lcls undulators – present status and future upgrades...march 1, 2010 lcls undulator module pole...
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1 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
1LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS Undulators –Present Status andFuture Upgrades
Heinz-Dieter Nuhn – LCLS Undulator Group LeaderMarch 1, 2010
2 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
2LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Linac Coherent Light Source
INJECTOR
LINAC
UNDULATOR HALL
BEAM TRANSPORT
3 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
3LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Undulator Hall
33 Undulator Segments Installed
4 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
4LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Short Break Section
Quadrupole and horz/vert Correctors
BFWUndulator Segment
Girder
Segment Slider
Girder Mover (cam)
RF Cavity BPM
HLS Sensor
Part of WPM Support
5 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
5LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Quadrupole
Vacuum Chamber
Undulator Segment
RF Cavity BPM
Girder
Fully Assembled Girder (seen from downstream end)
6 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
6LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Quadrupole Undulator Segment with mu-Metal Shield
RF Cavity BPM
Coordinate Measurement Machine Position Sensor
Girder Precision Alignment on CMM
7 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
7LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Quadrupole
BPM
Manual Adjustments
Segment3.400 m
Cam Shaft Movers WPM
HLS
BFW
Sand-Filled, Thermally Isolated
Fixed Supports
Horizontal SlidesNot visible
Vacuum Chamber and
Support
Long Break89.8 cm
Short Break47.0 cm
LCLS Undulator Components
8 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
8LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Vacuum Chamber
Undulator Segment
Magnet Block
Pole Piece
Horizontal Trajectory Shim Holder
Vacuum Chamber Inserted into Gap
9 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
9LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS Undulator Module Pole Canting
• Canting comes from wedged spacers• 4.5 mrad cant angle• Gap can be adjusted by lateral
displacement of wedges• 1 mm shift means 4.5 µm in gap, or
8.2 G • Keff can be adjusted to desired value
Pole canting enables remote K adjustment for fixed gap undulators.
10 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
10LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Neutral; K=3.4881; ∆x= 0.0 mm Neutral; K=3.4881; ∆x= 0.0 mmNeutral; K=3.4881; ∆x= 0.0 mm
Undulator Roll-Away and K Adjustment
First; K=3.5000; ∆x=-4.0 mm Roll-Away; K=0.0000; ∆x=+80.0 mm
Horizontal Slide
Pole Center Line Vacuum Chamber
11 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
11LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
unitsNominal Undulator Parameter K 3.5
Undulator Period λu 30 mm
Undulator peak Field, Bpk Bpk 1.249 T
Full Gap Height (fixed) g 6.8 mm
Undulator Type Planar Hybrid Permanent Magnet
Magnet Material Nd2FeB14
Pole Material Vanadium Permendur
Magnet Block Dimensions h×t×w
66×9×56.5 mm3
Pole Dimensions h×t×w
44×6×48 mm3
Periods per Segment 113
Gap Cant Angle α 4.5 mrad
Number of Installed Segments 33
LCLS-I Undulator Parameters
12 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
12LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
1. Compensation of spontaneous radiation (linear tapering over 132 m)
2. Compensation of vacuum chamber wakefields (linear tapering over 132 m, for 0.25 nC)
3. Gain enhancement (linear tapering before saturation) [Z. Huang]
4. Enhanced energy extraction (quadratic tapering after saturation) [W. Fawley]
Taper Design Considerations
/ 2E E ρ∆ = −
/ 0.25% E E∆ ≈ −
-152
2
10 ˆ/ 0.633T Vm u
EE E B Ne
λ∆ = − ×
/ E E∆
The ratio between changes in E and K to maintain the resonance condition at a given wavelength is
2
2 1 1.16dK dK
K KdE d KE
γγ
= = + ≈
From Wakefield budget based on S2E Simulations
13 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
13LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
K Tapering Requirements
K for segment 33
spontwake
gainpost sat
wakegain
post sat
spont
1.5 Å
15 Å
K for segment 1
±0.
