mackenzie institute update spring 1990

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U pdate on ...THE MACKENZIE INSTITUTE

SPRING 1990

A fter th ree y ears of pu blish ing and operating , it is tim e to tak e stoc k.

W h at are th e Institu te's g oals; w h at h as it ac hiev ed;

w here does it go in the 1990s?

Function.:.: ."_. . .~ - - :..: '_,; , . '. " .-.

T~io~~~~~i :d~~t ! t ! f i~~l i~~~~~ef

information o n th e su bje cts o f te rro rism ,

r !: vo l u ti o n an d p rop ag and a .

In 1986 w e had i n Canada amatrix o fin stitu te s in fo rm in g the pu blic o n arm s

.controland d is arm ame n t, s tr ate g ic

s tu d ie s, in te rn atio n al af fa ir s) i nte ll ig en c estud ie s, and e conom ics. T he thre at from '

n uc le ar w ar re ce ive d atte ntio n, an d 50

d id O UT p re pa re d ne ss f or c on ve ntio nal

. .War . T h efe W ilS ,how~ye rr no single ' ......,..sotirce-orihtormanonon' thefo'rm.roF~

co nflic t that have be co me d aily n ew s

ite ms- tho se that fall so me whe re be tw ee n

"War" andrpeace".

, T h e M a ck en zie In stitu te fO T the S tudy o f

T e rro rism , R evo lu no nan d P ro pagan dacameinto exi$t~nte lateJn 1 9 8 6 to provide

-. Canadianswitli aso\_i' rce of informationon such cpn f Ii ct fo l 11115 ;. 't he l ns ti tu te .

. .providesani l l ( f~p~~dentn1eausbyvibiphi r i forri leq_individuals;whd are c b l " \ c e r J 1 ~ d

about the. di i 'ect iOl.{ri iMmethoos of .modem-pol i t i ca l \V~rfare'may:reach a

w id e r au d ie nc e .. A c co rd in glY , th e

I n st it ut e publ is he s M a c k en ii e P a p er s and '.o cc asio naln ew sl ette rs ih ol ds c on fe re nc es .an d seminarsian-dc(in,tfi~lite? to public .di~cuss.ion through;t,r\~.aia 'ilr t icles and .;

· ¥ ~ l ~ ~ ; ! ~ i l ~ } · ~ ~ ~ e c ~ i : 1 ; f ~ ' ;\ o rgan izat ion ~l1divi thth~GOve rnmen t ofOn ta rio a s a oQo -p ro ftt Co rp d ra tio n .

T he In sti tu te hashG~ gend ain the

d ome stic p ol itic al are na . Its a c ti vi ti e s a re .

'snpervise .d'bya B O a r d o f.C o ve n lO rs o f·: .

; ' /a rie d po Ii tic aJ o pi uiQ n \y hiC h i s u n it ed in,

. t h e peijefth at C a l1 , M a '& trad itio ns , th e .;,.;

l lb e ra i d e -moci a t k s v s h ~ m - a n d t he Vv 'e st e rr ih ~ ; ' l t a g e a r . e 'W .? :rtij4~ £e~~ ing,; , '.'

S u bje ct M atte r

"S u p.re me e xce lle nc e" in w arfare w as d efin ed tw e~ ty-f ive ce n tu ri,e s a~ o by theC hine se m ilitary philo sophe r S un T zu as "bre aking the e nem y s resistance.

w itho ut f igh tin g". In prac tic e, al l co nfl ic t is a m ixtu re o f pe rsu asio n an d compuls ion.

o f p sycho lo gical an d physical ac tio ns. S un T zu plac ed e mphasis o n the fo rm er, be cau se

the cost to the attacke r w as le ss, and the prize w as like ly to be captu re d in tac t.

T he alte rn atio n of fo rce an d pe rsu asio n - te rro r an d pro pagan da - is particu larly

im po rtan t to the re vo lu tio nary, if o nly be cau se he starts o ut at a grave d isad van tage in

te rm s o f le gitim acy, po we r an d re so urc es. A lw ays, w he re the re vo lu tio nary challe nge

is se rious, po litics d om inate s and fo rce is m ere ly a m eans to the po litical e nd . T hus,

id e as a re f un d am e nta l.

Re l igious mi li ta n t s, fan atic al id eo lo gu es, fru strate d n atio nalists, m in oritie s w ith

le zitim ate grie van ce s, an d o th er movements or cOLlOt r i e .1 lon . 'l i nc .e .Qb-b"dghteQl l-ca~ se s" m ay use such revo lu tionary m ethod s to re d re ss d isparitie s w ith the ir ow n

re gim e s o r ~ '\f ith th e d e ve lo pe d n atio ns . In ev itab ly , it is the open socie ty that is

vu lne rable , L en in , S talin an d H itle r u nd ersto od th is w ell , as d o the ir su cce sso rs.

