lec_7_intro to map making

Introduction to Map Making

Prof. Dr. Sajid Rashid Ahmad

sajidpu@yahoo.com

Atiqa Ijaz Khan _ Demonstrator

atiqa_ss09@yahoo.com

• “Amap is a graphical representation or scale model of spatial concepts.”

• “It is a graphical representation of a real 3D world on a 2D surface.”

• “A map is a model of Earth at reduced scale.” (ESRI)

• According to the International Cartographic Association (ICA), a map is arepresentation, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of materialor abstract features on, or in relation to, the surface of the Earth. (Book)

Friday, December 26, 2014Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab

4Maps by Muslims

The World Map of Al-Idrisi (12th

Century). South is on Top.

Al-Masudi’s Atlas of the

Importance of Maps

• Map’s significance can be determined from the following:

• A good way of recording and storing information.

• A method of communicating with users using symbols at reduced scale.

• Helps in the recognition of spatial patterns around us.

• Establishing the relationship between spatial patterns.

• Visualization of spatial patterns with elegant designs and themes.

• Analysis of spatial patterns.

• Graphically representation of findings that are verbally complex task.

• Helps in understanding the locations where it is not possible to go anywhy.

Criteria of a Good Map

• A good map should fulfills the following terms:

• It should be understandable to readers.

• Its goal or motive should be clear.

• Map should depicts for its audience.

• It has the beauty and elegance.

• It is on standards to display its contents.

• It displays the available information precisely.

• It should not cost time and money.

• it should fulfills its purpose of making.

Types of Map

• There are many types of map

• Geological Map

• Reference Map

• Thematic Map

• Environmental Map

• Bio-geographic Map

• The most important types are:

• Reference Map

• Thematic Map

Types of Map

Reference

Topographic

General Purpose

Thematic

Statistical

Geological Environmental

Reference Map

• Reference maps gives general information about the location of features.

• Depict the relief-displacement (elevation) of the topography (surface).

• Defines the general trend an d form of the surface.

• Shows roads, buildings, boundaries, etc.

• Examples:

• Topographic maps

• Road atlas

• These maps are a reference tool, showing the outlines of selected natural andman-made features of the Earth, often acts as a frame for other information.

Reference Maps for Pakistan

Thematic Map

• Thematic map shows the distribution of a specific topic.

• Represents the spatial dimensions of a specific phenomenon.

• It may represented by one or more than one variables, like:

• Population, income, diseases, language, religion etc.

• It is represented by:

• Colors, symbols, shapes, patterns, shades of colors, texture, density, etc.

• Used for:

• Analysis of data

• Presentation of data

Thematic Maps for Pakistan

Map Elements/Components

• Map elements are:• Title of the Map (Content/Purpose)

• Scale of the Map (Measurement)

• Legend of the Map (How to read/interpret)

• North Arrow (Orientation/Directional Indicator)

• Map Body

• Inset Map

• Logo

• Publisher of Map

• Cartographer Name

• Date and Time

• Source of Data (Reference)

Title of the Map

• The most important element of the map for acquiring information efficiently is thetitle.

• It is essential, for a map, to have a title.

• The title identifies the map area and the type of map.

• It is usually the large font size on the sheet, often written in caps.

• This is to ensure that the readers knows what is being mapped.

• Cartographers may list the title simply or artistically.

• It should clearly indicate the purpose of the map.

Legend of the Map

• Information needed to read a map is found in the map legend.

• Most maps use symbols or colors to represent different geographic features.

• The map legend helps determine what the symbols and colors mean.

• Without legends, map symbology is virtually meaningless.

• It is like a dictionary, used to understand the meaning of what map represents.

• It is used to link non-spatial data with spatial entries.

• It essentially provides valuable information for interpreting what it is a mapshowing.

Scale of the Map

• Almost all maps have scales.

• “Scales compare a distance measured on the map to the actual distance onthe surface of the earth.”

• Scales appear on maps in several forms, but most cartographers draw a linescale as a point of reference.