3 %
±0.
3 %
14 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
14LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Figure 3: K Tapering Scenarios (Continuous)Avoid Reliance on Good Field Region at 1.5 Å
15 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
15LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Measured Field Integrals on SN25
( )0 0
', , 'L z
xB dz dzx y z
∫ ∫
( )0 0
', , 'L z
yB dz dzx y z
∫ ∫
( )0
, ,L
xB dzx y z∫
( )0
, ,L
yB dzx y z∫+200 µmy :
+0 µm-200 µm
16 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
16LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Beam Based Measurement: 1st Field Integral SN14
Beam Based Measurements
Horizontal (I1X) and vertical (I1Y) first field integrals measured by fitting a kick to the difference trajectory as function of undulator displacement
Reference Point
MMF Measurement
Req
uire
s 20
nm
BPM
reso
lutio
n
SN14
SN14
17 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
17LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Segmented Undulator Pre-Taper
18 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
18LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
CMM Keff Measurements for U33/SN20
K=3.468
K=3.497
19 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
19LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Segmented Undulator K Control
K ADJUSTMENT RANGE(MEASURED)
TEMPERATURE CORRECTED KACT
TAPER REQUEST
K ADJUSTMENT RANGE(MEASURED)
20 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
20LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Tolerance Budget Analysis
Analysis based on time dependent SASE simulations with GENESISEight individual error sources considered:
Beta-Function Mismatch,Launch Position Error,Segment Detuning,Segment Offset in x,Segment Offset in y,Quadrupole Gradient Error,Transverse Quadrupole Offset,Break Length Error.
The ‘observed’ parameter is the average of the FEL power at 90 m (around saturation) and 130 m (undulator exit)The Results are combined into the Error Budget
21 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
21LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Segment K Errors
Module Detuning (Gauss Fit)Location Fit rms Unit090 m 0.042 %130 m 0.060 %Average 0.051 %
Simulation and fit results of Module Detuning analysis. The larger amplitude data occur at the 130-m-point, the smaller amplitude data at the 90-m-point.
/iq K K= ∆
BudgetTolerance
90 m
130 m
22 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
22LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Individual Studies (Example K)Choose a set of ∆Km/K values to be tested, e.g.
{ 0.000%, 0.045%, 0.100%, 0.200%}For each ∆Km/K choose 33 ∆Ks values from a random flat-top distribution with maximum ∆Km.Apply these errors, ∆Ks, to the respective segment Ksvalues and perform a GENESIS FEL simulation.Evaluate the simulation result to extract power levels at the 90 m and 130 m points, P90,m and P130,m, respectively.LoopPlot these results, P90,m and P130,m, versus the rms of the distribution, i.e.
Apply Gaussian fit to obtain rms-dependence.2
220
i
i
q
iP P e σ−
=
112 mK K∆
23 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
23LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Horizontal Segment Misalignment
Horizontal Model Offset (Gauss Fit)Location Fit rms Unit090 m 0782 µm 130 m 1121 µmAverage 0952 µm
Simulation and fit results of Horizontal Module Offset analysis. The larger amplitude data occur at the 130-m-point, the smaller amplitude data at the 90-m-point.
BudgetTolerance
90 m
130 m
24 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
24LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Vertical Segment Misalignment
Vertical Model Offset (Gauss Fit)Location Fit rms Unit090 m 268 µm 130 m 268 µmAverage 268 µm
Simulation and fit results of Vertical Module Offset analysis. The larger amplitude data occur at the 130-m-point, the smaller amplitude data at the 90-m-point.
BudgetTolerance
90 m
130 m
25 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
25LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Tolerance Budget
Gaussian fit yields functional dependence of power reduction on error amplitude:
Assuming that each error is independent on the others other, i.e. each error source causes a given fraction power reduction independent of the presence of the other sources:
22 2
21 1
2 2 2
0
ii i
i
qf fP e e e
Pσ
− − − ∑= = =∏ ∏
tolerance
fitted rms
fi=qi/σi
2
22
0
i
i
q
iP eP
σ−
=
26 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
26LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS Tolerance Budget
Error Source σi fi σi fi Units
@ 130 m (24.2% red.)
