lightning interferometry

Lightning InterferometryNRAO Synthesis Imaging Workshop – 2014

Michael Stock

1/114

Langmuir Laboratory2/114

Langmuir Laboratory3/114

Langmuir Laboratory4/114

Langmuir Laboratory5/114

Interferometer Site6/114

Interferometer Site7/114

Interferometer Site8/114

Interferometer Site9/114

The Instrument10/114

The Instrument

20132012

11/114

Interferometric Map12/114

Interferometric Map13/114

Image Projection14/114

Image Projection15/114

Interferometric Map16/114

Interferometric Map17/114

Interferometric Map18/114

Video

Video

The Baselines21/114

The Baselines

Bandwidth: 20-80 MHz

22/114

u-v Coverage

Bandwidth: 20-80 MHz

23/114

u-v Coverage

Very Short Baseline Array

24/114

u-v Coverage25/114

Point Spread Function26/114

Imaging

𝐼 𝑙, 𝑚 =

𝑢

𝑣

𝑉 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑒2𝜋𝑖(𝑢𝑙+𝑣𝑚)

27/114

Imaging

𝐼 𝑙, 𝑚 =

𝑢

𝑣

𝑉 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑒2𝜋𝑖(𝑢𝑙+𝑣𝑚)

28/114

Imaging

𝐼 𝑙,𝑚 =

𝐵

𝑓

𝑉 𝑓 𝑒2𝜋𝑖(𝑢𝑓𝑙+𝑣𝑓𝑚)

𝑢𝑓 =𝐵𝑥𝑐𝑓

𝑣𝑓 =𝐵𝑦

𝑐𝑓

29/114

Imaging

𝐼 𝑙,𝑚 =

𝐵

𝑓

𝑉 𝑓 𝑒2𝜋𝑖(𝑢𝑓𝑙+𝑣𝑓𝑚)

𝑢𝑓 =𝐵𝑥𝑐𝑓

𝑣𝑓 =𝐵𝑦

𝑐𝑓

30/114

Imaging

𝐼 𝑙, 𝑚 =

𝐵

𝑋𝐵(𝜏𝐵)

31/114

Imaging

𝐼 𝑙, 𝑚 =

𝐵

𝑋𝐵(𝜏𝐵)

32/114

Imaging

Bright Source

33/114

Imaging

Point Spread

Bright Source

34/114

Resolution35/114

Resolution36/114

Resolution37/114

Interferometric Mapping

Bright Source

38/114

Interferometric Mapping

Bright Source

39/114

Interferometric Mapping

Bright Source

Faint Source

40/114

Interferometric Mapping41/114

What is Lightning?42/114

What is Lightning?43/114

What is Lightning?44/114

What is Lightning?45/114

What is Lightning?46/114

What is Lightning?47/114

What is Lightning?48/114

What is Lightning?49/114

What is Lightning?50/114

What is Lightning?

Almost all we know about lightning comes from measuring the electric field

51/114

A Bolt from the Blue52/114

Photograph by Kara Swanson

A Bolt from the Blue53/114

Photograph by Kara Swanson

A Bolt from the Blue54/114

A Bolt from the Blue55/114

A Bolt from the Blue56/114

A Bolt from the Blue57/114

A Bolt from the Blue58/114

A Bolt from the Blue59/114

Video

Video

Lightning Leaders62/114

Lightning Leaders63/114

Lightning Leaders64/114

Lightning Leaders65/114

Lightning Leaders66/114

Lightning Leaders

Leader (10,000 K)

Streamer (< 1500 K)

67/114

Lightning Leaders68/114

Lightning Leaders69/114

Lightning Leaders70/114

Lightning Leaders71/114

Lightning Leaders72/114

Lightning Leaders73/114

Lightning Leaders74/114

Lightning Leaders75/114

Lightning Leaders76/114

Lightning Leaders

Dark

Faint

77/114

Lightning Leaders

Dark

Space Stem

Faint

78/114

Lightning Leaders

Dark

Faint

79/114

Lightning Leaders

Dark

Faint

80/114

Lightning Leaders

Dark

Faint

81/114

Lightning Leaders

Dark

Bright

Faint

82/114

Negative Leader

Negative Leader

SubtitlePositive Leader

SubtitlePositive Leader

What is a Recoil Leader?

Recoil Leader?

87/114

What is a Recoil Leader?88/114

What is a Recoil Leader?89/114

What is a Recoil Leader?90/114

What is a Recoil Leader?91/114

What is a Recoil Leader?92/114

What is a Recoil Leader?93/114

What is a Recoil Leader?94/114

What is a Recoil Leader?95/114

What is a Recoil Leader?96/114

What is a Recoil Leader?97/114

What is a Recoil Leader?98/114

What is a Recoil Leader?99/114

Recoil Leader

Recoil Leader

What is a Recoil Leader

Bolt from the Blue103/114

Inverted Intra-cloud104/114

Cloud-to-Ground105/114

Inverted Intra-cloud106/114

Leader Step Length

Dark

Faint

107/114

Leader Step Length

Dark

Faint

108/114

Normal Intra-cloud110/114

Large Intra-cloud

Large Intra-cloud

End114/114