laptop and portable devices_1
Post on 04-Jun-2018
223 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
1/43
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
2/43
MEMORY MODULES
Two main types of industry-standard memory modules are used in laptops
and portable computers today: SO-DIMM (small outline dual inline memory module) and Micro-DIMM (micro
dual inline memory module).
There are four main types of SO-DIMMs and two main types of Micro-DIMMs,
with different sizes, speeds, and configurations available in each type (see
Table 6.6).
The SO-DIMM and Micro-DIMM form factors and pinouts are JEDEC
standards, which means that they are industry standards, thus ensuring
conformity, compatibility, and interchangeability among different systems and
manufacturers.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
3/43
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
4/43
SO-DIMMS
Most laptop and notebook computers use SO-DIMMs (small outline dual inline memorymodules), which are basically smaller and more compact modules than the standard
DIMMs used in desktop systems. Although they differ in form factor and pinout, as compared to standard DIMMs, SO-
DIMMs perform the same function.
They allow for easy, modular memory installations and upgrades.
The modules are inserted into sockets in the system and can easily be installed orremoved.
As the name implies, SO-DIMMs have different pins on each side of the module, with the
odd-numbered pins on the front and the even-numbered pins on the back. Special keying notches on either side allow the module to be inserted into the connector
only in the proper orientation.
The notches are normally offset in their space for voltage keying as well.
A variety of SO-DIMMs are available for different system requirements.
Because they are not all interchangeable, it is necessary to ensure you match the correcttype for a given system.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
5/43
MICRO-DIMMS
Micro-DIMMs (micro dual inline memory modules) are a newer and smaller
type of memory module used mainly in subnotebooks, PDAs, and palmtopcomputers.
As with all DIMMs, they have pins on both sides that perform different
functions. The two main types of Micro-DIMMs are 144-pin and 172-pin.
The 144-pin versions contain SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) and are
similar to 144-pin SO-DIMMs, whereas the 172-pin versions contain DDR
(double data rate) SDRAM and are similar to 200-pin SO-DIMMs. The Micro-DIMMs are about half the size of the SO-DIMMs and yet offer
similar capacities and performance.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
6/43
MEMORY AND HARD DRIVE FORM FACTOR ON
LAPTOP
A laptop computer is primarily intended to be portable. Below are some of thecharacteristic.
Laptop Memory:-
A laptop memory or RAM has a much smaller size than a desktop memory
which it is called SO-DIMM.
It is roughly half the size of the regular RAM use in the desktop but has the
same function which are for accessing a data quickly and store data
temporarily.
There are many type of laptop RAM which continues to improve over the
years.
This are some of it :
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
7/43
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)
It has a synchronous interface which it waits for a clock pulse from the
computer system and processor before transfering data. Notebook SDRAM
modules are usually 144-pin SO-DIMMs which is the first laptop generation.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
8/43
DDR SDRAM (DDR stands for Double Data Rate)
It sends and receives data twice as often as SDRAM. This is achieved by
transferring data on both the rising edge and the falling edge of a clock cycle
with a speed of 400Mhz. DDR memory usually comes in the form of a 200-pin
DDR SO-DIMM. But Second generation DDR memory provides greaterspeed than the first which is 800Mhz and works on a voltage of 1.8V instead
of the 2.5V used by DDR memory modules, DDR2 consumes less power than
its predecessor, helping to extend notebook battery life. DDR2 memory
modules are 240-pin DDR2 SO-DIMMs.
DDR First Generation(DDR1) DDR Second
Generation(DDR2)
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
9/43
DDR SDRAM (DDR stands for Double Data Rate)
The latest generation of DDR SDRAM is the DDR3 SDRAM. It has the ability
to transfer twice the rate than the previous generation of RAM and has a high
clock speed which are 1060Mhz and 1300Mhz. It is the standard RAM for
todays laptop because of its low cost and has better speed and low power
compsumption. It uses 204-pin DDR3 SO-DIMM
DDR3 SO-DIMM (204 pins)
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
10/43
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
11/43
Silent operation
Notebook hard drives spin at speeds of up to 5,400 RPM and even 7,200 RPM,
the noise-reduction technologies employed in current hard drives mean that hard
drives can run quetly.
