legal and administrative frameworks for johkasou and for ... · deputy director, water environment...

Masahiro YASUDA

Deputy Director, Water Environment Division

Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Johkasou and Japan’s Approach for

Improvement of Water Environment in Asia

November 13, 2013

Ministry of the Environment

Today’s Presentation

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• Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement

• Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Installation and Management of Johkasou(Johkasou: on‐site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan)

• Japan’s international cooperation on water environment

2


Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement

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Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’s

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The Kanda River (Tokyo)

A river in Tokyo Tokyo Bay

Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 4


• A miracle city recovering from a “dead sea”

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Water quality in Murasaki River and Sewerage coverage ratio

Monitoring data in Dokai bay

The river as a city symbol with attractive water-side space

Illegal construction along the river

Source: Web site of Kitakyushu City

Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement～Dokai Bay, Kitakyushu City～

Dokai Bay has recovered“Dead sea” where fish cannot live


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2008

2009

Achievemen

t Rate(%)

全体河川

湖沼海域

Total Rivers

Lakes Seas

State of Achievement of Environmental Standards

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• Indicators for Human Health（heavy metal, VOC, etc.）：Improved significantly since 1970s.

• Indicators for Living Environment （BOD/COD, etc.）:Improved tendency as a whole, but still low achievement rate in enclosed water area such as lakes and inland seas

Annual Change in achievement of BOD/COD environmental standards

* Reference (2009)Tokyo Bay:68%Ise Bay: 56%Osaka Bay: 67%

Rivers: 92.3%All: 87.6%

Seas: 79.2%

Lakes: 53%


Framework of the Measures of Water Environment Improvement in Japan

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Establishment of Environmental Quality Standard【Environment Basic Law 】

・Establishment of Effluent Standard【Water Pollution Control Law】

Uniform Effluent Standard

・Construction of sewerage 【Sewerage Law 】

・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Law 】 etc.Measures for Domestic Wastewater

・More Stringent Effluent Standards 【Water Pollution Control Law】

・Regulations for the Private Companies 【Water Pollution Control Law】

Notification ,Measure and log pollution status of effluent, On‐site inspections →Penalty, Order remedy, other administrative directions

governmentNational

government

・Investment to pollution control・Development of human capacities etc.

Local governmentLocal government(Prefecture)

Privatecompany

National governmen・National governmen・Local government・Individual

Measures for Industrial Wastewater

National government

System of maintenanceSubsidy system

System of maintenance


Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Installation and Management of Johkasou

(Johkasou: on‐site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan)

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Ministry of the Environment9

Night Soil (Black water) Treatment and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan

wastewater treatmentfacility

night soil treatment facility

(New type)(New type) (Old type)(Old type)

(Traditional)(Traditional) Decentralized treatment

Centralized treatment

Ministry of the Environment 10

Population Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Sewerage treatment system (Centralized treatment)

Night soil collection

Johkasou

Tandoku-Johkasou


Gappei‐shori‐Johkasou and Tandoku‐shori‐Johkasou

(New type)(New type)

(Old type)(Old type)

・This system has issues onwater quality and sanitationbecause grey water is nottreated・It should be maintained byeach individual house owner・New installation is currentlyprohibited

Gappei-shori

On-site treatment for only black water

On-site treatment for both black water and grey water

・ It can treat both black waterand grey water・ Good quality if it can bemaintained appropriately・ It should be maintained byeach individual house owner


Replaceing Tandoku‐shori Johkasou (only black water) By Gappei Johkasou (both black water and grey water)

・Pollution load of Tandoku johkasou is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou.

・There is no duty to replace Tandoku Johkasou with Gappei Johkasou. 12

GappeiJohkasou

untreated

There is less pollution

Public waters

Pollution load is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou

TandokuJohkasou

Johkasou

TandokuJohkasou

（Septic‐Tank)


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1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

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9,000,000

10,000,000

58 59 60 61 62 63 元 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

単独処理浄化槽

合併処理浄化槽

Gappei Johkasou3,143,279

40%

Tandoku‐shoriJohkasou4,674,779

60%

Number of Johkasou7,818,058 (Total)

Johkasou law(effect in 1985)

Revision of Johkasou Law

Revision of Johkasou Law

BannningTandoku Johkasou

Number and trends of installed Johkasou

Tandoku-shori Johkasou (night soil only)

Gappei Johkasou (night soil and gray soil)

Num

ber

of J

ohka

sou

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Fiscal year

13

Natinal subsidy program （Johkasou

installation promotion）

Natinal subsidy program （Municipal

Johkasou installation ）

・Tandoku johkasou bannning installation is remained about 5 million （60%）


Legal Framework for Johkasou

Technological Aspect

• Building Standards Act (1950)

• Structural Criteria (1969)

• Japanese Industrial Standards (JISA 3302‐2000)

Management

• Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1970)

• Johkasou Act (1982)

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Uniqueness of Johkasou Management Framework

Governmental Support for Technological Standardization

Subsidy System for Installation

Outsourcing System for Installation and Operation

Monitoring System

$


Governmental Support for Technological Standardization

1616

Structural standardManual

for project developmentGuideline for operation

and maintenance

Textbook on Maintenance of Johkasou

Johkasou systems for domestic wastewater treatment

Textbook on Structure and maintenance


Subsidy System for Johkasou Installation

Percentage of Subsidy

40 % (Johkasou Installation Promotion Program)

