culture and identity
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![Page 1: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Culture and Identity
Social IdentitiesSimilarities and
Differences
![Page 2: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Identity and Cultural Identity• Identity -- A reflective self-conception or self-
image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process. (Ting-Toomey)
• Cultural Identity -- Shared system of symbolic verbal and non-verbal behaviour meaningful to a group. A social construction. (Fong)
![Page 3: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Selected Social Identities• Racial Identity | Ethnic Identity
• Gender Identity | National Identity
• Regional Identity | Organizational Identity
• Personal Identity | Cyber/Fantasy Identity
(Others include age, religion, physical ability,socio-economic class.)
![Page 4: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Racial Identity• Race is a social construct arising from efforts to
categorize people into different groups.
• Science has determined there is very little genetic variation among humans.
• Human population will become more alike as the races merge. (Jones)
![Page 5: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ethnic Identity• Ethnicity is derived from a sense of shared
heritage, history, traditions, values, similar behaviours, area of origin, language.
• Ethnicity of many Americans/Canadians is tied to ancestors’ place of origin prior to coming to North America.
![Page 6: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gender Identity• Gender refers to how a particular culture
differentiates masculine and feminine social roles.
• Culture influences on what constitutes gender beauty and how it is displayed. Examples are: Fashion in Denmark. Language in Japan. Tanning in Europe/America.
![Page 7: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
National Identity• Refers to your nationality.
• Usually becomes more pronounced when persons are away from home country.
• Interesting phenomena currently happening where young adults from EU think of Europe as their native land. Texans … Quebecers.
![Page 8: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Regional Identity• Smaller divisions of geographic area.
Cultural contrast among these regions may be manifested through ethnicity, language, accent, dialect, customs, food, dress, historical and political legacies,
![Page 9: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organizational Identity• In collectivistic cultures organizational
affiliation is often more important.
• Eg is in Japan where people are often introduced firstly by where they work.
![Page 10: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Personal identity• In collectivistic cultures organizational
affiliation is often more important.
• Eg is in Japan where people are often introduced firstly by where they work.
![Page 11: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cyber/Fantasy Identity• The Internet provides an opportunity to escape
constraints of everyday identities.
• Infatuation with “imaginary personas” can become so strong they take on a life of their own.
• Second Life is an example of a virtual world where participants construct avatars. Becoming popular for virtual business meetings.
![Page 12: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dark Side of Identity• Stereotyping
• Prejudice
• Ethnocentricity
![Page 13: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dark Side of Identity• Psychologists conducting research in area of
interpersonal attraced have established that the more similar two people are to each other the more liely they are to like each other.
• This preference for things we understand are familiar with can adversely influence our perception and attitudes.
![Page 14: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Stereotyping• learned in a variety of ways
- from parents - from peers
- from religious, social groups - from mass media - from fear of difference
![Page 15: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Stereotyping• Defined: form of categorization containing
perceiver’s knowledge, beliefs, expectancies about particular collections of people.
• Difficulty lies with overgeneralization and negative evaluations (attitudes and prejudices).
• Even positive evaluations can narrow perceptions, jeopardize intercultural communication.
![Page 16: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stereotyping – Negative Effects1. Filtering quality only allows in information consistent
with held beliefs.
2. Rigid preconceptions prevent correct assessment that all in any group do not have same traits.
3. False assumptions (untrue premises, half-truths, exaggerations, oversimplifications) alter/distort communication.
Early and/or increased interaction diminishes effects
![Page 17: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Prejudice• Defined: deep negative feelings associated with a particular group; irrational (inflexible) generalizations with little/no direct evidence
• Characteristics- directed at specific groups (social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, ethnicity) - involves evaluative dimension, ie judgmental
![Page 18: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Expressions of Prejudice1. Antilocution: talking about target group in negative,
stereotypic terms
2. Avoiding, withdrawing from contact with target group
3. Discrimination: excluding target group from employment, housing, political rights, educational/recreational opportunities, churches, hospitals.
4. Physical attacks
5. Extermination: lynching, massacres, genocide
![Page 19: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Expressions of Prejudice1. Antilocution: talking about target group in negative,
stereotypic terms
2. Avoiding, withdrawing from contact with target group
3. Discrimination: excluding target group from employment, housing, political rights, educational/recreational opportunities, churches, hospitals.