In Italy in the 19305 , A nto nio G ram sci, a M arxist, bro ught the id eo lo gical aspe ct o f

re vo lu tio nary w arfare u p-to -d ate an d h is tac tics are w id ely u se d by rad icals to day,G ram sci saw that the so cial an d po litical o rd ers w ere e sse ntially c ultu ral phe no me na

rathe r than the prod ucts o f e conom ics as M arx had taught. A ctivists had to e rode the

e xistin g o rd er fro m the in sid e, th ro ugh sile nt, m etho dical co nqu est o f the state th ro ugh

the c ultu ral o cc upatio n o f so cie ty . T hu s the in stitu tion s, particu larly tho se that

in flu en ce d m orality , pu blic o pin io n and po pu lar cu lture , be cam e prim e targe ts. T he

o pe n s oc ie ty w as the in te nd ed vic tim o f the se te chn ique s, w hich can work o nly if

autho rity is inh ib ite d from re spond ing, as has gene rally be e n the case in the

d em o crac ie s rath er th an in c lo se d to talitarian re gim e s.

L et u s e xam ine the com ponen ts o f the In stitu te 's f ie ld o f stud y.

atte ntion to som e cause , to be ing low -

in te nsity w arfare base d o n attritio n, O Ufre sponse s have no t ke pt pace .

W h il e t he i d e ol o g ic al in a t ie n a li st /r e li gi ou s

m otive fo r te rro rism re m ain s im po rtan t

in so me m ove me nts, m erce narv m otive s

are now uppe rm ost in o the rs. th is is the

case in m uch M id dle E aste rn ho stage -

takin g, an d it is partic ularly so in d ru g-

re late d te rro rism , C ru el tho ugh the

"id ealistic " te rro rist c an b e, th ere are

u su allv lim its to h is o r h er atro citie s

im pose d by a ne e d to ju stify acts w ith in

the philo so phic al fram ew ork an d thu s

re tain the suppo rt o f tru e be lie ve rs, F or

O n D ecem be r 21, 198 8 P an A m fligh t

103 ble w u p o ve r S co tlan d, 25 9

pe ople d ie d , On S eptem be r 19, 198 9 a

F re nch c ivilian D C-lO e xplo de d o ve r the

N ige r d ese rt, k illin g al1171 o n bo ard , O n

N ove mbe r 27, 1989, a C olo mbian B oe in g

727 airlin e r w as d estroye d in the air by a

bom b. T his tim e 107 people d ie d.

\V hile the inc id ence o f te rro rism m ay be

d e clin in g, its l eth ality is in cre as in g,

T erro rism se em s to be changing from its

19705 an d '8 0s fo rm as vio le nt the atre ,

d esigne d to catch he ad lin e s and d ire c t

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the m erc enary, su ch re stric tio ns d o n ot

apply . F or m an y y ears ithas been the

con ve ntio nal w isd om that te rro rism canc on trib ute e ff ec tive ly to a w id er

re vo lu tion ary strate gy bu t, u naid ed , is

in capable o f w inn ing m ore than m inor

c on ce ssio ns. In C olo mb ia, so me

o bse rve rs h av e f ore cast a n atio nal

su rrend er to the te rro rism of the d rug

lo rd s. W ou ld th is be a freak even t or atrend-setter?

T he In stitu te has co mm issio ne d ne w

research on this con tinu ing and in som e

re spe cts w orse nin g th re at. A 1 99 0 pape r

will d eal spe cif ically w ith the d ange r to

a ir li ne p as se n ge rs . A lt er na ti ve s tra te gi es

f or d ealin g w ith m erc en ary te rro rism will

n ee d to b e re se arc he d.

O ur f irst pape r o n te rro rism , R an dall

Heather 's T e r r o r i s m , " A c t i v e M e a s u r e s " a n d

SOt d ealt w ith te rrorist attacks in W e st

E uro pe again st th e d ef en cee sta bl is hm e n t, p art ic u la rl y s cie n ti st s

w orkin g o n S DT -re late d re se arc h, an d

th e ir fa ci li ti e s . It also liste d th e

m yste rio us d eath s o f sim ilarly e mplo ye d

sc ie ntists in the U nite d K in gd om , an d

po se d q ue stio ns c on ce rn in g po ssib le

li n ks an d ca use s. T his w as 198 7, the

U SS R w as still re gard ed as an active

sponso r o f te rro rism , and one o f the

po ssib ilitie s te ntative ly raise d po in te d to

c ove rt o p er at io n s.

