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MANEJO DE SALINIDAD

EN LOS

CAMPOS DE GOLF

David M. Kopec Ph.D.

University of Arizona

dmk@email.arizona.edu

SALINE or SALTY WATER

OBJECTIVES :

1. Where “do salts come from”

2. Why is salt a problem- plant perspective

3. Irrigation options and cultural management

4. Grass selection

SALTS

• Are natural in soils from soil particles.

• Are applied in turf fertilizer.

• Are (mostly) soluble, so they end up in turf

irrigation water.

Water

• Water

• HOH

• H+ -OH

H+ -OH

SALTS

• Potassium nitrate

(KN03)

• Ammonium nitrate

((NH4)2 N03)

• Dolomite

(MgSo4)

No3 - +H

-OH

Water = H+-OH

TURFGRASS LEAF – A SWAMP COOLER

SOIL SALINITY …. Makes it

harder for the plant to…..

1. TAKE UP WATER at the roots

2. MOVE WATER up to the leaves

3. HAVE ENOUGH WATER inside the

leaves for leaf cooling,

photosynthesis, and growth.

4. Plants look “drought stressed” (blue)

5. Plants are dwarfed and compact !

SALT PROBLEMS IN TURF ??

Droughty looking plants,

even when soil moisture

is high !

Fails the screw driver soil

moisture probe test !

TURFGRASS IS STUNTED !

SALT PROBLEMS IN TURF ??

White crusts on the

soil surface around

the edge of the turf

an in between plants.

Water Testing for Salinity

Total salinity

electro-conductuvity “EC” (dS/m or

mmhos/ cm)

total dissolved solids “TDS” (ppm or mg/l)

Total Salinity Guidelines for

Irrigation Water

Salinity Hazard EC (dS m-1) TDS (ppm)

Low <0.75 < 500

Medium 0.75 – 1.5 500 -1000

High 1.5 – 3.0 1000-2000

Very High > 3.0 > 2000

Field Salinity Meter

Develop a STRATEGY for

dealing with the salt problem

Eliminate the source of the salts R.O.

Soil treatment

Drainage

Cultivation

Water options

Leaching fraction

Blending water sources

Drainage

Encourages

leaching of salts

when extra water

is added.

Cultivation Practices

Core cultivation

Slicing

Spiking

Deep-tine cultivation

Water injection

Drilling

Solid-tine cultivation

Vibratory plows

Deep tine

Drill and fill

AERIFICATION and SOIL LAYERS

IRRIGATION & SALTS

• Irrigate more frequently

• Irrigate with more water

• DRAINAGE

• DRAINAGE

• DRAINAGE

• DRAINAGE

LEACHING

REQUIREMNT

• How much extra of the same salty

water you need to apply to keep the

soil salts (in the saturated paste

extract) from reaching the level

where growth will be less than 100%

of normal.

• Percent of applied water that needs

to pass below the root zone !

WASH AWAY SALTS IN THE

WATER THAT THE ROOTS ‘SEE’

• LEACHING !

• Watering with more of the same salty

water !

• Prevents excess salts from building

up !

• Water enough to keep the salt level

at some ‘tolerable’ level.

Leaching Requirement

Calculations

Leaching Requirement = 2 pieces of data

EC(water)

EC(turf species) turf tolerance in soil solution

Leaching Requirement =

EC(water) _

5EC (turf species) - EC(water)

Turf Species Salt Tolerance

Species Name Salinity Tolerance Threshold EC

Alkaligrass Tolerant 8.5

Saltgrass Tolerant 20.0 (or higher ?)

Bermudagrass Tolerant 10.0

Tall fescue Tolerant 6.5

Perennial ryegrass Tolerant 6.5

Seashore Paspalum Tolerant 20.0 (or higher ?)

Creeping red fescue Moderately tolerant 4.5

Creeping bentgrass Moderately tolerant 3.7

Kentucky bluegrass Moderately sensitive 3.0

Zoysiagrass Moderately sensitive 2.4

Annual bluegrass Very sensitive 1.5

IRRIGATION ADJUSTMENT based on

the L.F.

target irrigation (inches)

1 – (L.R. )

EXAMPLE : Test Results have L.F. of 20%

IRRIGATION ADJUSTMENT based on

the L- F

0.4 inch target

[ 1 – (.20) ]

0.4 “

[ 0.8 ]= 0.50” actual

• Higher salinity of water ……….

• Higher L.R. value becomes …….

• Higher applied water amount becomes………

IRRIGATION & SALTS

• Choose salt tolerant species

• Choose salt tolerant cultivars

• ……affects the “LF” equation

EC( irr water)

5EC (grass tolerance) - (EC irr water)X 100

MORE WAYS TO DEAL WITH

SALTY WATER

1. Leaching fraction

2. Enhanced drainage (aerification)

3. Use more salt tolerant turf

grasses

4. Blend water

Turf Species Salt Tolerance

Species Name Salinity Tolerance Threshold EC

Alkaligrass Tolerant 8.5

Saltgrass Tolerant 20.0 (or higher ?)