• High Details

• Small area

• 1:24,00 or larger

Large Scale

• Average

• 1:24,00 – 120,000

Medium Scale

• Less Details

• Large area

• 1:120,000 or smaller

Small Scale

Types of Scale

Small Scale Large Scale

34Large Scale vs. Small Scale

Large Scale

• Objects are relatively larger in size.

• With High details objects.

• Covering the Small area.

• High RF factor.• 1:24,000; 1:50,000 etc.

• But, smaller denominator.

Small Scale

• Objects are relatively smaller in size.

• With Low details objects.

• Covering the Large area.

• Small RF factor.• 1:250,000; etc.

• But, larger numerator.

Don’t Ever CONFUSE it again… !!!

Ways to Depict Map Scale

Verbal Scale Written Scale Scale Text

Fractional Scale

Representative Factor

Graphical Scale

Linear Scale Scale Bar

Representative ScaleScale BarStatement of Scale

Ways to Depict Map Scale

Calculating the Map Scales

Scale = Distance on map / Distance on Ground

For Example:

Scale = 1.27 inches / 5 miles

S = 1.27 inches / 316,800 inches

S = 1 / 250, 000

So…… Scale is: “1 : 250, 000”

Practice:

Scale = 2 cm / 1 km

S = 2 cm / 100,00 cm

S = 1 / 50, 000

So…… Scale is: “1 : 50, 000”

Directional Indicator

• A directional indicator on a map helps determine the orientation of the map.

• It is costume to place a north arrow at the Top.

• A north arrow element maintains a connection to a data frame.

• When that data frame is rotated, the north arrow element will rotate with it.

• It can be simple or complex.

• In history, north arrow was also displayed on the South…!

Types of North Arrow

• There are three types of North arrow:

• True North (TN):

• Also known as ‘Geographic North’.

• It is the geographic north of the Earth.

• As referred to lat / long.

• Magnetic North (MN):

• The north as define by the Earth’s magnetic field.

• Grid North (GN):

• By the vertical lines of the map projection.

• Like UTM vertical lines.

Inset Map

• Inset maps are smaller maps on the same sheet of paper.

• Inset maps provide additional information not shown on the larger map.

• Inset maps are drawn at a larger, more readable scale.

• Inset maps usually feature areas of interest related to the larger map.

Map Body

• Actual face of the map displaying features, symbols, and other information on themap.

• Map itself should have all the necessary amount of data and detail.

• Information should not be too much that causes confusion

• Nor be too short making map useless.

Balancing of a Map

• Refers to the arrangement of elements within the overall composition.

• All the elements of map should be equally distributed within the whole page.

• It should not grouped to side of a page.

• Researchers shows that, map elements should be centered along the ‘Visualcenter’, of the viewer, rather than the ‘Geometric center’ of the objects.

• As it attracts more to the eyes.

Errors

Hierarchy of the Map

• It refers to the order of importance of map elements.

• The most important features should be highlighted the most.

• As it is going to effects the visuals of viewer’s eyes..

• Generally, map should attracts its viewer as a whole.

• But, there are few of the elements, that should be arranged or highlighted in away as to attracts the its users.

• Title of the Map

• Scale bar

• Map body tone and color

49Find the Errors

Map Accuracy

• Then human drafting errors will occur and can be compounded by the quality ofour source maps and materials.

• A map accurate for one purpose is often inaccurate for others since accuracy isdetermined by the needs of the project as much as it is by the map itself.

• Some measurements of a map’s accuracy are discussed below:

• Absolute Accuracy

• Relative Accuracy

• Attribute Accuracy

• Completeness

• Currency

Types of Map Accuracy

• Absolute Accuracy:

• Relationship between geographic position on a map to its real position on thesurface of the Earth.

• It is required for extensive surveying and engineering application.

• Relative Accuracy:

• Refers to the displacement between two points on a map compare to the samepoints of the real surface of the Earth.

• Attribute Accuracy:

• Refers to the accuracy of the attributes linked to the map’s feature.

• Completeness:

• Refers how much data it contains as required by the users.

• But, it is not for life time.

• As the map gets older, it becomes less complete.

• Currency:

• Refers how upto-date a map is.

• It is usually expressed in terms of revision date.

• Means how much data is added after how much time.

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