longbow first used by the english during the hundred years’ war allowed faster reload of arrows...
TRANSCRIPT
Longbow • First used by the English during the
Hundred Years’ War • Allowed faster reload of arrows• Allowed unskilled longbowmen to
shoot many arrows into the ranks of the French nobles who were on horseback. The French took longer to adopt this new technology, and consequently lost battles.
Printing Press• Became popular during the Renaissance• Johan Gutenberg made moveable type printing
with metal types of every letter of the alphabet • More books being printed caused:– A rise in literacy since books became cheaper
and easier to come by– The catholic church and government to print
declarations of war, laws, and propaganda– A wider range of subjects were printed
(fiction, biographies, history, etc) – The government and other organizations
could more easily distribute their ideas and propaganda
Caravel
CaravelCarousel
KNOW THE DIFFERENCE
Canon• Invented in China, first used in Europe in the Iberian Peninsula• Used during the Hundred Years’ War, first by the English at the battle
of Crecy• Broke the walls of stone castles, making them obsolete in battle. • In general smaller cannons were more mobile, larger cannons had a
longer range.• Placed on ships beginning in the late 1500’s, initially not very efficient• Strengthened the military power of national states since only
governments could afford them
Rediscovery of Ptolemy’s GeographyPtolemy’s geography before the exploration written in the second century AD during the height of the Roman Empire
During or after the age of exploration“Rediscovered” in Constantinople and brought back to Italy in 1400 – served as inspiration to Renaissance explorers who created much more accurate maps based on the same principles of longitude and latitude
Nocturnal
• Used to tell time by the celestial clock of the stars
• Helped explorers navigate at night
Astrolabe
• The astrolabe moved into Spain where it was introduced to European culture through Christian monasteries in northern Spain.
• Use: measures the altitude of the sun and planets to determine latitude. Allows sailors to determine how far south and north they are from the equator.
Copernican Hypothesis
Experimental Method
Telescope
• Galileo first used the telescope for astronomical reasons
• Galileo discovered the craters on the moon using the telescope
• Will eventually be used to monitor the stars and planets
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Galileo Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
Law of Inertia
MAN
CAR
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Empiricism
• A.k.a. – inductive reasoning• Created by Francis Bacon• A new experimental method
that is used in our modern day scientific method
• Start by looking at lots of specimens, analyze them and general principles will emerge
Deductive Reasoning
• Created by: Descartes• More analytical aspect
to the scientific method• Reason from one or
more self-evident principles to reach a conclusion
Cartesian Dualism
Madame du Chatelet’s Translation of Newton
Diderot’s Encyclopedia
• Collection of informational documents that could be released to the public for easy access and for the educated to read
• Wanted to record all knowledge known to mankind and to teach people to think critically
• Financed by Madame Geoffrin
Crop Rotation
Enclosure
Selective Breeding
The Seed Drill
Cauterization
Madame Du Coudray’s Manual of Childbirth
Smallpox Inoculation
Guillotine
Spinning Jenny
• Invented by: Hargreave• Used by women to spin
wool into thread so men could weave the thread into cloth
• Faster and easier than doing everything by hand
• This is the first step in the industrial revolution
Spinning Jenny
• Created by James Hargreaves during the early years of the industrial revolution
• Allowed spinners to manufacture yarn more quickly
Water Frame
Power Loom
• Created by Edmund Cartwright in 1785
• Meant to save labor costs but they worked poorly at first
• Eventually tremendously productive, the main machine of the ever-growing textile industry in Britain
Steam engine
• Invented by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705
• Improved by James Watt in 1769• Replaced the less efficient and more
expensive humans and horses that mined for coal and eventually replaced waterpower in mills
• Used to fuel trains• Burn coal, make water boil, boiling
water makes steam, steam turns a combine, the turning creates energy
The Rocket
• Invented by: Robert Stephenson in 1829
• The Rocket was an early steam locomotive train
• It was made famous for connecting different industrial factories quickly in this case the factories were in Manchester and Liverpool in England
Edwin Chadwick
Germ Theory• Created by Louis Pasteur in 1854• Figured out that specific diseases are
caused by specific living organisms (germs). By implication, then diseases ought to be able to be controlled in people by controlling the organisms.
Pasteurization
•
+ Pasteurization=
Antiseptic Principle
X Ray
Electric Streetcars
Thermodynamics
• A physics branch that investigates the relationship between heat and mechanical energy
• Based off of Newton’s laws and studies on the steam engine
• Created law of conservation of energy (energy can be converted but never be created or destroyed)
Organic Chemistry
Dynamo (Generator)
Positivist Method
Evolution
Machine Gun
Quinine
Steamship
• Fueled by steam
TeLeGrAm!
Grenades
Mustard Gas
Not to be confused with:
Submarines
Tanks
Airplanes
Quanta
• Term coined by Max Planck in 1900 • States subatomic energy is emitted in uneven,
little spurts, not a large stream– Suggests that matter and energy are different
forms of the same thing– Added the age of anxiety because it shattered the
belief that atoms are stable, basic building blocks of nature
Special Theory of Relativity
• Einstein• Very basically: relativity
based that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant, and that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems
• This is an extension of Galileo’s theory.
Blitzkrieg aka “lightening war”
The Atomic Bomb
Invented by the Manhattan Project, headed by Robert Oppenheimer
The Arms Race
The Space Race
DNA