Bermudagrass Tolerant 10.0

Tall fescue Tolerant 6.5

Perennial ryegrass Tolerant 6.5

Seashore Paspalum Tolerant 20.0 (or higher ?)

Creeping red fescue Moderately tolerant 4.5

Creeping bentgrass Moderately tolerant 3.7

Kentucky bluegrass Moderately sensitive 3.0

Zoysiagrass Moderately sensitive 2.4

Annual bluegrass Very sensitive 1.5

SALINITY TOLERANCE BENTGRASS

MOST SALT TOLERANT:

Mariner, Seaside II, Grand Prix, Seaside,

MEDIUM :

18th Green, Century, Backspin, L-93

LOW:

SR 1119, Regent, Putter, Penncross, Penn G-6,

Providence.

Ryegrass salt tolerance.

• Covet

• Galileo

• Magellan

• Brightstar

SLT

• Karma

• Sideways

• Mitey

• AllStar

• Penguin

• Penguin II

• Thrive

• Bandelero

• Hancock

• Stamina

• Navajo

• Zoom

Alkaligrass cultivars

‘Fult’s’ alkaligrass

‘Salty ’ alkaligrass

Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Salinity Tolerance

Good Fair Poor

NorthStar Nuglade Kenblue

Moonlight Abbey Park

SR-2000 Blacksburg Huntsville

Limousine Award Livingston

Eclipse Midnight P105

Challenger

Seashore paspalum

MORE WAYS TO DEAL WITH

SALTY WATER

1. Leaching fraction

2. Enhanced drainage (aerification)

3. Use more salt tolerant turf grasses

4. Blend water

BLENDING

BLENDING WATER

Mix “good water” with “poor

water”

Salt level is equal to the

proportional amounts of

both water sources that

make up the new 100%

blended water

EXAMPLE

WATER “A” has EC of 1800

ppm TDS (bad)

WATER “B” has EC of 500

ppm TDS (good).

What is the EC of 75% “B”

and 25% “A” ??? = “C”

EXAMPLE : EC of blended water

25 % of blended water has EC of 1800 ppm “A”

75% of blended water has EC of 500 ppm “B”

( .25 X 1800) + (.75 X 500) =

(450) + (375) = 825 ppm “C”

Develop a STRATEGY for

dealing with the salt problem

Eliminate the source of the salts (R.O.)

Soil treatment

Drainage

Cultivation

Water management

Leaching fraction

Blending water sources

Probelmas de Pastos, suelos,

salinidad, y riegos

dkopec@ag.arizona.edu

VIVE MEXICO

dkopec@ag.arizona.edu

STOP

Turf-type Saltgrass (Distichlis)

SALTS GET CONFUSED WITH

Sodium levels in water !

GYPSUM requirement ! (gypsum does not get rid of salt in the root zone solution)

High bicarbonates in water !

The need for acid injection !

CONSIDERATIONS

For TEX DEC 2004

Still has to go to

DELL

TURFGRASS IS STUNTED !

SALINITY AND GROWTH

SOIL SALINITY …. Makes it

harder for the plant to…..

1. TAKE UP WATER at the roots

2. MOVE WATER up to the leaves

3. HAVE ENOUGH WATER inside the

leaves for leaf cooling,

photosynthesis, and growth.

Increased salinity hinders germination of KBG when

temperature are low.

Tall fescue is unaffected by temperature regardless of salt

level.

REM : 6 mmho / cm = 3840 ppm.

Salinity

affects young

turf plants of

KBG more so

than tall

fescue

Salt stress is worse as temperature is increased !

Plant shape and appearance of weeping alkaligrass

and weeping lovegrass.

Left - Puccinellia distans, or Weeping alkaligrass.

Right - Eragrostis curvula, Weeping lovegrass

HARAVANDI 1

Canada 2

Duncan roots

Root growth is maintained under salt stress more than shoot

growth

GRASS < 4 4 – 8 8 – 16 > 16

KBG

Creep

Red Fes

Tall Fes

Per Rye

Creep

bentgrass

Alkali

grass

Poa triv

Ann blue

West

wheat

APPROXIMATE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF

TURFGRASS GROWING IN SOIL SOLUTION

Electrical conductivity [Ec] in ds/m or mmhos/cm

GRASS < 4 4 – 8 8 – 16 > 16

Centipede Blue

gramma

Bermuda

Zoysia

St. Aug.

Seashore

paspalum

Distichlis

> 38

APPROXIMATE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF

TURFGRASS GROWING IN SOIL SOLUTION

Electrical conductivity [Ec] in ds/m or mmhos/cm

Cultivar Selection - Salt Tolerant

Grasses?

Not in high demand

Not in high supply

Turf quality issues

Seed costs

Halo-phytes may be slow to establish

Some are “roadside” while some are better in

quality

CREEPING BENTGRASS VARIETIES vs.

SALINITY TOLERANCE

Good salinity tolerance : Seaside II,

Mariner Grand Prix, Sea Side, 18th

Green.

Poor Salinity Tolerance : Providence,

Pro/Cup Penn G-6, Penncross,

Putter, Regent SR 1119.