T he pape r w as picked up by the Am erican

pre ss an d spe cialist lite ratu re . T he

re spo nse fro m M o sc ow w as in te re stin g.

O n Jan uary 21, 198 8, l z v f s t i y a ran a 22

co lu mn in ch artic le , "A L ie C ryin g to

H eaven" w hich se t out to rid icu le the

pape r. T wo th in gs are ce rtain : the au tho r,

M elo r S tu ru a, m ust have be en supplie d

w ith the m ate rial and to ld to thrash it;

and he wou ld have had no know ledge

whateve r o f the real fac ts and no way o f

checking. If o ur pape r w as re ally absu rd

(and plen ty o f absu rd m ate rial d oes ge t

pu blishe d in the \V e st) the n why d id the

S o vie t au th oritie s p ic k o n H e ath er's

pape r fo r suc h ro yal tre atm en t? B ut i f it

w as too c lo se to the mark ...

T he d eaths in England 'w en t on , and

H eathe r w as in te rview ed bv C BC fo r"

f eatu re ite m. L ate r, A BC m ad e e xte nsive

use of h is advice and m ate rial fo r a 2 0 / 2 0

program and , afte r the m urd er o f A lfred

H errh au se n, H eath er w as in te rvie we d

f or A BC N ew s. T his su bje ct re main s o pe n

and a fo llow -u p pape r is po ssib le .

S tu dy in g N ationa l S ec ur ity a t C olor ad o S pr in gs .:

K e n H i l b o r n , U. o f \ . · V e s t e r n O n ta ri o , l v l a u r i c e T ug w e l l , M a c k e n zi e f l l s / i l u te D i r e c to r, K e n

l v 1 a c o n o ch ic , M e G 'i l l , S am N e s d o l y , A c a d i a , P h l i l i p e L e P e s t r e , U n i o e r s u e d ll Q u e b e c a M O l 1 i l 'l i a / ,

A le c D o u gl a s, N a t i o n a l D e f e n ce , A a r o ll H y w a r r e l 1 , U. o _ f N l a m t a b a , C O / i l l P e a r c e , U, o f T o r on to , J o h n

F e r r i s , U . o f C a l g a ry .

In A ugu st 1 98 9 w e pu blish ed T h e F ig M

A g a i n s t T e r r o r i s m , a tw o-part pape r by the

i nt ern at io n al !v k n ow n s pe c ia li st ,

P rofe sso r P au i W i lk in so n, an d the

In stitu te 's re se arc h asso ciate , R o be rt

C his ho lm . W i lk in so n f oc use d atte ntio n

on the m enace o f the sponso r state s and

o n the d em ocrac ie s' failu re to ac t

e ff ec tive lv to e nd su ch b eh avio ur.

C hishol~ d ealt w ith te rrorism fro mCanada 's v iewpo in t.

T his is a vast fie ld co ve rin g the S ovie t

a nd in te rn atio nal c omm un is tm ove me nts, m an y T hird W o rld c on flic ts,

su bv ersio n, m ilitan t re lig io n, in te rn al

s e cu ri ty , a nd c o unt e r- in s ur ge n c y.

O u r f irs t p ap er, C o r b a cn e» , " R e f o r m " , a n d

t h e U S S R , by G .P. A rm stro ng and T ere sa

R a kow sk a-Ha rr ns to n e, d is cu ss ed

pro spe cts at the o utse t o f the " Co rb ac he vre vo lu tio n" . S ix m o nth s late r, F ran co is e

T ho rn 's piec e on M oscow 's "N ew .

T hin kin g" as an in stru me nt o f fo re ign

p olic y d e sc rib ed S o vie t tac tic s f or tu rn in g

an u nf avo urab le situ atio n to M o sc ow 's

ad van tage . In re spo nse to a m assive ,

pu blic ly-fun de d pe ace cam paign tod isarm C anad a, in the fall o f 198 8 w e

pu blish ed a f ou r-part D efe nc e o f F re ed om

se rie s c ove rin g th e th re at, po litic al an d

m ilitary options, and the views o f ou r

allie s. T he se rie s w as fo llo we d by E ve lyn

le C hene 's pape r on che mical and

b io lo gic al w arf are , 'w hic h d ealt w ith the

problem in the East-W e st as w e ll as on a

regional basis. _ ------1S ince then , d em ocracy has w on a se rie s

o f stu nn in g b lo od le ss' vic to rie s o ve r

to talitarian c omm un ist re gim e s in C e ntral

an d E as te rn E uro pe . C rarn sc i's

te chn iqu es have w orke d pe rfe ctly , bu t inthe o pposite d ire ctio n to that in te nd ed by

