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Measurement of Emissions from Engines on

Ocean-Going Vessels

Air Resources BoardAir Resources BoardOceanOcean--Going Ship Main Engine Workshop Going Ship Main Engine Workshop

September 24, 2007Sacramento, CA

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Discussion Topics

• Objectives

• Approach

• Results

• Current Work

• Discussion

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Objectives

• Measure the criteria pollutant emissions from ocean-going vessel main engines using the certification (ISO) cycles

• Measure emissions during typical operations, maneuvering, and vessel speed reduction modes

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Approach: Determining Emission Factors

• Engine conditions– Follow ISO 8178-4 E3 marine cycle for comparison with other data.– Actual in-use operation.

• Gases monitored by ISO/EPA methods– NOx Chemiluminescence detector – CO,CO2 Non dispersive infrared– HCs GC/FID– SO2 Calculate from fuel

• Particulate matter (PM)– Use ISO 8178-1 partial dilution method & – real-time methods

• Emission factor determined from engine settings & calculated mass flow.

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Properties of Test Engines

Source Manufacturer/Model Rated Power (kW) TechnologyMain Engine Sulzer 6RTA72 15,750 2-stroke

(Suezmax tanker)Main Engine MAN B&W 11K90MC-C 50,270 2-stroke

(Panamax container ship)

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Emissions from Main Engines• Measurements made while engine operates per ISO 8178- E3

cycle with heavy fuel oil (HFO)• Practical situations require working with the ship crew.

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Measuring Gases & PM with Partial Flow Dilution System with Single Venturi

To particulate

sampling system

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ResultsSuezmax Main EnginePanamax Main Engine

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Some Properties for Fuels Used in This Project

Fuel Property HFO1 HFO2

Density (kg/M3) @ 15 oC 989.7 990.8Viscosity (cSt) @ 50 oC 230.6 296.8Micro Carbon Residue (%m/m) 13 14.5Sulfur (%m/m) 2.85 2.051 Suezmax testing, Feb. 072 Panamax testing, Sep. 06

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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Different Gases from the Main Engine (Suezmax)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

13 25 50 75 85

Load (% of full load)

Em

issi

on

s (g

/kW

-hr)

Avg. NOx Avg. CO Avg. CO2/100 Avg. SO2

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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Different Gases from the Main Engine (Panamax)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

8% (VSR) 27% 52% 63% 70%

Load (% rated)

Em

issi

on

s (g

/kW

-hr)

Avg. NOx Avg. CO Avg. CO2/100* Avg. SO2

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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Particulate Matter Gases from the Main Engine (Suezmax)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

13% 25% 50% 75% 85%

Load (% rated)

PM

(g

/kw

-hr)

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Load-Specific Emission Factors (g/kW hr) for Particulate Matter Gases from the Main Engine (Panamax)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

8% (VSR) 27% 52% 63% 70%

Load (% rated)

PM

Em

issi

on

s (g

/kw

-hr)

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Comparison of PM Mass with EC+OC+ Hydrated Sulfate Emissions (g/kW-hr), Main Engine (Suezmax)

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Comparison of PM Mass with EC+OC+ Hydrated Sulfate Emissions (g/kW-hr), Main Engine (Panamax)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

8% 27% 52% 62% 70%Load

g/kwhrHydrated sulfate EC OC PM

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Vanadium Balance

Vanadium Balance

y = 0.71x + 26.58R2 = 0.95

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Vanadium from fuel

Vanadium on Filter

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Real-Time Emissions During Start-Up (Suezmax)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

19:5

4:23

19:54:43

19:55:03

19:5

5:23

19:55

:43

19:56

:0319:5

6:2319

:56:4

319:57

:03

19:57:2319:5

7:4319

:58:0

319:58

:23

19:58:43

19:59:03

19:5

9:23

19:59:4

320:00:0320

:00:2

320

:00:4

320:01

:0320:0

1:2320

:01:4

320

:02:0

320:02

:2320:0

2:4320

:03:0

320:

03:2

3

NOx (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (% X100) SO2 (ppm)

0.00E+00

1.00E+04

2.00E+04

3.00E+04

4.00E+04

5.00E+04

6.00E+04

7.00E+04

8.00E+04

9.00E+04

PM (micrograms/M3)

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Real-Time Emissions During Maneuvering (Suezmax)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

20:1

6:43

20:17

:2320

:18:03

20:1

8:43

20:1

9:23

20:2

0:03

20:2

0:43

20:21

:2320

:22:0

320

:22:4

320

:23:2

320

:24:0

320

:24:43

20:2

5:23

20:2

6:03

20:2

6:43

20:2

7:23

20:28

:0320

:28:4

320

:29:2

320

:30:0

320

:30:4

320

:31:23

20:32

:0320

:32:4

320

:33:2

320

:34:0

320

:34:43

20:35

:2320

:36:0

320

:36:4

320

:37:2

3

NOx (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (% X100) SO2 (ppm)

0.00E+00

5.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.50E+05

2.00E+05

2.50E+05

PM (micrograms/M3)

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Current Work• Assessing emissions from OGV main engines using low sulfur

fuels [marine distillate oil (MDO) and marine gas oil (MGO)]

• Chemical characterization of PM as a function of particle size [emission inventories, dispersion models]

• Comprehensive testing of Panamax main engine using water/HFO emulsification system

• On-going development of OGV PM emissions measurement techniques [MOUDI, DMM, DusTrak, SMPS, TEM]

• Assessing emissions from auxiliary engines and boilers on ocean-going vessels

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Summary• Developed suitable monitoring equipment for criteria

pollutants and speciated fractions

• Gaseous emission factors are repeatable and match manufacturer values

• Independent measurements show total PM mass and sum of compositional masses are equal and agree with manufacturer’s values

• On-going studies of fuels, PM characterization and sampling techniques

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Thank You & Questions?

Bill Welchbwelch@cert.ucr.edu

(951) 781-5743

Wayne Millerwayne.miller@ucr.edu

(951) 781-5579