4. Physical attacks
5. Extermination: lynching, massacres, genocide
![Page 20: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Culture and Identity
Social IdentitiesSimilarities and
Differences
![Page 21: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Identity and Cultural Identity• Identity -- A reflective self-conception or self-
image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process. (Ting-Toomey)
• Cultural Identity -- Shared system of symbolic verbal and non-verbal behaviour meaningful to a group. A social construction. (Fong)
![Page 22: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Selected Social Identities• Racial Identity | Ethnic Identity
• Gender Identity | National Identity
• Regional Identity | Organizational Identity
• Personal Identity | Cyber/Fantasy Identity
(Others include age, religion, physical ability,socio-economic class.)
![Page 23: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ethnic Identity• Ethnicity is derived from a sense of shared
heritage, history, traditions, values, similar behaviours, area of origin, language.
• Ethnicity of many Americans/Canadians is tied to ancestors’ place of origin prior to coming to North America.
![Page 24: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gender Identity• Gender refers to how a particular culture
differentiates masculine and feminine social roles.
• Culture influences on what constitutes gender beauty and how it is displayed. Examples are: Fashion in Denmark. Language in Japan. Tanning in Europe/America.
![Page 25: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
National Identity• Refers to your nationality.
• Usually becomes more pronounced when persons are away from home country.
• Interesting phenomenon currently happening where young adults from EU think of Europe as their native land.
![Page 26: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
National Identity• Refers to your nationality.
• Usually becomes more pronounced when persons are away from home country.
• Interesting phenomena currently happening where young adults from EU think of Europe as their native land. Texans … Quebecers.
![Page 27: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Regional Identity• Smaller divisions of geographic area.
Cultural contrast among these regions may be manifested through ethnicity, language, accent, dialect, customs, food, dress, historical and political legacies,
![Page 28: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Regional Identity• Smaller divisions of geographic area.
Cultural contrast among these regions may be manifested through ethnicity, language, accent, dialect, customs, food, dress, historical and political legacies,
![Page 29: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Organizational Identity• In collectivistic cultures organizational
affiliation is often more important.
• Eg is in Japan where people are often introduced firstly by where they work.
![Page 30: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Personal identity• In collectivistic cultures organizational
affiliation is often more important.
• Eg is in Japan where people are often introduced firstly by where they work.
![Page 31: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cyber/Fantasy Identity• The Internet provides an opportunity to escape
constraints of everyday identities.
• Infatuation with “imaginary personas” can become so strong they take on a life of their own.
• Second Life is an example of a virtual world where participants construct avatars. Becoming popular for virtual business meetings.
![Page 32: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dark Side of Identity• Stereotyping
• Prejudice
• Ethnocentricity
![Page 33: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dark Side of Identity• Psychologists conducting research in area of
interpersonal attraced have established that the more similar two people are to each other the more liely they are to like each other.
• This preference for things we understand are familiar with can adversely influence our perception and attitudes.
![Page 34: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Stereotyping• learned in a variety of ways
- from parents - from peers
- from religious, social groups - from mass media - from fear of difference
![Page 35: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Stereotyping• Defined: form of categorization containing
perceiver’s knowledge, beliefs, expectancies about particular collections of people.
• Difficulty lies with overgeneralization and negative evaluations (attitudes and prejudices).
• Even positive evaluations can narrow perceptions, jeopardize intercultural communication.
![Page 36: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Stereotyping – Negative Effects1. Filtering quality only allows in information consistent
with held beliefs.
2. Rigid preconceptions prevent correct assessment that all in any group do not have same traits.
3. False assumptions (untrue premises, half-truths, exaggerations, oversimplifications) alter/distort communication.
Early and/or increased interaction diminishes effects
![Page 37: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Prejudice• Defined: deep negative feelings associated with a particular group; irrational (inflexible) generalizations with little/no direct evidence
• Characteristics- directed at specific groups (social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, ethnicity) - involves evaluative dimension, ie judgmental
![Page 38: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Expressions of Prejudice1. Antilocution: talking about target group in negative,
stereotypic terms
2. Avoiding, withdrawing from contact with target group
3. Discrimination: excluding target group from employment, housing, political rights, educational/recreational opportunities, churches, hospitals.
4. Physical attacks
5. Extermination: lynching, massacres, genocide
![Page 39: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Causes of Prejudice1. Societal sources: built into major organizations and
institutions; help maintain power of dominant groups over subordinate ones
2. Maintaining social identity: strengthening bond with person’s culture
3. Scapegoating: singling out group to bear blame for circumstance, events. Placing blame.
Avoiding prejudice: • personal contact • education
![Page 40: Culture and Identity](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54b95c064a795997198b462f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ethnocentrism• The notion that one’s own culture is superior to
any other. We are ethnocentric when we view other cultures through the narrow lens of our own culture.
• This narrow lens links ethnocentrism to the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, and racism.