th eir au th or. T his vic to ry w as po ssible

b ec au se M ik hail C orb ac he v h ad re mo ve d

the so -calle d "B re zhn ev d octrin e" - the

in su ran ce po licy u nd er w hich S ovie t

tan ks w ou ld save pu ppe t co mm un ist

tyran ts from the wrath o f the ir people s -

while at the same tim e glasnost in the

U SS R u nd erc ut c en so rsh ip in th e sate llite

state s. E xc ept in m ed ie val R om an ia,

M arxist re gim es w ere re strain ed in the ir

re spo nse s. T he o ppo sitio n partie s e ro de d

the com mun ist o rde r bv the sile nt,m eth od ic al o cc upatio n' o f th e vital po in ts

o f so cie ty , p artic ularly its m o ral summit.

In C ze cho slo vak ia, V ac lav H ave l c alle d it

a " cu ltu ral re ve l u t io n" .

C anad ian re ac tio ns to the se an d re late d

even ts have been con fu sed . A s one

co mm un ist re gim e af te r ano the r carne

und er pre ssu re to su rrend er pow er to the

people , and as the strength o f popu lar

hatre d fo r com mu nist ru le rs w as plain for

all to se e, ne ws re po rte rs w ith u ntain te d

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pro gre ssive re pu tatio ns b ec am e b orn -

again fre ed om figh te rs, Y et, at the sam e

tim e, in c omm un ist c ou ntrie s (in clu din g

the U SS R) w he re the d esire fo r fre e d om is

still e ffe ctive ly su ppre sse d, an d in

co nflic ts w he re L en in ists are try in g to

se ize po we r, the C an ad ian m ed ia re main s

at be st am bivale n t and at w orst pro -

co mm un ist. T he e xce ptio n is C hin a,

whe re the c rue lty o f the re gim e - d e n ie do r e xcu se d fo r so m an y ye ars by C an ad ian

o pin io n f orm e rs - f in all y s patte re d

view ers w ith the blood o f its vic tim s and

e arn ed lo ng o ve rd ue c on de mn atio n.

In m ore ge ne ral te rm s, w e are assu re d by

Ed B road ben t, D ouglas R oche and m any

o the rs that the co ld w ar is o ve r. T wo ye ars

ago , su ch lu min arie s w ou ld d ou btle ss

have d e n ie d that the re w as a such a w ar

ou tsid e the im aginations o f "C old (W ar)

W a rrio rs" . "T he D eath o f C omm un ism "

is ano the r popu lar phrase . Q ue stion s: ifthe co ld w ar is ove r, pre sum ably it has

be e n won by the 'V est. W ho are w e to

th an k fo r th is: e ffe te in te lle ctu als an d

p eac e-at-an y-p ric e d isa rm e rs w ho ,

c on fro nte d b v n uc le ar b lac km ail,

counse lle d appe asem en t; o r the C old

W a rrio rs w ho fac ed re ality an d re spo nd ed

r ati on al ly ) B u t- pe rh ap s til €' c o la Wat-AaR

no t be e n won, simply suspe nd e d o r

conce ale d . In that case , how can w e talk

o f the d eath o f co mm unism ?

S un T zu w ou ld cau tion us again st the

c om fo rtab le il lu sio n th at w in nin g battle sis the sam e th ing as w inn ing a w ar. M r.

G orb ac he v pre se nts th e d em oc rac ie s

w ith a com ple te ly new agend a. He m ay

or m ay no t succe e d in re scu ing S ovie t

R ussia fro m its pre se nt se a o f d iso rd ers.

B ut he is a tru e L en in ist, d isplayin g

w eakn ess to m ask e xistin g an d po te ntial

stre ng th , an d e m plo yin g c on trad ic tio ns

to sque e ze ad van tage ou t o f d isaste r. A s a

C an ad ian c omm un ist jo urn alist po in te d

ou t in the party newspape r in ove rnbe r

198 9: " in all o f the past 72 ye ars no one

e ve r m ad e so much as a penny by be ttingo n S ovie t c ollapse in a c risis" .

M ore ove r, C orbache v is the w orld le ad er

be st ab le to play the G ram sci gam e back

at u s, trad ing narrow con tro l in the East

fo r w id espre ad in flu en ce first in E uro pe

and the n throughou t the 'w orld and

hoping, pe rhaps, to em erge as the

savio ur o f m an kin d (an d o f c omm un ism ).

It was the "pe ace " card that save d the

party in 1918 , the "re tu rn ing to

c apitalism " plo y that re scu ed it in 1921,

and the "R ussian patrio tism " gam e that

c am e to its aid in 1941. T he party that has

aim ed a rif le at ou r he ad fo r so many

years has low ere d it w hile appe aling to

o ur "bo urge ois se ntim en tality" to he lp it

o ut o f tro ub le . It is n ic e no t to look dow n

the barre l o f a gun ; bu t d o w e re ally w an t

to re sto re the party 's e co no mic po we r 50

that it can raise the rif le again? O r w ou ldw e pre fe r that re po rts o f the d e ath o f

co mm un ism n ot be an e xagge ration ?

