ling 403/603 introduction to phonologyudel.edu/~koirala/phonology/day14.pdf · introduction to...

D A Y 1 4

C E S A R K O I R A L A

Ling 403/603

Introduction to Phonology

The basic concept…

Morphemes (stored in the lexicon/constant pronunciation)

Morphological rules (combine morphemes/rearrange the phonological environments

of the phonemes)

Phonological rules (generate the surface forms)

The basic concept…

Morphemes (stored in the lexicon/constant pronunciation)

Morphological rules (combine morphemes/rearrange the phonological environments

of the phonemes)

Phonological rules (generate the surface forms)

(The cases of English plural formation and Chimwiini illustrated that the order in which rules apply is important)

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Additional information:

There are no words that begin with a vowel on the surface.

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Additional information:

There are no words that begin with a vowel on the surface.

In the case of Imperatives:

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

Karok1

1 Bright 1957

• We can see the importance of rule ordering in Karok.

• Vowel deletion creates a suitable environment for Palatalization

Feeding

• We can see the importance of rule ordering in Karok.

• Vowel deletion creates a suitable environment for Palatalization

• We say that V deletion feeds Palatalization

Feeding

• We can see the importance of rule ordering in Karok.

• Vowel deletion creates a suitable environment for Palatalization

• We say that V deletion feeds Palatalization

English Plural morphemes

English Plural morphemes

English Plural morphemes

Provide derivation for faces.

English Plural morphemes

English Plural morphemes

•The application of Epenthesis destroys the environment in which

Assimilation could apply.

English Plural morphemes

•The application of Epenthesis destroys the environment in which

Assimilation could apply.

•We say that Epenthesis bleeds Assimilation.

Bleeding

Conclusion…ordering of the rules matter!

Rule Orderings

The patterns describable with feeding and bleeding rule interactions are called ‘transparent’.

A rule is transparent if its effects are obvious from the phonetic form.

Rule Orderings

The patterns describable with feeding and bleeding rule interactions are called ‘transparent’.

A rule is transparent if its effects are obvious from the phonetic form.

For e.g., it is evident in the surface form [glasiz] that it satisfies both the rules we described for English plural morphemes.

Rule Orderings

The patterns describable with feeding and bleeding rule interactions are called ‘transparent’.

A rule is transparent if its effects are obvious from the phonetic form.

For e.g., it is evident in the surface form [glasiz] that it satisfies both the rules we described for English plural morphemes.

There are other rule interactions in which the effect of the rules is not obvious from the surface form. We call them ‘opaque’.

Morphophonemic Analysis

The purpose of Morphophonemic Analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that is consistent with the data.

Morphophonemic Analysis

The purpose of Morphophonemic Analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that is consistent with the data.

Procedure of Morphophonemic Analysis:

Choosing the Underlying Representation

This is crucial (and not always easy!)

Choosing the Underlying Representation

This is crucial (and not always easy!)

This , often, involves considering more than one hypothesis, with the final choice defended by its leading to a working analysis.

For example: Chimwiini:

Choosing the Underlying Representation

This is crucial (and not always easy!)

This , often, involves considering more than one hypothesis, with the final choice defended by its leading to a working analysis.

For example: Chimwiini:Long vowels alternate

with short

Choosing the Underlying Representation

This is crucial (and not always easy!)

This , often, involves considering more than one hypothesis, with the final choice defended by its leading to a working analysis.

For example: Chimwiini:

Hence, we have two hypothesis:

1. Underlyingly, the vowels are long. Later, shortening rules apply.

2. Underlyingly, the vowels are short. Later, lengethening rules apply.

Long vowels alternate

with short

Choosing the Underlying Representation

For the segments that alternate, follow the hypothesis you made about the underlying forms, implementing it consistently throughout the data.

Under hypothesis 1, the underlying representation is /so:m/ for the root ‘read’ and /-o:w/ for the passive suffix.

Choosing the Underlying Representation

For the segments that alternate, follow the hypothesis you made about the underlying forms, implementing it consistently throughout the data.

Under hypothesis 1, the underlying representation is /so:m/ for the root ‘read’ and /-o:w/ for the passive suffix.

The segments that don’t alternate can be assumed to be phonemically identical in their underlying representation to their surface representation.

Choosing the Underlying Representation

A clue for Choosing the Underlying Representation

Contextually limited contrast.

A clue for Choosing the Underlying Representation

Contextually limited contrast.

For example, though vowel length is contrastive in Chimwiini, only short vowels are allowed when more than 3 syllables from the end of the phrase.

A clue for Choosing the Underlying Representation

Contextually limited contrast.

For example, though vowel length is contrastive in Chimwiini, only short vowels are allowed when more than 3 syllables from the end of the phrase.

This means the contrast is neutralized in that particular environment.

Hence, there must be a rule that wipes out the contrast in that environment.

A clue for Choosing the Underlying Representation

Contextually limited contrast.

For example, though vowel length is contrastive in Chimwiini, only short vowels are allowed when more than 3 syllables from the end of the phrase.

This means the contrast is neutralized in that particular environment.

Hence, there must be a rule that wipes out the contrast in that environment.

Don’t analyze in a direction opposite to that of a neutralization.

A clue for Choosing the Underlying Representation

If we analyze Chimwiini with ‘Shortening’, we analyze in the direction of neutralization.

If we analyze Chimwiini with ‘lengthening’, we analyze in the direction opposite to that of a neutralization.

Lardil

Lardil

What are the suffixes for accusative non-future and accusative future?

Lardil

What are the suffixes for accusative non-future and accusative future?

Lardil

Lardil

What are the suffixes for accusative non-future and accusative future?

What should be our two hypothesis about the underlying forms?

Hypothesis 1 - Deletion

Hypothesis 2 - Insertion

Hypothesis 2 - Insertion

Q. What determines the choice of vowel we insert?

Hypothesis 2 - Insertion

Q. What determines the choice of vowel we insert?

No principled basis. Hence, we choose hypothesis 1 over 2.

Hypothesis 2 - Insertion

Q. What determines the choice of vowel we insert?

No principled basis. Hence, we choose hypothesis 1 over 2.

Moreover, since Lardil makes no contrast of vowel vs. consonant in the position after a vowel (only consonants are allowed), deletion analysis, which is based on this pattern, will work.

Conclusions

Today:

1. We saw that rule ordering matters.

2. We looked at transparent rule interactions (feeding and bleeding)

3. We learned about the principled way of performing the morphophonemic analysis.

Next class:

1. We will continue the analysis of Lardil in order to get the better understanding of morphophonemic analysis and rule interactions.

2. We will learn about opaque rule interactions.