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ME571/Geol571 Geology and Economics of Strategic and Critical

Minerals Spring 2017

Commodities: Introduction

Virginia T. McLemore

ASSIGNMENT • NEXT WEEK (Feb 6) IS Be, REE AFTER SME

(Feb 27, March 6, 13) • No class Feb 13, 20 • Barton and Young, S., 2002, Non-pegmatitic deposits

of beryllium: mineralogy, geology, phase equilibria and origin: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 50, p. 591-691. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/Barton02_BeRiMG050.pdf

• McLemore, 2010, NMBGMR OF 533, http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/openfile/downloads/OFR500-599/526-550/533/ofr_533.pdf

Office: Bureau 268, 575-835-5521

Cell: 575-517-0525 e-mail:

virginia.mclemore@nmt.edu

Safety

• Start each class with a safety moment – Each student will be responsible for the day’s

safety moment • Note where the restrooms are, emergency

exits • Call 911 in case of an emergency

Safety—cont • Always make sure that you have full

instructions for the job to be done. – Always know your objectives before starting

your job. – Make sure you have read the SOPs relating

to your job ahead of time. • WHAT ARE SOPs?

– Make sure that you have copies of the SOPs with you.

Safety—cont • Have the right tools to do the job.

– Make sure you have read the SOPs ahead of time.

– Make sure that you have a list of tools. – Check to see that you have brought each of

the tools from your list. – Avoid deviations from SOPs, unless they have

been approved. – Deviations from SOPs (such as using different

tools) must be specified and others should be aware of the change. Write deviations down.

No class Feb 13, 20—SME • Feb 27—each of you will discuss SME or

assigned papers • Those who go to SME

– Summarize 2 talks in the environmental, industrial minerals or mining & exploration sessions on REE, strategic minerals, industrial minerals, exploration, etc. (1 page summary to hand in and verbal summary)

– My talk is on Mon at 2 PM

• Those who stay home – Assigned articles (1 pg summary, verbal summary)

• What products use critical and strategic minerals?

• Why are critical and strategic minerals important?

• What are some challenges in producing these minerals?

All mineral commodities are important to someone or they wouldn’t be

produced.

What are critical and strategic minerals? • If a vital sector of the economy requires a mineral in

order to function, that mineral would likely be deemed “critical.”

• A strategic mineral may be defined as one that is important to the Nation’s economy, particularly for defense issues, doesn’t have many replacements, and primarily comes from foreign countries.

• Usually, the term implies a nation’s perception of vulnerability to supply disruptions, and of a need to safeguard its industries from repercussions of a loss of supplies. Disruptions in supply can take place for a number of reasons, such as natural disasters, civil wars, and labor strikes. https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-critical-minerals-and-why-are-they-important

Definition agreed by U.S. Congress • Critical minerals are minerals that have a supply

chain vulnerable to disruption and are essential to manufacturing. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/critical-minerals https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

• Strategic minerals are a subset of critical minerals and are those essential for national security applications https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

This change in life style results in new products, which depends upon

more and new minerals!

These minerals will be mined from traditional and new countries and

types of deposits.

The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan)

The US is 80%

dependent for supply of

>30 minerals.

This

dependency implies

criticality.

https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2016/mcs2016.pdf

Supply Chain

a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product, and the supply chain represents the steps it takes to get the product or service to the customer

Supply Chain • Where are the economic deposits?

– Where are the future economic deposits? – Are the geologic models adequate?

• Recycling? • Environmental issues? • What countries produce the commodity?

– Where are the processing facilities? • What countries use the commodity? • What products utilize the commodity? (End use) • How much is produced verses how much is needed?

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Cell phones

http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_cell_phone_0.pdf

SEE https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3097/

http://www.epa.gov/osw/education/pdfs/life-cell.pdf

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

LIGHT BULBS

http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_fluorescent_light_bulbs_0.pdf

CD/DVD

http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_disk_0.pdf

What are green technologies?