In h is T o r on to S ta r c olu mn fo r N ove m be r

8 , 1 98 9, jo urn alist R ic hard G w yn

il lu strate d the c on fu sion s o f h is

pro fe ssio n. A fte r n otin g th at " All th at

re ally se em s to stand be tw een the party

and oblivion the se d ays is the barre l o f a

gun , as in T iananm en ' S quare " , he

conclud ed w ith the statem en t: "A lso , w e

o we to c om mu nism to day 's d efin in g

mora Ivisio n o f a pe a c efu l, d isarm ed

w orld ". A re w e talk in g abo ut L en in 's

pe ace o f un ive rsal com mun ism he ld in

place by guns, o r the pe ace that fo llows a

b lo od le ss, G ram sc i-sty le d efe at o f

commun i sm?

A t the he art o f th is confu sion lie s the

charm of C orbachev T hrough she er fo rc e

- of pe rsO nalT Iy he has m anaged to pre se nt

h is d efe ats an d u navo id ab le c on ce ssio ns

as if th ey w ere ac ts o f c harity. B y d um pin g

his allie s an d thru stin g the ir e co no mic

problem s on to the W e st, and by the

skilfu l u se o f slo gan s cate rin g to W e ste rnhope s, he has convince d m any in the

d em ocracie s that he is n ot a co mm un ist,

or that he is a commun ist o f a new kind

w hich re je cts all co mm un ist d oc trin e. Y et

at the sam e tim e he re assu re s h is

d om estic aud ie nce that he rem ains a tru e

c om mu nist. W h om is he d ece ivin g?

C arl eto n U n ive rsity p ro fe ss or Ian P rattis

w ro te to the G lo b e a n d lvfail

re com mend ing C orbachev fo r the N obe l

Pe ace Prize : no one in the U SS R has d one

th is, In ste ad , 'w orld c he ss c ham pio n

G arry Kasparov cau tions: "H e is no t a

he ro in the S ovie t U nion . H e is a failu re ,

'" the last hope o f the S ovie t C om mun ist

Party to stay in po we r" ,

Fo r re asons half good and half bad , the

W e st backs C orbachev and his

pe re stro ika. T he go od is the d am age

pe re stro ik a an d glasn ost h ave alre ad y

done to the US SR and the bloc , and the

prospe c t o f the C om mun ist Party o f the

S ovie t U nio n fin ally be in g fo rce d to

su rre nd er its m onopo ly o f pow er, T he

bad is the alte rnative prospe ct o f the

party w eathe ring the sto rm , the S ovie t

e co no my re co ve rin g, an d the rif le

re tu rn ing to the aim . N ow that e conom ic

an d p ol itic al re fo rm s h av e ap pa re ntly

be e n aband one d in favou r o f re new ed

ce ntralize d plan nin g, w hat e xactly is it

that P re sid en t B ush an d P rim e M in iste rM ulro ne y have pro mise d to su ppo rt, if

n ot th e re fu rb ish in g o f c omm un ism ?

B en eath the su rfac e o f se ve re e co no mic,

e thn ic , so cial an d spiritu al pro ble ms, the

U S S R c on tin ue s to s tre am lin e,

m od ern ize , an d re -e qu ip its arm ed fo rce s,

T he Japane se are no t known as

pro fe ssio nal C old W a rrio rs, b ut th eir

D efe nc e A ge nc y has re po rte d "n o c han ge

in the tre nd tow ard s m ilitary bu ild up by

th e S ovie t U nio n" . T he in te llige nc e,

su bve rsive , pe ace an d arm s c on tro lo ffe n sive s con tinue , and the W e st f ind s it

in cre as in gly d if fic ult to m ain tain v iab le

d efe nc es. B ritish au th or an d jo urn alist

Jam es A dam s re po rts that the R ussian s

are "se c re tly d eve loping w hat m ay be the

u ltim ate w eapo ns o f w ar - ge ne tically-

e ngine e re d po isons that can d estroy the

ability~ ()f tre eps to -f igh t" . w eapo ns far ia -

ad vance of anyth ing in the W e st, w hich

c an " pe ne trate c he mic al d efe nc e

e qu ipm en t now in se rvice w ith N AT O

forces" .

