me571/geol571 geology and economics of strategic and critical … /mclemore/teaching... ·...
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ME571/Geol571 Geology and Economics of Strategic and Critical
Minerals Spring 2017
Commodities: Introduction
Virginia T. McLemore
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ASSIGNMENT • NEXT WEEK (Feb 6) IS Be, REE AFTER SME
(Feb 27, March 6, 13) • No class Feb 13, 20 • Barton and Young, S., 2002, Non-pegmatitic deposits
of beryllium: mineralogy, geology, phase equilibria and origin: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 50, p. 591-691. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/Barton02_BeRiMG050.pdf
• McLemore, 2010, NMBGMR OF 533, http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/openfile/downloads/OFR500-599/526-550/533/ofr_533.pdf
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Safety
• Start each class with a safety moment – Each student will be responsible for the day’s
safety moment • Note where the restrooms are, emergency
exits • Call 911 in case of an emergency
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Safety—cont • Always make sure that you have full
instructions for the job to be done. – Always know your objectives before starting
your job. – Make sure you have read the SOPs relating
to your job ahead of time. • WHAT ARE SOPs?
– Make sure that you have copies of the SOPs with you.
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Safety—cont • Have the right tools to do the job.
– Make sure you have read the SOPs ahead of time.
– Make sure that you have a list of tools. – Check to see that you have brought each of
the tools from your list. – Avoid deviations from SOPs, unless they have
been approved. – Deviations from SOPs (such as using different
tools) must be specified and others should be aware of the change. Write deviations down.
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No class Feb 13, 20—SME • Feb 27—each of you will discuss SME or
assigned papers • Those who go to SME
– Summarize 2 talks in the environmental, industrial minerals or mining & exploration sessions on REE, strategic minerals, industrial minerals, exploration, etc. (1 page summary to hand in and verbal summary)
– My talk is on Mon at 2 PM
• Those who stay home – Assigned articles (1 pg summary, verbal summary)
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• What products use critical and strategic minerals?
• Why are critical and strategic minerals important?
• What are some challenges in producing these minerals?
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All mineral commodities are important to someone or they wouldn’t be
produced.
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What are critical and strategic minerals? • If a vital sector of the economy requires a mineral in
order to function, that mineral would likely be deemed “critical.”
• A strategic mineral may be defined as one that is important to the Nation’s economy, particularly for defense issues, doesn’t have many replacements, and primarily comes from foreign countries.
• Usually, the term implies a nation’s perception of vulnerability to supply disruptions, and of a need to safeguard its industries from repercussions of a loss of supplies. Disruptions in supply can take place for a number of reasons, such as natural disasters, civil wars, and labor strikes. https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-critical-minerals-and-why-are-they-important
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Definition agreed by U.S. Congress • Critical minerals are minerals that have a supply
chain vulnerable to disruption and are essential to manufacturing. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/critical-minerals https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
• Strategic minerals are a subset of critical minerals and are those essential for national security applications https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
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This change in life style results in new products, which depends upon
more and new minerals!
These minerals will be mined from traditional and new countries and
types of deposits.
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The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan)
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The US is 80%
dependent for supply of
>30 minerals.
This
dependency implies
criticality.
https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2016/mcs2016.pdf
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Supply Chain
a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product, and the supply chain represents the steps it takes to get the product or service to the customer
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Supply Chain • Where are the economic deposits?
– Where are the future economic deposits? – Are the geologic models adequate?
• Recycling? • Environmental issues? • What countries produce the commodity?
– Where are the processing facilities? • What countries use the commodity? • What products utilize the commodity? (End use) • How much is produced verses how much is needed?
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EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
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Cell phones
http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_cell_phone_0.pdf
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SEE https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3097/
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http://www.epa.gov/osw/education/pdfs/life-cell.pdf
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https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
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LIGHT BULBS
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http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_fluorescent_light_bulbs_0.pdf
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CD/DVD
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http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_disk_0.pdf
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What are green technologies?