Enhanced Reliability
Notebook computers are often moved from one place to another. To this end,
enhanced vibration and shock protection are important for laptop hard drives. A
typical notebook computer hard drive can take more than double the
shock/vibration to that of a desktop hard drive.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
12/43
LAPTOP PERIPHERALS
Docking Station:
Provides a simplified way of plugging in an electronic device from a laptop to
common peripherals. A dock can allow some laptop computers to become a
substitute for a desktop computer, without sacrificing the mobile
computing functionality of the machine.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
13/43
PORT REPLICATORS
The port replicator shown here has an extensive array of connectors,
including two PS/2 connectors (for a keyboard and mouse), one RJ-11phone-line connector, one RJ-45 network connector, two USB ports, two
video connectors (standard RGB and DVI [Digital Video Interface]), and IEEE
1394 (FireWire), parallel, and serial connectors.
As its name suggests, the main function of a port replicator is to duplicate the
connectors already available on the back panel of a notebook computer.
In most cases, the port replicator also provides additional connectors thatwere left off the notebook either to save weight, lower costs, or reserve room
for another component.
These additional connectors may include a network adapter, extra USB
connectors, and various video and sound connectors.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
14/43
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
15/43
In a typical configuration, a port replicator may have an AC adapter, a mouse,
a printer, a LAN cable, and a phone line connected to it. To connect to these
five different devices, all a notebook user has to do is snap the notebook into
the port replicator, thus saving considerable time.
Conversely, before going out on the road, all the user needs to do is push a
button or a lever to undock the notebook from the port replicator.
The actual connection process is more complicated than it sounds.
The port replicator usually has two or three plastic pins that mate withcorresponding holes on the notebook.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
16/43
These pins ensure that the port replicator's large connection plug will line upexactly with the socket on the notebook.
This connector has dozens of pins or lines and is capable of handling all thesignals involved with all the connectors on the port replicator.
Once the notebook has been fully inserted into the port replicator, a ratchetusually engages to hold the notebook in place, causing the characteristicsnapping sound.
Many port replicators include a network interface.
At one time this was an important feature for port replicators, often being theprimary justification for purchasing one of these devices.
Now, however, with most notebook computers coming standard with either awired or wireless LAN interface, the importance of having a LAN interface inthe port replicator has declined
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
17/43
LAPTOP PORTS
Display Ports:
The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display
devicesuch as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to transmit
audio, USB, and other forms of data. It has a VGA display port and the latest
is the HDMI display which allow the connection between the laptop and a
high resolution monitor or television.
VGA Port HDMI Port
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_device -
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
18/43
E-SATA:
Uses for attaching an external hard drive and also has a high transfer
rate than using a USB port.
Ethernet (RJ-45):
Use to connect to the internet via cables if the laptop does not have
Wirelessconnection devices.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
19/43
Kensingston Lock Slot:
Allow to use a special security cable to hook your laptop physically to
an
immovable object to prevent theft.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
20/43
LAPTOP EXPANSION SLOT
There are three type of expansion slot:
Type I: These cards are 3.3 mm thick use for adding RAM ROM to notebook PC.
Type II:These cards are 5.0 mm thicks used for modem, fax, SCSI and LAN
cards.
Type III: These cards are 10.5 mm thicks use for portable disk drives.
The diiference between this PC card slot are its size to enable more or less one
or more type of card.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
21/43
PC CARDS (PCMCIA)
Modern PC Cards support a variety of applications; the functionality that can be
added to a system through PC Card technology is enormous.
Virtually any type of interface or adapter that can be added to a desktop system via
ISA (industry standard architecture) or PCI (peripheral component interconnect)
bus cards can also be added to a laptop or notebook system via PC Cards.
The PC Card slots found in laptop and notebook systems enable you to add USB
ports, FireWire ports, serial (RS-232) ports, parallel ports, fax/modems, cellular
modems, Parallel or Serial ATA ports, SCSI adapters, wireless or wired network
interface adapters, 1.8-inch hard drives, TV tuners, sound cards, GPS (globalpositioning satellite) receivers, and many other types of devices to your system.
If your computer has PC Card slots that conform to the standards developed by
the PCMCIA, you can insert any type of PC Card (built to the same standard) into
your machine and expect it to be recognized and usable.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
22/43
LAPTOP COMMUNICATION CONNECTION
There are many ways a laptop can connect to a devices or internet via wireless.
Below are some of the examples.
Bluetooth:
Use for wireless connection between devices to sent files or to print to a
bluetooth
enabled printer without downloading a driver.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
23/43
Infrared:
An electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that only establish connection
via
line of sight and any obstruction is going to distrupt communication.