If the \V est pu ts all its m one y on the first,good prospe ct, and th is d oe s no t

m ate rial ize , it m ay fin d the table s tu rn ed

in a m ost uncom fo rtab le w ay,

S ovie t A rm v lie ute nan t V italv G ,

U razhe tse v'to ld a gathe rin g in M osc ow

re ce ntly that the "arm )' is the place tod ay

w he re c on se rvative fo rc es are

c on ce ntrate d" . A m ilitary co up to re ve rse

re ce n t tre nd s m al' no t be like ly , bu t it is

by n o m ean s im po ssib le , F in alty , if the

failu re o f pe re stro ika co ntin ue s to e ro de

the e co no my an d so cial fabric , an arc hy o r

c iv il w ar b e~ om e p oss ib le . C o ns id e rin gthe n uc le ar, c he m ic al, b io lo gic al an d

s op his tic ate d c on ve ntio na l w e ap on s

availab le , su ch e ve nts m ay n ot e asily be

conta ined.

Ove rw he lm ed by eupho ria, m ost o f the

m ed ia and the publics in the non -

com mun ist w orld are b lind to d ange r and

re se ntfu l o f pru de nt o pin io n.

F or th is ve ry re aso n, the M acke nzie

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In stitu te 's tw o co nfe re nc es h ave d ealt

w ith u nfashio nable issues. T he first, in

November 1988, d iscussed the natu re o f

su bve rsio n. In o ne pre se ntatio n, fo rm er

P olish am bassad or (an d se nio r m ilitary

i nte ll ig en ce o ff ic er ) Z d zis law R u rar z

provid ed an insid er's vie w of the

' w ork in gs o f W a rsa\-v P ac t in te llig en ce an d

subversion in the W est. T he 1989

confe rence consid ered the se cond ,u ncom fortable prospect in w hich theU S SR d oe s n ot c ollapse an d e ve ntu ally

re tu rns to business as usual, bu t w ith a

d e ci siv e s tr ate gic a dv a n t ag e.

O ur tale nte d pane l inc lud ed O xford

so vie to lo gist Jam es S he rr, N ew Y ork

au th or an d in te ll ige nce an alyst E dw ardJay Epste in , fo rm er K GB m ajor S tan

L evc he nko , an d fo rm er S ovie t

n o m e n k l a t u r a m em ber A lexand ra C osta. A

sum mary of the view s expre ssed at the

confe renceINilI

be published , and theIn stitu te w ill c on tin ue to ad dre ss E ast-

W e st issue s in a serious w ay. If such

cau tion tu rns ou t in the end to have been

u nn ece ssary, w hat w ill h ave be en lo st? H,

o n th e o the 'r hand , m yopic optim ism

goes unchallenged and late r tu rns ou t to

h ave been m isplaced , the like ly

c on se qu e nc es ar e in cal cu lab le .

In 1989 we were invited bv the New

Yo rk -b as ed N at io na l S tr at eg y I nf orma ti on

C en te r to co ope rate in th eir N atio nal

S trate gy C on fe re nce h eld at C olo rad o

S prings in Ju ly. T o this e nd w e no tif ie dd epartm en ts and ce ntre s o f strate gic an d

in te rn atio nal stu die s in o ur u niv ersitie s,

in vitin g partic ipatio n in th is tw o-w e ek

se minar. A s a consequ ence , ne arly half

th ose atten ding w ere from C anad a,

h earin g th e l ate st f ro m w ell -in fo rm e d

spe ake rs on all aspects o f d efence and

strategy. T he C an ad ian position w as w ell

re pre se nte d in presen tation and

discussion.

O n ly w .hen we are aware o f our

d elu sio ns, e xplain ed F re nc h

ph ilo so ph er Jac qu es E llu l, w ill w e

e xpe rie nc e th e be gin nin g o f ge nu in e

fre ed om . T o g ain aw arene ss w e m ust ste p

back and e xam ine the m eans of d ece ption

an d c ove rt in flu en ce .

P ro pagan da an d its h alf -b ro th er,

d ece ptio n, are h ard su bje cts, be cau se

know ing whe re tru th end s and lies begin

is al way s d if fic ul t an d so m etim e s

im po ssib le . H ow eve r, b ec au se po litic al

w arfare , te rro rism an d revo lu tion re lv on

propaganda, the topic must be '

ad dre sse d. A s a ru le , an alysis pro ce ed s

thro ugh case stu die s, w hich yie ld

patte rn s an d o rgan izatio ns. F ro m su ch

e xam ple s, w orkin g h ypo th ese s e me rge .

