lecture 3 culture and diversity culture and identity

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

CULTURE(FRISBY, 1992)

A pattern of living, customs, traditions, values, attitudes.

A significant artistic/humanitarian/scientific achievement of the group.

A “race consciousness” -guide individual identification.

Refers to superficial differences between macro and micro groups (clothing, music, speech, ect).

Refers to outer appearance (“culturally different”).

WHAT IS CULTURE? Some people regard the term “culture” as

having “refinement”, “social etiquette” or “appropriate manners”.

Social scientists use “culture” to mean the patterns of learned behaviour that are shared and transmitted among members of society in an ongoing social heritage.

Some perceived attributes of culture: Mateship, Loyalty, Easy going nature, Honesty, Sports loving.

Culture may also be thought of as the way of life for a social group with values, norms and institutions

THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTITYWHO AM I?

I am…

I am…

I am…

I am…I am…

Multiple Identities

I am…

DEFINITION OF IDENTITY:

“THE REFLECTIVE SELF-CONCEPTION OR SELF-IMAGE THAT WE EACH DERIVE FROM OUR FAMILY, GENDER, CULTURAL, ETHNIC, AND INDIVIDUAL SOCIALIZATION PROCESS” (TING-TOOMEY).

TWO LEVELS OF IDENTITY (HALL):

1- PERSONAL (WHAT MAKES US UNIQUE)

2-CULTURAL, COMMUNAL OR SOCIAL (LARGE-SCALE COMMUNITIES SUCH AS NATIONALITY, ETHNICITY, GENDER, RELIGIOUS OR POLITICAL AFFILIATION)

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

GLOBALIZATION & CULTURE

Influences of globalization on traditional, languages and cultures;

Cultural imperialism;Resistance to globalization among

cultures;Migration and population movements;Diasporic communities;Global virtual communities; Negotiation among cultures;

Globalization and religion; Comparative religion study; The growing role of Global Islam; Transformation of the international

workforce; The local in a globalized world –

“glocalization”; The globalization of sport (Olympics,

Super Bowl, and World Cup ect) Transformation of the university and

education

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

HOW ARE INDIVIDUAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF IDENTITY INFLUENCED BY GLOBALIZATION?

Changing nature of race and ethnicity in a globalized world;

Technology, global interactions and identity;

Identity and citizenship in the context of globalization;

Influences of immigration and migration on identity and culture;

Youth culture and advances in technology

Technology, games and identity

Changing identity pathways

TYPES OF SOCIAL IDENTITIES

1- RACIAL IDENTITY – A SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED IDEA BASED ON THE RACE

2- ETHNIC IDENTITY – DERIVED FROM A SENSE OF SHARED HERITAGE, HISTORY, TRADITIONS, VALUES, AREA OF ORIGIN, AND SOMETIMES LANGUAGE

3- GENDER IDENTITY – HOW A PARTICULAR CULTURE DIFFERENTIATES MASCULINE AND FEMININE SOCIAL ROLES

4- NATIONAL IDENTITY – THE NATION/COUNTRY ONE WAS BORN INTO ( OR A SENSE OF PLACE)

Identity models:

RACIAL IDENTITY: reactions to societal dynamics of “racial” oppression based on physical characteristics assumed to be racial or genetic in nature.

ETHNIC IDENTITY: if acquisition or maintenance of cultural characteristics (eg language, religion) are defining principles.

CULTURAL IDENTITY: captures change, uncertainty and ambiguity;

incorporates diversity and pluralism there are a number of different ‘selves’ at

different levels and their true psychological integration will lead to better psychological functioning

Incorporates any factor that may account for “differential” patterns of learned or shared behaviour

ACCULTURATION

Those phenomena which result when groups of individuals with different cultures come into continuous first hand contact; subsequent changes in both groups (Redfield et al, 1936)

ACCULTURATIONS

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Phinney 1990, based on Berry et al 1986

RACIAL/CULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELATKINSON, MORTEN, & SUE (1989)

Conformity: dominant cultural values Dissonance: question identity Resistance & Immersion: appreciate group and

reject dominant culture Introspection: differentiate individual views Integrative Awareness: self & other

appreciation

CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT MODELCHRISTENSEN (1989)

