyramid at Giza. No mortarwas used in its construction and yet in 2000 years it has notperceptibly settled. The secret of this stability lies in thedownhill retaining wall, which contains three of the world'sbiggest blocks of cut stone. Stood upright, each would be astall as a five story building, and weigh more than 600 tons.

The Ruins at Baalbek.http://www.tmeg.com/artifacts/baalbek/baalbek.htm

The Ruins at Baakbek

Roman structures at pre-Roman site of Baalbek

Gray, Martin. Places of Peace and Power. Baalbek, Lebanon. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm

Roman structures atop massive pre-Roman stones of Baalbek

At the base of the far wall, the great stones of Baalbek

Massive foundation stones of Baalbek

The greatest of the Baalbek stones, perhaps 1200 tons

Beufort Castle• Of the dozen-odd Crusander castles in Lebanon

none can compare in size, scenic grandeur, or close connection with Lebanese histroy down to modern times, with isolated Beufort, perched on its cliff a thousand feet above the rushing Litani.It is a pity that Beufort's historic significanse to Lebanon was so great, for the castle's continued importance down to the 17th Century brought about its systematic destruction at the hands of an expert wrecking and demolition crew in the year 1615.What we see today is not so much a picturesque medieval ruin as a cast rock pile obscuring broken towers and battlements - a perfectly defensless mass of buildings, mostly underground, scientifically destroyed by gunpower and wrecking bars over a period of 40 days by Turkish Pasha of Damascus.This was end of an impregnable fortress, a castle too strong to be taken by force of arms, a stronghold betrayed by its Turkomen mercenary defenders for Turkish gold, a nail in the coffin of Lebanon's Prince Fakhreddin II el-Maani, in whose hands it had formed the key to the defences of his supra-national Maanid principality of Lebanon, Western Syria, Galilee and western Palestine.

• This text is from Bruce Condès "See Lebanon - Over 100 Selected Trips, With History and Pictures". Harab Bijjani Press, Beirut, Lebanon 1960

Castles of the LevantMap of the Levant The Coast of Syria; map by Guglielmo Soleri. Majorque, 1380. (Bibl. Nat., sect. géogr., Ge B. 1131)From: Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate I.

Castles of the LevantMap of the Levant

The Coast of Syria; map by Guglielmo Soleri. Majorque, 1380. (Bibl. Nat., sect. géogr., Ge B. 1131)From: Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction

générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate I.

Mousa’s Castlehttp://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm

Crac des Chevaliers

The two Enclosures, view from a south-western angle from the first enclosure, Towers 4, 3, 2 and Towers O. and P., Phot. Paul DeschampsLes Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des

Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX,

Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate XXXVI

Crac des Chevaliers

Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934.

Crac des Chevaliers

Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate XXXVI

Tripoli-Qlay@at

Fort of Coliat, Phot. 39e Régiment d'AviationLes Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et

archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul

Geuthner, 1934. Plate XVII-A

Castles of the LevantMap of the Levant The Coast of Syria; map by Guglielmo Soleri. Majorque, 1380. (Bibl. Nat., sect. géogr., Ge B. 1131)From: Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate I.

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