1 behaviorism. 2 flow of presentation brief history (learning theories) famous people behaviorism...
TRANSCRIPT
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Behaviorism
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Flow of Presentation
• Brief History (Learning Theories)
• Famous People
• Behaviorism Theories– Classical Conditioning– Operant Conditioning – Connectionism– Social Learning Theory
• Assumptions and Implications
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Evolution of Learning Theories
Early 1900s
1920s to 1940s
1960s +
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William James
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Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.--John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930
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Classical conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Thorndike’s Connectionism
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Thorndike’s Connectionism
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Thorndike’s Connectionism
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Social learning Theory (Bandura)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.
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Conditions for effective Modelling
•Attention
•Retention
•Reproduction
•Motivation
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Social Learning Theory (Vygotsky)
social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.
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Vygotsky’s Major Themes
• Social interaction
• The More Knowledgeable Other
• The Zone of Proximal Development
The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:
• Motivate or enlist the child’s interest related to the task
• Simplify the task to make it more manageable and achievable for a child
The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:
• Provide some direction in order to help the child focus on achieving the goal
The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:
• Clearly indicate differences between the child’s work and the standard or desired solution
The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:
• Reduce
The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:
frustration and risk
• Model and clearly define the expectations of the activity to be performed (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, 2000).
The scaffolds provided are activities and tasks that:
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Now, on some scrap paper, write Now, on some scrap paper, write the headline from memory.the headline from memory.
Be sure to write it exactly as it Be sure to write it exactly as it appeared in the headline (as you appeared in the headline (as you
remember it).remember it).
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GOMS Model
•Goals
•Operators
•Methods
•Selection Rules
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Behaviorism Assumptions
AssumptionEducational Implications
Focus on observable events
Behaviorism Assumptions
AssumptionEducational Implications
Focus on observable events
Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be
influencing the behaviors that students exhibit
Behaviorism Assumptions
AssumptionEducational Implications
Focus on observable events
Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be
influencing the behaviors that students exhibit
Learning involves a change in behavior
Behaviorism Assumptions
AssumptionEducational Implications
Focus on observable events
Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be
influencing the behaviors that students exhibit
Learning involves a change in behavior
Do not assume that learning has occurred unless students exhibit a change in classroom performance
Behaviorism Assumptions
AssumptionEducational Implications
Focus on observable events
Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be
influencing the behaviors that students exhibit
Learning involves a change in behavior
Do not assume that learning has occurred unless students exhibit a change in classroom performance
Contiguity of events
Behaviorism Assumptions
AssumptionEducational Implications
Focus on observable events
Identify specific stimuli (including your own behaviors) that may be
influencing the behaviors that students exhibit
Learning involves a change in behavior
Do not assume that learning has occurred unless students exhibit a change in classroom performance
Contiguity of events
If you want students to associate two events (stimuli and response)
with each other, make sure the events occur close together in time
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Consequences of Behavior
Stimulus Added
StimulusSubtracted
Behavior Increases
Positive Reinforcement
Behavior Decreases
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Consequences of Behavior
Stimulus Added
StimulusSubtracted
Behavior Increases
Negative Reinforcement
Behavior Decreases
Example: Negative Reinforcement
• Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.
Example: Negative Reinforcement
• Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.
Stimulus Subtracted
Example: Negative Reinforcement
• Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.
Behavior Increased
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Consequences of Behavior
Stimulus Added
StimulusSubtracted
Behavior Increases
Behavior Decreases
Presentation Punishment
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Consequences of Behavior
Stimulus Added
StimulusSubtracted
Behavior Increases
Behavior Decreases
Removal Punishment
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Consequences of Behavior
Stimulus Added
StimulusSubtracted
Behavior Increases
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Behavior Decreases
Presentation Punishment
Removal Punishment
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Thank you very much!!!