Cellular WAN:
Provides wireless connectivity over long distances using cellular towers.
Ethernet :
It consist of diverse family of computer networking technologies that
operates over local area networks (LANs). It defines a number of wiring and
signaling standards for the physical layer, and network access at the MediaAccess Control (MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format.
Ethernet has been standardized as IEEE 802.3.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
24/43
LAPTOP POWER AND ELECTRICAL INPUT
DEVICESThe commonly and widely use laptop batteries nowadays is the Lithium-ion
batteries.
The advantages of Li-ion batteries are:
Light weight and have very good energy-weight ratios.
Long life spans and can last for several hundreds of re-charges.
Do not suffer from the memory effect.
Can be charged randomly and wont overheat if overcharged.Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery
effect or battery memory, is an effect observed in nickel
cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less
charge. It describes one very specific situation in which
certain NiCd batteries gradually lose their maximum energy
capacity if they are repeatedly recharged after being onlypartially discharged.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
25/43
BATTERIES
There are many different battery chemistries that come in various sizes and
shapes.
Battery chemistries can be compared by energy density and power density.
Energy density measures how much energy a battery can hold.
Power density measures how quickly the stored energy can be accessed,
focusing on access in bursts, not prolonged runtime.
Another common metric for battery comparison is rate of self-discharge, or
how fast an unused battery reduces its storage charge.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
26/43
NICKEL CADMIUM (NICD)
NiCd batteries are known for relatively low energy density, compared to
batteries of other chemical makeup.
Nickel-based batteries tend to develop a chemical memory that causes them
to discharge very quickly once they reach a certain point.
The memory forms more quickly when the battery is left in the charger for
long periods of time or recharged frequently and not fully discharged on a
regular basis.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
27/43
NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE
NiMH batteries dont develop as much of a memory as NiCd batteries and
have a higher energy density.
LITHIUM-ION
Li-Ion batteries dont really suffer from a performance-affecting chemical
memory.
Their affliction come from the so-called digital memory that plagues the built-
in gauges that monitor the charge left in the battery.
This effect can also be observed in software gauges that read the batterys
charge level.
The digital memory effect manifests itself as a sudden loss of power when the
gauges register, says, 30 percent remaining capacity.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
28/43
LITHIUM-POLYMER
Li-poly is an newer form of lithium-ion chemistry.
The dry chemical makeup of the Li-poly cell allows the metal casing of the Li-ion cell to be replaced with the flexible casing without fear of leakage.
Li-poly doesnt quite match the energy density of Li-Ion, but the advantages
make Li-poly the obvious choice over Li-ion in certain application.
ALKALINE AND LITHIUM PRIMARY BATTERIES
Nonrechargeable alkaline batteries have an extremely high energy density.
When use in power-hungry application, alkaline batteries cannot keep up with
the draw on their power and quickly lose the ability to provide the energy
requested.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
29/43
LAPTOP LCD TECHNOLOGIES
LCD(Liquid Cystal Display) is use for display in notebook and other smallercomputers
As it consumes less energy and much thinner making it ideal use in portabledevices.
Two commonly use LCD display:
Passive Matrix Display:
Consists of a grid of conductors with pixels located evenly at each intersection
in the grid. Current is sent across two conductors on the grid to control thelight emitted through a given pixel element.
Active Matrix Display:
Has a transistor located at each pixel intersection, and the switching times arevery fast which will provides better interactivity and smooth scrolling oftext/images.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
30/43
Different display resolutions widely used in notebook or portable computers is as
given below:
Standard 4:3 Aspect Ratio
SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array): 800 x 600
XGA (Extended Graphics Array): 1024 x 768
SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array): 1280 x 1024
SXGA+ (Super Extended Graphics Array+): 1400 x 1050
UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array): 1600 x 1200
WUXGA (Wide Ultra Extended Graphics Array) 1920 x 1200
Resolutions higher than 1024 x 768 are used for display sizes of 14 inches or
above.
WUXGA 1920X1200 is best suited for HDTV. This is a wide screen display with
aspect
ratio of 16:9.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
31/43
LAPTOP INPUT DEVICES
On laptop, a single button is to activate a few that makes a laptop more portable
but
can be use for many.
Funtion (Fn) keys:
Normally found on notebook computers to ensure a compact keyboard and
allow the compact keyboard to provide functionality of a full sized keyboard.
