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Masahiro YASUDA
Deputy Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Johkasou and Japan’s Approach for
Improvement of Water Environment in Asia
November 13, 2013
Ministry of the Environment
Today’s Presentation
2
• Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement
• Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Installation and Management of Johkasou(Johkasou: on‐site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan)
• Japan’s international cooperation on water environment
2
Ministry of the Environment
Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement
3
Ministry of the Environment
Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’s
4
The Kanda River (Tokyo)
A river in Tokyo Tokyo Bay
Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 4
Ministry of the Environment
• A miracle city recovering from a “dead sea”
5
Water quality in Murasaki River and Sewerage coverage ratio
Monitoring data in Dokai bay
The river as a city symbol with attractive water-side space
Illegal construction along the river
Source: Web site of Kitakyushu City
Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement~Dokai Bay, Kitakyushu City~
Dokai Bay has recovered“Dead sea” where fish cannot live
Ministry of the Environment
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2009
Achievemen
t Rate(%)
全体 河川
湖沼 海域
Total Rivers
Lakes Seas
State of Achievement of Environmental Standards
6
• Indicators for Human Health(heavy metal, VOC, etc.):Improved significantly since 1970s.
• Indicators for Living Environment (BOD/COD, etc.):Improved tendency as a whole, but still low achievement rate in enclosed water area such as lakes and inland seas
Annual Change in achievement of BOD/COD environmental standards
* Reference (2009)Tokyo Bay:68%Ise Bay: 56%Osaka Bay: 67%
Rivers: 92.3%All: 87.6%
Seas: 79.2%
Lakes: 53%
Ministry of the Environment
Framework of the Measures of Water Environment Improvement in Japan
7
Establishment of Environmental Quality Standard【Environment Basic Law 】
・Establishment of Effluent Standard【Water Pollution Control Law】
Uniform Effluent Standard
・Construction of sewerage 【Sewerage Law 】
・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Law 】 etc.Measures for Domestic Wastewater
・More Stringent Effluent Standards 【Water Pollution Control Law】
・Regulations for the Private Companies 【Water Pollution Control Law】
Notification ,Measure and log pollution status of effluent, On‐site inspections →Penalty, Order remedy, other administrative directions
governmentNational
government
・Investment to pollution control・Development of human capacities etc.
Local governmentLocal government(Prefecture)
Privatecompany
National governmen・National governmen・Local government・Individual
Measures for Industrial Wastewater
National government
System of maintenanceSubsidy system
System of maintenance
Ministry of the Environment
Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Installation and Management of Johkasou
(Johkasou: on‐site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan)
8
Ministry of the Environment9
Night Soil (Black water) Treatment and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan
wastewater treatmentfacility
night soil treatment facility
(New type)(New type) (Old type)(Old type)
(Traditional)(Traditional) Decentralized treatment
Centralized treatment
Ministry of the Environment 10
Population Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Sewerage treatment system (Centralized treatment)
Night soil collection
Johkasou
Tandoku-Johkasou
Ministry of the Environment 11
Gappei‐shori‐Johkasou and Tandoku‐shori‐Johkasou
(New type)(New type)
(Old type)(Old type)
・This system has issues onwater quality and sanitationbecause grey water is nottreated・It should be maintained byeach individual house owner・New installation is currentlyprohibited
Gappei-shori
On-site treatment for only black water
On-site treatment for both black water and grey water
・ It can treat both black waterand grey water・ Good quality if it can bemaintained appropriately・ It should be maintained byeach individual house owner
Ministry of the Environment
Replaceing Tandoku‐shori Johkasou (only black water) By Gappei Johkasou (both black water and grey water)
・Pollution load of Tandoku johkasou is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou.
・There is no duty to replace Tandoku Johkasou with Gappei Johkasou. 12
GappeiJohkasou
untreated
There is less pollution
Public waters
Pollution load is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou
TandokuJohkasou
Johkasou
TandokuJohkasou
(Septic‐Tank)
Ministry of the Environment
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
58 59 60 61 62 63 元 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
単独処理浄化槽
合併処理浄化槽
Gappei Johkasou3,143,279
40%
Tandoku‐shoriJohkasou4,674,779
60%
Number of Johkasou7,818,058 (Total)
Johkasou law(effect in 1985)
Revision of Johkasou Law
Revision of Johkasou Law
BannningTandoku Johkasou
Number and trends of installed Johkasou
Tandoku-shori Johkasou (night soil only)
Gappei Johkasou (night soil and gray soil)
Num
ber
of J
ohka
sou
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Fiscal year
13
Natinal subsidy program (Johkasou
installation promotion)
Natinal subsidy program (Municipal
Johkasou installation )
・Tandoku johkasou bannning installation is remained about 5 million (60%)
Ministry of the Environment 14
Legal Framework for Johkasou
Technological Aspect
• Building Standards Act (1950)
• Structural Criteria (1969)
• Japanese Industrial Standards (JISA 3302‐2000)
Management
• Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1970)
• Johkasou Act (1982)
14
Ministry of the Environment 15
Uniqueness of Johkasou Management Framework
Governmental Support for Technological Standardization
Subsidy System for Installation
Outsourcing System for Installation and Operation
Monitoring System
$
Ministry of the Environment
Governmental Support for Technological Standardization
1616
Structural standardManual
for project developmentGuideline for operation
and maintenance
Textbook on Maintenance of Johkasou
Johkasou systems for domestic wastewater treatment
Textbook on Structure and maintenance
Ministry of the Environment
Subsidy System for Johkasou Installation
Percentage of Subsidy
40 % (Johkasou Installation Promotion Program)
90 % (Municipal Johkasou Installation Program)
17
Ministry of the Environment
Outsourcing System for Installation and Management
18
Installation
Performance Inspection
Operation/Maintenance
Desludging
Annual Inspection
Installation Worker
Inspector
Operator
DesludgingExpert
Inspector
33,593 Companies
83,205 Persons
65 Institutions
1,210 Persons
12,871 Companies
72,521 Persons
5,375 Companies
15,117 Persons
65 Institutions
1,210 Persons
18
Ministry of the Environment
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Percentage
of Inspected facilities
Year
PerformanceInspection
AnnualInspection
Percentage of Inspected Facilities
19
Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan
45‐50 %
87‐93 %
19
Ministry of the Environment
Conclusion about Johkasou system
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•Johkasou system is an effective approach for on‐site domestic wastewater treatment
• In order to encourage proper installation and operation, regulations alone are not sufficient.