Hor/Ver Optics Mismatch (ζ-1)0.5 0.71 0.452 0.32
Hor/Ver Transverse Beam Offset 30 0.176 3.7 µm
Module Detuning ∆K/K 0.060 0.400 0.024 %
Module Offset in x 1121 0.125 140 µm
Module Offset in y 268 0.298 80 µm
Quadrupole Gradient Error 8.8 0.029 0.25 %
Transverse Quadrupole Offset 4.7 0.214 1.0 µm
Break Length Error 20.3 0.049 1.0 mm
ζ < 1.10.64<β/β0<1.56
212
0
ifP eP
− ∑=
27 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
27LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Model Detuning Sub-Budget
MMF K KK K T xα β= + ∆ + ∆
27
Parameter pi Typical Value rms dev. δpi Note
KMMF 3.5 0.0003 ±0.015 % uniform
αK -0.0019 °C-1 0.0001 °C-1 Thermal Coefficient
∆T 0 °C 0.32 °C ±0.56 °C uniform without compensation
βK 0.0023 mm-1 0.00004 mm-1 Canting Coefficient
∆x 1.5 mm 0.05 mm Horizontal Positioning
( )2
2i
i i
KK pp
δ δ ∂
= ∂ ∑
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2 2 2MMF K K K KK K T T x xδ δ δα α δ δβ β δ= + ∆ + ∆ + ∆ + ∆
/ 0.020%K Kδ =
28 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
28LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Beam Based Alignment Tolerance Verification
Random misalignment with flat distribution of widh ±a => rms distribution a/sqrt(3)
Beam Based Measurements
29 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
29LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Beam Based K Tolerance Verification
Beam Based Measurements
30 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
30LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS Undulator Tolerance Budget
Error Source σi fi σi fi Units
@ 130 m (24.2% red.)
Hor/Ver Optics Mismatch (ζ-1)0.5 0.71 0.452 0.32
Hor/Ver Transverse Beam Offset 30 0.176 3.7 µm
Module Detuning ∆K/K 0.060 0.400 0.024 %
Module Offset in x 1121 0.125 140 µm
Module Offset in y 268 0.298 80 µm
Quadrupole Gradient Error 8.8 0.029 0.25 %
Transverse Quadrupole Offset 4.7 0.214 1.0 µm
Break Length Error 20.3 0.049 1.0 mm
212
0
ifP eP
− ∑= Tolerance Budget Components
Module Offset in x @ zSAT 780 µm
BB Verification
0.06
1200
8.8
770
MEASUREMENTS
31 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
31LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS-II
An initial rough evaluation of LCLS-II undulator parameters will be presented.Priority is given to the Soft-Xray line, which is likely to be based on short variable gap undulators.Shortness is required to enable the low beta-functions needed for optimum FEL performance.
32 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
32LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
ExistingPhase-0Phase-10.75-15 Å
4-14 GeV
FEE-1Existing 112-m Undulator (1.5-15 Å)
0.75 Å
SHAB30 mShortened 74-m Undulator
5 m
FEE-2SXR2 (45 m)
5 m
full polarization control
self-seeding option
6-60 Åadjust. gap
6-60 Åadjust. gap
SXR1 (45 m)3-7-GeV bypass
4-GeV SXR and 14-GeV HXR simultaneous op’s with bypass line
2-pulse 2-color
No civil construction. Uses existing beam energy and quality.
full polarization control
Phase-2Phase-3
EEHG*?