• Environmental technologies or clean technologies • Future and existing technologies that conserve energy

and natural resources and curb the negative impacts of human involvement, i.e. environmental friendly (modified from Wikipedia) – Alternative power (wind turbines, solar energy) – Hybrid and electric cars – Batteries – Magnets

• Other technologies – Water purification – Desalination – Carbon capture and storage

Common minerals

• Cement/concrete • Copper • Steel • Aluminum • Titanium

AUTOMOBILES

http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf

http://www.molycorp.com/hybrid_ev.asp

Toyota Prius 2.2 lbs Nd in magnets 22-33 lbs La in batteries

BATTERIES

Batteries • Primary (immediate current, disposable) vs

secondary (must be charged) • Types

– Wet cell – Dry cell – Molten salt – reserve

• Dependent upon use – Computers, cell phones – Solar power system

Other materials

• Zinc • Carbon • Chloride • Manganese • Nickel • Lithium • Copper

• Silver • Cadmium • Lead • REE • Iron • mercury

PHOTOVOLTAICS

http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_solar_panel_0.pdf

Photovoltaics

Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010

Photovoltaics

Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010

Photovoltaics

Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010

Indium in solar panels • 50 metric tons required for enough solar panels

to provide 1 gigawatt of energy • $500/kg in 2009 • 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy by

solar panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy)

• 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009 – Zinc sulfide deposits – Tin-tungsten veins – Porphyry copper deposits

MAGNETS

Permanent Magnets • Automotive • Electronics • Appliances • Medical • Military • Aerospace • Automation • Wind turbines

• Fe • Sm-Co • Nd-Fe-B • Cu-Ni-Fe • Fe-Cr-Co • Al-Ni-Co

WIND TURBINES

http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_wind_turbines_0.pdf

Wind turbines

ENGINES

CHALLENGES

GENERAL COMMENTS Many of these minerals do not require the tonnages we are used to mine for metals like Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn—i.e. smaller deposits

Commodity

US production

2009 mt

World production 2009

mt consumption

2009 mt Price 2009

World reserves 2009

mt

Cu 1,190,000 15,800,000 1,660,000 $2.3/lb 540,000,000

Au 210 2,350 170 $950/oz 47,000

REO 0 124,000 7,410 varies 99,000,000

Be 120 140 140 $120/lb 15900+

Sb 0 187,000 22,400 $2.3/lb 2,100,000

As 385 52,500 3,600 $0.92/lb 1,070,000

Bi 100 7,300 1,020 $7.4/lb 320,000

Ga 0 78 20 $480/kg 1,000,000

Ge 5 14 5 $950/kg 450+

Te W W $145/kg 22,000

cement 71,800,000 2,800,000,000 73,800,000 $100/mton

http://www.reitausa.org/storage/Challenges%20Facing%20New%20Global%20Rare%20Earth%20Separation%20Plants.pdf

rare earth permanent magnets (REPM)

GENERAL COMMENTS • Some of these minerals are economically found in only 1-3

deposits in the world • Some of these minerals are found in areas of the world that

may not be economically unstable or particularly friendly to the U.S. – Minerals that provide major revenue to armed fractions for violence,

such as that occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo (GSA, Nov. 2010)

• Some of these minerals come only from the refining of metal deposits and are dependent upon that production – Many Cu and Au deposits utilize heap leach technology, which leaves

other potential minerals unrecovered in the heap leach

Competing industries/uses

http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/john-kaiser

• Analytical labs are swamped (i.e., too long) and expensive

• There is a need for relatively quick, inexpensive methods to delineate drill hole targets

• Developing a procedure using a portable X-ray fluorescent instrument to use in drilling, stream sediment and soil surveys, to aid in exploration and ore control

http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

Criticality

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

Criticality Index

http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf

Some of the challenges in producing these technologies

• How much of these minerals do we need? • Are there enough materials in the pipeline to meet

the demand for these technologies and other uses? • Can any of these be recycled? • Are there substitutions that can be used? • Are these minerals environmental friendly—what

are the reclamation challenges? – REE and Be are nearly always associated with U and Th

and the wastes from mining REE and Be will have to accommodate radioactivity and radon

Bottlenecks • Risk and timing of investment

– Unpredictable – Rapid change in demand – Engineering/design/production of these products is faster

then the exploration/mining/processing • Extraction

– Supplies – Economically feasible in a timely manner

• Refining – Technically feasible – Economical

FUTURE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

• Need for understanding the mineralogy and distribution of these minerals in known ore deposits – Geologic mapping (lithology, structure, alteration) – Geologic deposit models – Mineralogy/chemistry

• Are there additional geologic sources for some of these minerals?

• What are the potential environmental consequences of mining these minerals and how do we mitigate them?

ASSIGNMENT • NEXT WEEK (Feb 6) IS Be, REE AFTER SME

(Feb 27, March 6, 13) • No class Feb 13, 20 • Barton and Young, S., 2002, Non-pegmatitic deposits

of beryllium: mineralogy, geology, phase equilibria and origin: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 50, p. 591-691. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/Barton02_BeRiMG050.pdf

• McLemore, 2010, NMBGMR OF 533, http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/openfile/downloads/OFR500-599/526-550/533/ofr_533.pdf