longbow first used by the english during the hundred years’ war allowed faster reload of arrows...

Longbow • First used by the English during the

Hundred Years’ War • Allowed faster reload of arrows• Allowed unskilled longbowmen to

shoot many arrows into the ranks of the French nobles who were on horseback. The French took longer to adopt this new technology, and consequently lost battles.

Printing Press• Became popular during the Renaissance• Johan Gutenberg made moveable type printing

with metal types of every letter of the alphabet • More books being printed caused:– A rise in literacy since books became cheaper

and easier to come by– The catholic church and government to print

declarations of war, laws, and propaganda– A wider range of subjects were printed

(fiction, biographies, history, etc) – The government and other organizations

could more easily distribute their ideas and propaganda

Caravel

CaravelCarousel

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE

Canon• Invented in China, first used in Europe in the Iberian Peninsula• Used during the Hundred Years’ War, first by the English at the battle

of Crecy• Broke the walls of stone castles, making them obsolete in battle. • In general smaller cannons were more mobile, larger cannons had a

longer range.• Placed on ships beginning in the late 1500’s, initially not very efficient• Strengthened the military power of national states since only

governments could afford them

Rediscovery of Ptolemy’s GeographyPtolemy’s geography before the exploration written in the second century AD during the height of the Roman Empire

During or after the age of exploration“Rediscovered” in Constantinople and brought back to Italy in 1400 – served as inspiration to Renaissance explorers who created much more accurate maps based on the same principles of longitude and latitude

Magnetic Compass

Nocturnal

• Used to tell time by the celestial clock of the stars

• Helped explorers navigate at night

Astrolabe

• The astrolabe moved into Spain where it was introduced to European culture through Christian monasteries in northern Spain.

• Use: measures the altitude of the sun and planets to determine latitude. Allows sailors to determine how far south and north they are from the equator.

Copernican Hypothesis

Experimental Method

Telescope

• Galileo first used the telescope for astronomical reasons

• Galileo discovered the craters on the moon using the telescope

• Will eventually be used to monitor the stars and planets

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Galileo Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Law of Inertia

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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

Empiricism

• A.k.a. – inductive reasoning• Created by Francis Bacon• A new experimental method

that is used in our modern day scientific method

• Start by looking at lots of specimens, analyze them and general principles will emerge

Deductive Reasoning

• Created by: Descartes• More analytical aspect

to the scientific method• Reason from one or

more self-evident principles to reach a conclusion

Cartesian Dualism

Madame du Chatelet’s Translation of Newton

Diderot’s Encyclopedia

• Collection of informational documents that could be released to the public for easy access and for the educated to read

• Wanted to record all knowledge known to mankind and to teach people to think critically

• Financed by Madame Geoffrin

Crop Rotation

Enclosure

Selective Breeding

The Seed Drill

Cauterization

Madame Du Coudray’s Manual of Childbirth

Smallpox Inoculation

Guillotine

Spinning Jenny

• Invented by: Hargreave• Used by women to spin

wool into thread so men could weave the thread into cloth

• Faster and easier than doing everything by hand

• This is the first step in the industrial revolution

Spinning Jenny

• Created by James Hargreaves during the early years of the industrial revolution

• Allowed spinners to manufacture yarn more quickly

Water Frame

Power Loom

• Created by Edmund Cartwright in 1785

• Meant to save labor costs but they worked poorly at first

• Eventually tremendously productive, the main machine of the ever-growing textile industry in Britain

Steam engine

• Invented by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705

• Improved by James Watt in 1769• Replaced the less efficient and more

expensive humans and horses that mined for coal and eventually replaced waterpower in mills

• Used to fuel trains• Burn coal, make water boil, boiling

water makes steam, steam turns a combine, the turning creates energy

The Rocket

• Invented by: Robert Stephenson in 1829

• The Rocket was an early steam locomotive train

• It was made famous for connecting different industrial factories quickly in this case the factories were in Manchester and Liverpool in England

Edwin Chadwick

Germ Theory• Created by Louis Pasteur in 1854• Figured out that specific diseases are

caused by specific living organisms (germs). By implication, then diseases ought to be able to be controlled in people by controlling the organisms.

Pasteurization

•

+ Pasteurization=

Antiseptic Principle

X Ray

Electric Streetcars

Thermodynamics

• A physics branch that investigates the relationship between heat and mechanical energy

• Based off of Newton’s laws and studies on the steam engine

• Created law of conservation of energy (energy can be converted but never be created or destroyed)

Organic Chemistry

Dynamo (Generator)

Positivist Method

Evolution

Machine Gun

Quinine

Steamship

• Fueled by steam

TeLeGrAm!

Grenades

Mustard Gas

Not to be confused with:

Submarines

Tanks

Airplanes

Quanta

• Term coined by Max Planck in 1900 • States subatomic energy is emitted in uneven,

little spurts, not a large stream– Suggests that matter and energy are different

forms of the same thing– Added the age of anxiety because it shattered the

belief that atoms are stable, basic building blocks of nature

Special Theory of Relativity

• Einstein• Very basically: relativity

based that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant, and that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems

• This is an extension of Galileo’s theory.

Blitzkrieg aka “lightening war”

The Atomic Bomb

Invented by the Manhattan Project, headed by Robert Oppenheimer

The Arms Race

The Space Race

DNA