240 nm → 6 nm
Phased Enhancement Plan for LCLS-II
* G. Stupakov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 074801 (2009)
5 m
full polarization control
Shortened(1.5-15 Å)
Larger Gap Undulator(0.75-7.5 Å)
self-seeding HXR option(2 bunches)
Large Gap(0.5-5 Å)
Large Gap(0.5-5 Å)
33 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
33LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS-I U 1 Enhancement
σ γ =
2.8
I pk=
3000
A, γ
ε xy=
0.6
µm
34 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
34LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS-II U 2 FEL Performance Estimatelin
ear
helic
al
<β>
= 5
m, σ
γ =
2.8
I pk=
2000
A, γ
ε xy=
0.6
µm
35 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
35LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
LCLS-II U 2 FEL Performance Estimatelin
ear
helic
al
<β>
= 5
m, σ
γ =
2.8
I pk=
2000
A, γ
ε xy=
0.6
µm
36 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
36LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Beta-Function at 6 nm
Smallest practical beta function 4-5 m is above optimum.
LG~0.65 m for βx,y = 4 m
LG~0.69 m for βx,y = 5 m
Opt
imum
37 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
37LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
‘Optimum’ Beta-Function at 6nm
Optimum beta function would reduce undulator length by more than factor 2 but is not accessible.
LG~0.27 m for βx,y ~ 0.1 m
38 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
38LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Optimum Beta-Function at 0.6 nm
At 0.6 nm beta function of 4-5 m is close to optimum.
Considered Value
Optimum Value
39 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
39LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Beta Function and Undulator Length
Undulator: 1.80 m Break0.70 m
Break0.70 m
Half FODO Length: 2.50 m
Minimum <βx,y> = 5 m
ChicaneRF Cavity BPMQuadrupole
The smallest average beta-function achievable with a FODO lattice isThe FODO length is determined by segment length and break lengthBreaks between segments need to be sufficiently wide to allow space for essential components, such as quadrupole, BPM, Chicane.Smallest practical quadrupole separation is 2.5 m, corresponding to a FODO length of 5 m .
,x y FODOLβ ≥
EXAMPLE:
Bellows
40 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
40LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Multi-Segment variable gap undulators require phase shifters between segments to adjust gap dependent inter-segment phase slippage. An example for such achicane is shown here. Field levels have been kept low to reduce in-tunnel powerrelease.
Example Chicane Dimensions
L = 9 cm
L = 4.5 cm L =4.5 cm
xmax
L = 24 cm
3 cm
E 7.0 3.0 GeV
λr 1.2 6.0 nm
B 203 195 G
x’ 78 175 µrad
xmax 7.6 17 µm
∆φ 360 360 degXray
ηx -5.9 -13.2 µm
R56 0.74 3.7 nm
41 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
41LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
Undulator TypesA number of different variable field undulator types are under consideration
Parallel-Pole Variable GapFixed Linear Polarization
Hybrid or Pure Permanent MagnetApple Type Variable Gap
Variable Linear/Circular PolarizationHybrid or Pure Permanent Magnet
Delta Type Variable PhaseVariable Linear/Circular Polarization and Intensity
Pure Permanent MagnetSuperconducting Helical Variable Excitation current
Fixed Circular Polarization [Substantial R&D required]
New Designs …Key issues are
Precision Hall probe measurementsK stability and settabilityCompact design to mount on movable girders.Gap > 7 mm
42 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
42LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
The LCLS-I undulators have performed very well during commissioning and first user operation.Initial parameter development for the LCLS-II undulators has started, giving priority to the new soft x-ray line.The goal is a compact variable gap design to cover wavelengths between 6 nm and <0.6 nm at electron energies in the range 3-7 GeV.The low emittance and lower electron energy require beta functions of order 5 m or smaller for best utilization.Low beta-functions require a short FODO length, i.e., short undulator segments of length 1.8 m and compact break sections.The total length of each of the 2 soft x-ray undulator lines is expected to be about 50 m.
Summary
43 Heinz-Dieter Nuhnnuhn@slac.stanford.edu
43LCLS Undulator StatusMarch 1, 2010
End of Presentation
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