90 % (Municipal Johkasou Installation Program)

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Outsourcing System for Installation and Management

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Installation

Performance Inspection

Operation/Maintenance

Desludging

Annual Inspection

Installation Worker

Inspector

Operator

DesludgingExpert

Inspector

33,593 Companies

83,205 Persons

65 Institutions

1,210 Persons

12,871 Companies

72,521 Persons

5,375 Companies

15,117 Persons

65 Institutions

1,210 Persons

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Percentage

of Inspected facilities

Year

PerformanceInspection

AnnualInspection

Percentage of Inspected Facilities

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Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan

45‐50 %

87‐93 %

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Conclusion about Johkasou system

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•Johkasou system is an effective approach for on‐site domestic wastewater treatment

• In order to encourage proper installation and operation, regulations alone are not sufficient.

Governmental support in the respect of technological standardization, financing and outsourcing is needed.

• Periodical Monitoring is required for

sustainable management of Johkasou system.20


Japan’s International Cooperation

on Water Environment

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Current Situation of Water Environment in Asian region

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Water consumption is now increasing in Asian countries due to population increase and economical development

Asian countries face serious water pollution because of insufficient wastewater treatment

Japanese wastewater treatment technologies developed for environmental pollution control can contribute to the improvement of water environment in Asian countries.

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Seriously polluted river (China)

85 % of wastewater is discharged without treatment in East Asia

Wastewater Treatment Ratio in different regions


Water Environment Partnership in Asia（WEPA)

Water Environment Improvement projects in Asia

ReplicationReplication

Implementation of the project

Support for basic framework development

Promotion of Japanese technology overseas

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Utilization of the informationand human resources

Utilization of the informationand human resourcesFeedbackFeedback

Overseas Development Based on Japanese Model of

Environmental Technologies

・Improvement of the waterenvironment in developing countries

・Promotion of Japanese technologyoverseas

・Support for basic framework development(Improvement of Water EnvironmentGovernance, etc.)

・Implementation of the model projectand replication to other regions

Accumulation of more informationAccumulation of more information

Co‐benefits Type Wastewater Treatment

Project for International On‐site Domestic Wastewater

Treatment Systems Promotion

Improvement of the water environmentin developing countries

Concept of the International Cooperation for Water Environment Improvement by MOEJ

・Legal system and its operation・Wastewater management・Establishment of O&M systemetc.


Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)

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including Japan.

• WEPA was proposed by the Ministry of Environment in Japan at the 3rd World Water Forum in

2003.

• WEPA aims to improve water environmental governance including the reformation and operation

of legal system as well as the improvement of wastewater management in the Asian region through

cooperation and knowledge‐sharing among policy makers under the partnership of 13 Asian countries.

• The Ministry of Environment, Indonesia is proactively involved in this partnership to contribute to the improvement of water environment in the Asian region by cooperating with other WEPA countries

including Japan.

International forum

Bilateral Meeting

Partnership of 13 Asian countriesCambodia, China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Japan

Nepal

Sri Lanka


Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia

To support the dissemination of excellent water treatment technologies made by Japanese private companies to foreign countries.

To support the improvement of water environment in Asian countries by disseminating Japanese water treatment technology.

Purpose

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Ministry of Environment seeks publicly appropriate technology from Japanese private companies. Selected companies will be supported financially by MOEJ.

Selected companies shall conduct a Feasibility Study in the first year and a Pilot Project after the second year as well as develop business models through advertisement of the applied technology .

Projects can disseminate the applied technology to other areas as well as contribute to water environment improvement in the country.

Method

To have selected 10 projects for 3 years.4 projects in Viet Nam, 2 projects in China, 1 project each in Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and the Solomon Islands.

Domestic wastewater treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment, Phosphorus resource recovery system, control of Non‐point source pollution.

Outcome


Water Quality Improvement Project by Introducing Johkasou System in Jakarta （Indonesia）To conduct monitoring of treated water and sludge after the installation of Japanese distributed‐type wastewater treatment system (Johkasou) in residential housing.

Water Environment Improvement by Energy‐Saving Treatment of Organic Industrial Wastewater in Viet Nam (Viet Nam)To conduct feasibility study on low‐cost and easy maintenance type of wastewater treatment technology using biofilm process in milk factories near Hanoi.

The examples of selected projects in“Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia”

Water Quality Improvement and Resource Recovery Project in Shenyang City (China) To apply phosphorus recovery technology in sludge treatment plant and reducing phosphorus concentration of treated water.

To conduct feasibility study on effective utilization of recovered phosphorus.

Project for Introducing Zero‐emission Wastewater Treatment System at Pig Farms（Malaysia）To treat wastewater from pig farms by using continuous circulation culture system using chlorella.To realize zero‐emissions by utilizing treated wastewater at pig farms for washing, compost moistening, and farming as well as to contribute water quality improvement and enhancement of water safety.

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Japan’s international cooperation

• Disseminate Japan’s experience for night soil treatment and on‐site waste water treatment system

• Suggest Johkasou systems/technologies which is applicable for various countries

Aims to make a relationship between China and Southeast Asia


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Thank you for your listening attentively

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