PERENNIAL RYEGRASS

• ‘ BRIGHSTAR SLT ‘

• ‘ NAVAJO ‘

Turf-type Saltgrass (Distichlis)

AMOUNT OF WATER NEEDED TO LEACH IS

RELATED TO:

• What is the actual salt level of the irrigation water.

EC( irr water)

• What is the salt level in the drainage water , or

what is the salt level of the soil (soil EC = saturated

paste extract) that the grass will tolerate before any

growth is reduced.

EC (drain water)

LEACHING FRACTION:

EC( irr water)

EC (drain water)X 100

EC( irr water)

EC (drain water)X 100

1. The more salty the irrigation water is,

2. The less salty the salt tolerance of the turf is,

…… the higher the leaching fraction will be !

EXAMPLE : LF calculation

KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

• EC (irr water) of irrigation water is 0.8 dS m-1

• EC (max. value for No Growth Reduction) is 4.0 dS m-1

0.8 dS m-1

4.0 dS m-1X 100 = 20%

SALT LEVELS IN IRRIGATION

WATER

Hazard Class EC (dSm-1) TDS (ppm)

low < 0.75 < 500

medium 0.75 -1.5 500 -1,000

high 1.5 - 3.0 1,000 - 2,000

very high > 3.0 > 2,000

Warm

Season< 4 4 – 8 8 – 16 > 16

Centipede Blue

gramma

Bermuda

Zoysia

St. Aug.

Seashore

paspalum

Distichlis

> 30

APPROXIMATE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF

TURFGRASS GROWING IN SOIL SOLUTION

Electrical conductivity [Ec] in ds/m or mmhos/cm

GRASS < 4 4 – 8 8 – 16 > 16

KBG

Creep

Red Fes

Tall Fes

Per Rye

Creep

bentgrass

Alkali

grass

Poa triv

Ann blue

Western

wheat

APPROXIMATE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF

TURFGRASS GROWING IN SOIL SOLUTION

Electrical conductivity [EC] in ds/m or mmhos/cm

Cool

Season< 4 4 – 8 8 – 16 > 16

KBG

Creep

Red Fes

Tall Fes

Per Rye

Creep

bentgrass

Alkali

grass

Poa triv

Ann blue

Western

wheat

APPROXIMATE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF

TURFGRASS GROWING IN SOIL SOLUTION

Electrical conductivity [EC] in ds/m or mmhos/cm

YOUR FRIEND

VACUOLE

Soft lined Water bag !

By pulling inside

minerals and other

charged molecules

inside the vacuole,

more water is attracted

to move inside the

vacuole.

Plant Soil Salinity Tolerance(saturated soil paste extract, ECe)

Soil Salinity Tolerance

ECe at 0% Yield

Reduction

(threshold ECe*)

ECe at 50% Yield

Reduction

Tolerated by very

sensitive plants<1.5 1.5-5

Moderately sensitive

plants must be used1.5-3 5-10

Moderately tolerant plants

must be used3-6 10-15

Tolerant plants must be

used6-10 15-21

Very tolerant plants must

be used>10 >21

*ECe above which a reduction in yield will occur

IRRIGATION & SALTS

HELP THE SOIL DRAIN !

Aerification

Tile drains

“Sandy” soils

SALTS DISSOLVE IN WATER.

• Change the chemical properties of

water (+) and (--) charges to compete

with water itself !

• Conduct an electrical charge (can be

measured)

SALTS

• Salts are the combination of any

negative ion (--) called an (anion)

………

• and any positive ion (+) called a

ca+ion.

SALTS ARE ACTUALLY DRY COMPOUNDS !

SALTS GET CONFUSED WITH

Sodium levels in water !

GYPSUM requirement ! (gypsum does not get rid of salt in the root zone solution)

High bicarbonates in water !

The need for acid injection !

Plant Soil Salinity Tolerance(saturated soil paste extract, ECe)

Soil Salinity Tolerance

ECe at 0% Yield

Reduction

(threshold ECe*)

ECe at 50% Yield

Reduction

Tolerated by very

sensitive plants<1.5 1.5-5

Moderately sensitive

plants must be used1.5-3 5-10

Moderately tolerant plants

must be used3-6 10-15

Tolerant plants must be

used6-10 15-21

Very tolerant plants must

be used>10 >21

*ECe above which a reduction in yield will occur

WATER QUALITY FOR TURF IRRIGATION

Only one “part” of a water quality test.

COMPONENTS:

1. SALIN ITY

2. Sodium hazard

3. Residual sodium carbonate

4. Specific ion toxicity

5. pH

Determining the SOURCE of the salts

Soil

Irrigation water

Water table

“Added salts”

1. Over fertilization

2. Deicing salts/road

spray

SOIL MOISTURE as affected

by salinity

ET Requires Water

Salinity decreases … the amount of

AVAILABLE soil water.

A.k.a.

- More salt in water….

water stress / wilting occurs at higher soil moisture contents.

decreases available water

that plant can take up

nnnuptakeWater

decreaseed

Transpiration

Turf wilts even

though soil is wet.

Slow water Movement

into roots

Increasing

salinit y 2

1

3

4