learning/behaviorism operant and observational learning
Post on 28-Dec-2015
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E.L. Thorndike
• Puzzle box paradigm– Learning curve for escape
• Law of effect– Successful behaviors are likely to be repeated
B.F. Skinner
• Major pioneer of behaviorism– All responses can be
scientifically measured
• Skinner box– Used to shape
complex behaviors
Learning and association between a response and a consequence
• Consequence must follow a behavior
• Reinforcement - increases the likelihood of the response
• Punishment - decreases the likelihood of the response
Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement +– Adds something desirable
• Negative reinforcement -– Takes away something unpleasant– NOT punishment!!
Reinforcement
• Primary reinforcers - innately satisfying
• Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers - associated with satisfaction
Punishment
• Positive punishment +– Adds something unpleasant
• Negative punishment -– Takes away something desirable
Punishment
• Not simply the opposite of reinforcement
• Creates several unwanted side effects– Suppresses all behaviors– Creates fear– Teaches/increases aggression & cruelty
Shaping
• Complex behaviors are created by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior– Each response that comes closer to the
desired behavior is rewarded– Discreet segments of the behavior eventually
comprise the whole behavior
Reinforcement schedules
• Affect speed and retention of learning
• Continuous reinforcement
• Partial reinforcement– Fixed ratio– Variable ratio– Fixed interval– Variable interval
Generalization and discrimination
• Generalization– Organism makes the response beyond the
reward-related context
• Discrimination– Organism learns the context in which the
behavior will result in the consequence
Applications of operant conditioning
• Behavior modification– Applied behavioral therapy– Animal training– Teaching children good behaviors and basic
skills– Increasing employee productivity
Classical and Operant conditioning
• Contrast– Classical conditioning creates an automatic response– Operant conditioning teaches an association between
behavior and consequence
• Compare– Associative learning, involving:
• Acquisition• Extinction• Generalization• Discrimination
– Both influenced by biological and cognitive predispositions
Biological predispositions
• Learning is constrained by biology– Associations are learned when they are
naturally adaptive– Training that override biological tendencies is
short-lived• Example: Performing pig
Biological predispositions
• Animals learn associations between biologically relevant stimuli very quickly– John Garcia - taste aversion & one-trial
conditioning
Cognitive processes - Latent learning
• Depends on and demonstrates cognitive processes in operant conditioning
• Tolman’s hungry rats
• Memory processes store the learning– Not all learning is an immediate behavioral
response to a stimulus or potential consequence
Cognitive processes - Motivation
• Affects behavioral performance
• Intrinsic motivation– Intrinsic rewards
• Extrinsic motivation– Extrinsic rewards
Motivation
• Rewards may undermine intrinsic motivation– Humans have a tendency to view external
rewards as the motivation to perform a task– Intrinsic interest is diminished
• Rewards for good work do not diminish intrinsic motivation– Reward based on confidence and pride in
hard work can support intrinsic motivation
Motivation
• Rewards undermine intrinsic motivation by turning a naturally rewarding situation into a “job”– People focus on external rewards– Obscures the value of intrinsic rewards
Observational learning
• Animals and humans learn through watching and imitating others
• Part of typical development
Observational learning
• Observational learning utilizes mirror neurons– Neurons in the frontal cortex– Respond to observation of activity and
emotion
Albert Bandura
• Observational learning relies on watching another’s behavior and observing the outcome
• Bobo doll study
Positive observational learning
• Modeling/observation of prosocial behaviors increases the occurrence of those behaviors– Children who observe regular prosocial
behaviors engage in those behaviors and exhibit prosocial attitudes
– Adult behavior can also be influenced by prosocial behaviors
Negative observational learning
• Modeling/observation of negative behaviors can have antisocial effects – Children exposed to violence are more
aggressive• Immediate and delayed effects of exposure to
violence• Likelihood of abused children becoming abusers
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