L ittle can be proved w ith the d egree o f

ce rtain ty we have com e to expec t in ascie ntif ic age , bu t aw are ne ss c an

neve rthe le ss be d eve loped , and w ith it

th e pro mise o f gre ate r fre ed om .

e lite s in th e 1 93 0s. T h e asto nish in g

re ve latio ns in th is b oo kle t attrac te d

c on sid era b le in le rn a tio nal a tte n tio n,

be ing review ed and quo te d w id ely, Itshow ed , bv care fu l case studv, how som e

o f th e W e s t's m ost re spe cte d Jo urn al ists

and ed ito rs w ere foo led ye ar in , ve a r ou t,

by this commun ist d ece ive r. '

D avid Levy w ro te what was to be apo sth um o us te stam e nt o f h is e xpe rie nc esas a M oscow co rresponden t back in the

B re zh n ev y ear s. u.s. s pe c ia li st H e rb e rt

5 t a 1 1 L C " ( I c h e n k o , R o na ld B a x t e r a nd E dw a r d l a y E p s te in d is C li s s i n t e l l i g e n c e a t 1989 C o n f e r e n c e .

In the "1987 paper, A !v fy tho lo gy o f P e n c e ,

in stitu te d ire cto r M au ric e T u gw e ll

d isse cte d th e psyc ho lo gical strate gy o fthe peace m ovem ent. Late r in the sam e

y ear jo urn alist D ere k N elso n c on trib ute d

a paper o n th e d eceptions o f S and in ista

"politics I h ospitality" an d th e se lf-

d ec eptio ns o f th e C an ad ian tru e be lie ve rs

w ho trave l to t\icaragua in search of the

d re am re vo lu tio n. V an co uve r ph ysic ian

J ac k R o se nb lat t's p ap er , S l w i e t P r o p a g a l 1 d a

a n d t he Phys ic ians ' P e n c e M o v e m e n t ,

poin ted to the po litical rather than

pro fe ssio nal n atu re o f a m in or ity pre ssu re

group that se em s always to fo llow the

S o vie t l in e.

In 1989 w e began an occasional se rie s

called M e d i a R e p o r t . because th e new s

m ed ia are th e gene rally uncon sc ious and

u nw illin g c arrie rs o f pro pagan da an d

d isin fo rm atio n. T h e f irst, b v A ustral ian

pro fessor R obert M an ne , d ~scribed the

lif e an d tim es o f W i lfre d B urc he tt,

possibly the m ost ou trageou s and

su cce ssfu l S ovie t age nt o f in flu en ce sin ce

W i lli M un ze nbe rg co nn ed W e st E uro pe an

R om er ste in pro vid ed an u p-to -d ate

asse ssm en t o f th e S ovie t "A ctive

M easu re s" apparatu s an d its ac tivitie s inthe age of glasnost. T he shee r size and

ou tpu t o f th is "o rchestra" sh ou ld give

pause to those who proc laim the d eath or

d isappe arance o f th e C om munist Party o f

th e S o vie t U nio n.

T h is s er ie s will c on tin ue . A c are fu l

exam ination of m ed ia treatm en t o f the

co ntro ve rsy su rro un din g th e pro po se d

N AT O train ing base in Labrad or is

c om in g n ex t.

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· - -

D om estic Issues ' ~ " '

E arly in 198 9 it se em ed that atte mpts

b y " civ il lib ertarian s to d es tro y th e

e ffe ctive ne ss o f the C an ad ian S ec urity

an d In te llige nc e S e rvic e ( i f n ot to d estro y

th e se rvic e itse lf) w ere be in g o ppo se d

only by a tiny hand fu l of form er

p ro fe ss io na I s a nd s ec ur ity -m in d edin divid uals. W i th a parliam en tary re vie w

o f T he A ct au th orizin g th e S ervic e's

pow ers like ly to be sw am p~ d by spe cialin te re st ad vo cac y, w e published a p ap er

b y law ye r A nd re w Kavchak, pu ttin g the

c ~s e £ o" ran e ffe ctive s ec urity s ervic e. T his

pape r has had an impact o~ the debate ,

an d th e In stitu te w ill co ntribu te fu rthe r,

A no the r issu e in vo lvin g C an ad a's fu tu re

so cial w ell-be in g is imm igratio n. T he

d e stab iliz in g p ote ntial o f u nplan ne d,

u nco ntro lle d im migration on o ur

e con om y, so cial fabric and capacity tosucce e d as a nation ne ed s to be

und erstood . S o far, the gove rnm ent has

take n re fuge in propaganda to try to

d isgu ise the true nature o f the problem .

T he way this situation has be e n allow ed

to arise , and the answ ers to it, are se t o ut

in A T im e B o m b T ic k i n g : C a n a d i a n

i m m i g r a t i o l l l r i cris is , writ ten by former

Imm igratio n A ppe al B oard vic e-

ch airm an , C harle s M . C am pbe ll.