Unawareness: avoid personal responsibility Transition: begin to acknowledge Whiteness Conscious Awareness: over-identification Consolidated Awareness: acceptance of

Whiteness Transcendent Awareness: appreciation of

diversity & commitment to societal change

BIRACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELPOSTON (1990)

Personal Identity: within family group Choice of Group Categorization: compelled

to choose a specific group Enmeshment/Denial: struggle w/ rejection of

part of self Appreciation: exploration of heritage(s) Integration: value multicultural identity

“GENERIC” STAGES OF CULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS

Stage one: Lack of awareness of the importance of culture

Intermediate Stages: Psychological discomfort, self-examination, over-identification with own culture

Final Stage: Self-acceptance and appreciation of culture

OTHER DIMENSIONS OF MINORITY IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT

Feminist identity development model (Downing and Roush, 1985)

Minority ethnicity and sexual orientation identity development (Morales, 1992)

CULTURE.....COMPLEX!

Change is constant

Difference is the norm

Context is central

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE, MODERATOR VARIABLES

Dominant Culture Influences

Nondominant

Cultural

Influences

Acculturation Enculturation

Ethnic/Racial

Identity

Psychological

functioning

Moderator

VariablesModerator

Variables

MODERATOR VARIABLES

Type of acculturating group (voluntary or forced);

Social characteristics; Oppression and legal constraints; Racism, prejudice and discrimination; Cultural characteristics; Language used and fluency; Individual characteristics;

How Might Social and Personal Identities Influence Behavior and Achievement?

Through Their Influence of Individuals’ Expectancies/ Ability Self-Concepts Values and Goals

PersonalExperiences

PersonalExperiences

Subcultural Beliefs, Images,Stereotypes

Subcultural Beliefs, Images,Stereotypes

Societal Beliefs,Images, Ideology,Stereotypes

Societal Beliefs,Images, Ideology,Stereotypes

• Personal Identities

Self-concepts Self-schema Future possible selves Values Goals, Aspirations

• Personal Identities

Self-concepts Self-schema Future possible selves Values Goals, Aspirations

• Social Identities Salience Content Perception of barriers and opportunities linked to category membership

• Social Identities Salience Content Perception of barriers and opportunities linked to category membership

ExpectationsPersonal Efficacy

ExpectationsPersonal Efficacy

Perceived Valueof Specific Activities

Perceived Valueof Specific Activities

BehaviorPatterns &Choices

BehaviorPatterns &Choices

SOCIAL GROUP MEMBERSHIP CAN AFFECT THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE RESPOND TO YOU

Experiences related to daily experiences of discrimination and racism (Boykin; Cross; Essed; Feagin; Jackson; Spencer; Thorne)

SOCIAL GROUP MEMBERSHIP CAN AFFECT THE OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS YOU ARE LIKELY TO CONFRONT

More pervasive structural forms of racism and inequality

(Boykin; Cross; Jackson; McLoyd; Ogbu; Omi & Winant)

GROUP MEMBERSHIP CAN AFFECT SELF PROCESSES LINKED TO STEREOTYPES AND STEREOTYPING

Incorporating stereotypes into one’s personal identity can lead to stereotypic perceptions of one’s skills and opportunities and stereotypic goals and aspirations (Ashmore; Crocker; Deaux; Eccles; Ruble)

Stereotypes about future discrimination can lead to oppositional identity formation (Fordham & Ogbu)

GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND IDENTITY FORMATION

Social group salience can influence social identity formation (Aboud; Cooper; Cross; Garcia-Cole; McGuire; Phinney; Omi & Winant; Sellers; Thorne)

Social identities can influence goals and aspirations, as well as behavioral style and friendship networks, which, in turn can influence behavior (Chavous; Cross; Eccles; Gurin; Fordham & Ogbu; Fuligni; Kao; Mickelson; Moje; O’Connor; Oyserman; Rotherman & Phinney; Spencer; Sellers; Taylor; Thorne; Ruble)

Social identities can help adolescents make meaning of experiences of racism and discrimination (Boykin; Cross; Deaux; Phelan; Phinney; Sellers; Spencer)