• Environmental technologies or clean technologies • Future and existing technologies that conserve energy
and natural resources and curb the negative impacts of human involvement, i.e. environmental friendly (modified from Wikipedia) – Alternative power (wind turbines, solar energy) – Hybrid and electric cars – Batteries – Magnets
• Other technologies – Water purification – Desalination – Carbon capture and storage
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Common minerals
• Cement/concrete • Copper • Steel • Aluminum • Titanium
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AUTOMOBILES
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http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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http://www.molycorp.com/hybrid_ev.asp
Toyota Prius 2.2 lbs Nd in magnets 22-33 lbs La in batteries
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BATTERIES
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Batteries • Primary (immediate current, disposable) vs
secondary (must be charged) • Types
– Wet cell – Dry cell – Molten salt – reserve
• Dependent upon use – Computers, cell phones – Solar power system
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Other materials
• Zinc • Carbon • Chloride • Manganese • Nickel • Lithium • Copper
• Silver • Cadmium • Lead • REE • Iron • mercury
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PHOTOVOLTAICS
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http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_solar_panel_0.pdf
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Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
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Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
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Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
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Indium in solar panels • 50 metric tons required for enough solar panels
to provide 1 gigawatt of energy • $500/kg in 2009 • 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy by
solar panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy)
• 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009 – Zinc sulfide deposits – Tin-tungsten veins – Porphyry copper deposits
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MAGNETS
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Permanent Magnets • Automotive • Electronics • Appliances • Medical • Military • Aerospace • Automation • Wind turbines
• Fe • Sm-Co • Nd-Fe-B • Cu-Ni-Fe • Fe-Cr-Co • Al-Ni-Co
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WIND TURBINES
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http://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/mec_fact_sheet_wind_turbines_0.pdf
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Wind turbines
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ENGINES
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CHALLENGES
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GENERAL COMMENTS Many of these minerals do not require the tonnages we are used to mine for metals like Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn—i.e. smaller deposits
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Commodity
US production
2009 mt
World production 2009
mt consumption
2009 mt Price 2009
World reserves 2009
mt
Cu 1,190,000 15,800,000 1,660,000 $2.3/lb 540,000,000
Au 210 2,350 170 $950/oz 47,000
REO 0 124,000 7,410 varies 99,000,000
Be 120 140 140 $120/lb 15900+
Sb 0 187,000 22,400 $2.3/lb 2,100,000
As 385 52,500 3,600 $0.92/lb 1,070,000
Bi 100 7,300 1,020 $7.4/lb 320,000
Ga 0 78 20 $480/kg 1,000,000
Ge 5 14 5 $950/kg 450+
Te W W $145/kg 22,000
cement 71,800,000 2,800,000,000 73,800,000 $100/mton
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http://www.reitausa.org/storage/Challenges%20Facing%20New%20Global%20Rare%20Earth%20Separation%20Plants.pdf
rare earth permanent magnets (REPM)
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GENERAL COMMENTS • Some of these minerals are economically found in only 1-3
deposits in the world • Some of these minerals are found in areas of the world that
may not be economically unstable or particularly friendly to the U.S. – Minerals that provide major revenue to armed fractions for violence,
such as that occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo (GSA, Nov. 2010)
• Some of these minerals come only from the refining of metal deposits and are dependent upon that production – Many Cu and Au deposits utilize heap leach technology, which leaves
other potential minerals unrecovered in the heap leach
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Competing industries/uses
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http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/john-kaiser
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• Analytical labs are swamped (i.e., too long) and expensive
• There is a need for relatively quick, inexpensive methods to delineate drill hole targets
• Developing a procedure using a portable X-ray fluorescent instrument to use in drilling, stream sediment and soil surveys, to aid in exploration and ore control
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http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
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Criticality
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
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Criticality Index
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
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https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/csmsc_assessment_of_critical_minerals_report_2016-03-16_final.pdf
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Some of the challenges in producing these technologies
• How much of these minerals do we need? • Are there enough materials in the pipeline to meet
the demand for these technologies and other uses? • Can any of these be recycled? • Are there substitutions that can be used? • Are these minerals environmental friendly—what
are the reclamation challenges? – REE and Be are nearly always associated with U and Th
and the wastes from mining REE and Be will have to accommodate radioactivity and radon
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Bottlenecks • Risk and timing of investment
– Unpredictable – Rapid change in demand – Engineering/design/production of these products is faster
then the exploration/mining/processing • Extraction
– Supplies – Economically feasible in a timely manner
• Refining – Technically feasible – Economical
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FUTURE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• Need for understanding the mineralogy and distribution of these minerals in known ore deposits – Geologic mapping (lithology, structure, alteration) – Geologic deposit models – Mineralogy/chemistry
• Are there additional geologic sources for some of these minerals?
• What are the potential environmental consequences of mining these minerals and how do we mitigate them?
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ASSIGNMENT • NEXT WEEK (Feb 6) IS Be, REE AFTER SME
(Feb 27, March 6, 13) • No class Feb 13, 20 • Barton and Young, S., 2002, Non-pegmatitic deposits
of beryllium: mineralogy, geology, phase equilibria and origin: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 50, p. 591-691. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/Barton02_BeRiMG050.pdf
• McLemore, 2010, NMBGMR OF 533, http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/openfile/downloads/OFR500-599/526-550/533/ofr_533.pdf