In 1990 the re w ill be a pape r on the so-c alle d C harte r o f R igh ts, an othe r

d om estic issu e co rro sive o f C an ad a'sdemocracy.

W ritin g in the L on do n D a i l y T e le g ra p h ,

G eorge W alde n m ad e th is

commen t :

T h e f a c t t h a t C o m m u n i s t r eg im e s a re

e m b a r k i n g 0 1 1 a l o n g a n d p e r i l o u s

j o u r n e y t o d e m o c r a c ya t t h e

v e r ym o m e n t w h e n w e o u r s e l v e s a r e l o s i n g

t o uc h w it h i t s m o s t p ro fo un d r o o t s , a n d

w h e n 0 IJ r lila t e r i « l i s ti e s o c i e ti e s a r e

a f f l i c t e d w i t h s co lJ rg e s th a t o u r f o rm e r

a d v e r s a r ie s c a n e x p e c t t o i n h e r i t , is al l

e x p lo s iv e i r o n y . A n d i f th e g l o b a l

r e f o r m a t i o n tu r n s o u t t o b e m o r e

m a n a g e ri a l t h a n m o ra l, w h a t g u a ra n t e e

will t h e r e b e o f p e r p e tu a l p e a c e ?

T his po in ts to the he art of the W e st's m ost

pre ssing d ilem ma: the d ange r o r the

pre se nc e o f a spiritu al an d m oral vac uu m.

S uccess m easu red o nly in m ate rial te rm scan no t b e a su bstitu te ' fo r a c omm itm en t

to a he althy an d prospe rous so cie ty

w he re o ne 's n eighbou r's success and

w ell-b ein g is ju st as im po rtan t as o ne 's

own .

T he socialist answ er, w ell in ten de d no

d oubt in evitablv le ad s to m ate rial as w ell

as m o ~al ru in , Indeed, s oc ial ism u nd e r

o the r banne rs has prod uce d or is

ge ne rating the se re su lts in ~ anad a ...G ove rn me nts that m ake policy by opm lOn

po lls e nsu re that the lo we st com mo.n

denominator ' w i l l d ic ta te p ub lic p ol ic y.

G ove rn me nts that pro vid e grave n im age s

5 1 1 ch as mu Iic u ltu ralism , c harte rs, an d

pay equ ity program s as if the se w ere

o bje cts of m oral w orth are so akin g u p the

n atio n's spirit for the w orsh ip of false

gods ,

S am u e l P o p e , J a m e s S h e rr , a n d B r i a n H e a r l y

a d d r e s s d e fe n c e , a r m s c o n t r o l, a n d d e c e p ti o n a t

1 9 8 9 c o n fe r e n c e .

W h ile it m ay be appro priate to critic izeaove rnm en ts for playing god , to turn to

that sou rce for a so lu tio n to spiritual and

m oral problem s is to invite ru le by

propagand a. In this sphe re , we are on

ou r own. E ithe r we stand on our own

fe e t, or we do not stand at all.

F ran cis F uku vam a's th esis that m an kin d

is reaching "the e nd o f history" and w ill

he nc efo rth live w ith ou t abstrac t go als

and be conce rne d on ly w ith e conom ic

h ou se ke epin g, ign ore s histo ry itse lf as

w ell as the phy sic ist's ad age th at n atu re

abho rs a vacu um . A lre ad y w e are he aring

the chant that socialism has neve r bee n

given a fair c han ce , w hile y este rd ay 'S

co mm un ists are re grou pin g u nd er

" so cialist" b an ne rs. N or sh ou ld w e fo rge t

that in the 1920s and '305 , fasc ism gre 'w

o ut o f d isillu sio ne d so cialism . C ults,

e xo tic re ligio ns, d ru gs (an d th eir lo rd s),m ilitan t n atio nalism o r re gio nalism , an d

racism are also at the starte r's gate . Each

w ould re lieve the ind ividual of having to

take re spon sib ility fo r h is ow n m oral

condi t ion.

W e will c ommissio n stu die s o f d om estic

issu es that lie w ith in o ur fie ld an d re late

to this pro ble m: sch oo ls, u nive rsitie s, the

chu rche s, po litical cu ltu re , an d m ore on

th e m e dia. It i s t hi s I ns ti tu te 's

c omm itm e nt to in divid ual re spo nsib ility

that bars it fro m se eking o r rece ivin ggove rnm en t fund ing - a sm all, f irst s~ ep

to in te lle ctual fre ed om , bu t on e that IS

re markab ly rare in C an ad a.

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In stru me nt o f F ore ign P olic y,

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Imm igratio n in C risis, Charles M .

Campbe l l ,

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M easu re s an d Propagand a, H erbe rtRomers t e i n .