Governmental support in the respect of technological standardization, financing and outsourcing is needed.
• Periodical Monitoring is required for
sustainable management of Johkasou system.20
Ministry of the Environment
Japan’s International Cooperation
on Water Environment
21
Ministry of the Environment
Current Situation of Water Environment in Asian region
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Water consumption is now increasing in Asian countries due to population increase and economical development
Asian countries face serious water pollution because of insufficient wastewater treatment
Japanese wastewater treatment technologies developed for environmental pollution control can contribute to the improvement of water environment in Asian countries.
22
Seriously polluted river (China)
85 % of wastewater is discharged without treatment in East Asia
Wastewater Treatment Ratio in different regions
Ministry of the Environment
Water Environment Partnership in Asia(WEPA)
Water Environment Improvement projects in Asia
ReplicationReplication
Implementation of the project
Support for basic framework development
Promotion of Japanese technology overseas
23
Utilization of the informationand human resources
Utilization of the informationand human resourcesFeedbackFeedback
Overseas Development Based on Japanese Model of
Environmental Technologies
・Improvement of the waterenvironment in developing countries
・Promotion of Japanese technologyoverseas
・Support for basic framework development(Improvement of Water EnvironmentGovernance, etc.)
・Implementation of the model projectand replication to other regions
Accumulation of more informationAccumulation of more information
Co‐benefits Type Wastewater Treatment
Project for International On‐site Domestic Wastewater
Treatment Systems Promotion
Improvement of the water environmentin developing countries
Concept of the International Cooperation for Water Environment Improvement by MOEJ
・Legal system and its operation・Wastewater management・Establishment of O&M systemetc.
Ministry of the Environment
Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)
24
including Japan.
• WEPA was proposed by the Ministry of Environment in Japan at the 3rd World Water Forum in
2003.
• WEPA aims to improve water environmental governance including the reformation and operation
of legal system as well as the improvement of wastewater management in the Asian region through
cooperation and knowledge‐sharing among policy makers under the partnership of 13 Asian countries.
• The Ministry of Environment, Indonesia is proactively involved in this partnership to contribute to the improvement of water environment in the Asian region by cooperating with other WEPA countries
including Japan.
International forum
Bilateral Meeting
Partnership of 13 Asian countriesCambodia, China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Japan
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Ministry of the Environment
Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia
To support the dissemination of excellent water treatment technologies made by Japanese private companies to foreign countries.
To support the improvement of water environment in Asian countries by disseminating Japanese water treatment technology.
Purpose
25
Ministry of Environment seeks publicly appropriate technology from Japanese private companies. Selected companies will be supported financially by MOEJ.
Selected companies shall conduct a Feasibility Study in the first year and a Pilot Project after the second year as well as develop business models through advertisement of the applied technology .
Projects can disseminate the applied technology to other areas as well as contribute to water environment improvement in the country.
Method
To have selected 10 projects for 3 years.4 projects in Viet Nam, 2 projects in China, 1 project each in Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and the Solomon Islands.
Domestic wastewater treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment, Phosphorus resource recovery system, control of Non‐point source pollution.
Outcome
Ministry of the Environment
Water Quality Improvement Project by Introducing Johkasou System in Jakarta (Indonesia)To conduct monitoring of treated water and sludge after the installation of Japanese distributed‐type wastewater treatment system (Johkasou) in residential housing.
Water Environment Improvement by Energy‐Saving Treatment of Organic Industrial Wastewater in Viet Nam (Viet Nam)To conduct feasibility study on low‐cost and easy maintenance type of wastewater treatment technology using biofilm process in milk factories near Hanoi.
The examples of selected projects in“Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia”
Water Quality Improvement and Resource Recovery Project in Shenyang City (China) To apply phosphorus recovery technology in sludge treatment plant and reducing phosphorus concentration of treated water.
To conduct feasibility study on effective utilization of recovered phosphorus.
Project for Introducing Zero‐emission Wastewater Treatment System at Pig Farms(Malaysia)To treat wastewater from pig farms by using continuous circulation culture system using chlorella.To realize zero‐emissions by utilizing treated wastewater at pig farms for washing, compost moistening, and farming as well as to contribute water quality improvement and enhancement of water safety.
26
Ministry of the Environment
Japan’s international cooperation
• Disseminate Japan’s experience for night soil treatment and on‐site waste water treatment system
• Suggest Johkasou systems/technologies which is applicable for various countries
Aims to make a relationship between China and Southeast Asia
Ministry of the Environment
27
Ministry of the Environment 28
Thank you for your listening attentively
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