Touchpad:
Use to position or move the cursor according to the finger movement.
Stylus/Digitizer:
A pointing and drawing shaped like a pen use with a digitizing tablet or touch
screen.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
32/43
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
33/43
TRACKPOINT II/III/IV
On October 20, 1992, IBM introduced a revolutionary new pointing device
called TrackPoint II as an integrated feature of its ThinkPad 700 and 700C
computers. Often referred to as a pointing stick device,
TrackPoint II and its successors consist primarily of a small rubber cap that
appears on the keyboard right above the B key, between the G and H keys
(see Figure 13.13). The TrackPoint II was the first significant new pointing
device since the mouse had been invented nearly 30 years earlier!
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
34/43
This device occupies no space on a desk, does not have to be adjusted for
left-handed or right-handed use, has no moving parts to fail or become dirty,
andmost importantlydoes not require you to move your hands from the
home row to use it. This is an absolute boon for touch typists.
In its final production form, the TrackPoint consists of a small (usually red
colored) silicone rubber knob nestled between the G, H, and B keys on the
keyboard (see Figure 13.14). The primary and secondary mouse buttons are
placed below the spacebar, where you can easily reach them with your
thumbs without taking your hands off the keyboard.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
35/43
TOUCH PADS
Cirque originated the touch pad (also called a track pad) pointing device in1994. Cirque refers to its technology as the GlidePoint and has licensed the
technology to other vendors, such as Alps Electric, which also uses the sameterm for its touch pads.
The GlidePoint uses a flat, square pad that senses finger position throughmeasuring body capacitance via a grid of electrodes under the surface.
This is similar to the capacitance-sensitive elevator button controls yousometimes encounter in office buildings or hotels.
When it is used on a portable computer's keyboard, the touch pad is mounted
below the spacebar, and it detects pressure applied by your thumbs orfingers.
An electrode grid under the pad converts finger pressure and movement intopointer movement.
The entire outline of the finger contact region is sensed; then softwarecalculates the center point.
Several laptop and notebook manufacturers have licensed this technologyfrom Cirque and have incorporated it into their portable systems.
Touch pads are also integrated into a number of mid-range to high-endkeyboards from many vendors. When used on a desktop keyboard, touchpads are often offset to the right side of the keyboard's typing area. Figure13.16shows the internal grid underneath the cover layer of a typicaltouchpad.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
36/43
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
37/43
Touch pads feature mouse buttons, although the user also can tap or double-
tap on the touch pad's surface to activate an onscreen button located under
the touch pad's cursor.
Dragging and dropping is accomplished without touching the touch pad's
buttons; just move the cursor to the object to be dragged, press down on the
pad, hold while moving the cursor to the drop point, and release to drop the
object.
Some recent models also feature additional hot buttons with functions similarto those on hot-button keyboards.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
38/43
LAPTOP PROCESSOR
The main difference between laptop and desktop processors is the clock frequencyand the power consumption.
Desktop processors are optimized for higher performance at the cost of large heatproduction and space.
On contrast, laptop processors are optimized for smaller energy requirements thecost of lower clock frequency.
Higher performance versions are also available for laptops that consume morepower.
The disadvantage of using higher performance processors is large heat production,
and smaller battery backup time. Laptop processors typically use a surface-mount Micro-FCBGA (Flip Chip Ball Grid
Array), or slot-mount form factor, while desktop processors use a socket-mountform factor.
The main advantage is smaller space requirement.
If mounted using FCBGA, the processor replacement requires special tools.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
39/43
LAPTOP PROCESSOR
Laptop have less space , and thus, heat is a major concern.
To help combat this heat problem, laptop processors are engineered with thefollowing features :
- streamlined connection to the motherboard
- lower voltage and clock speeds
- active sleep and slow down modes
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
40/43
STREAMLINED CONNECTION TO THE MOTHERBOARD
Laptop processors are generally either soldered directly to the motherboard
or attached using the Micro-FCBGA (Flip Chip Ball Grid Array) standard,
which uses balls instead of pins.
In most cases, this means that the processors cannot be removed, meaning
no processors upgrades are possible.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
41/43
LOWER VOLTAGE AND CLOCK SPEEDS
Two ways to combat heat are to slow processor down (run it at lower speed)
or give it less juice (run it at lower voltage).
Again, performance will suffer compared to desktop processor, but lowering
heat is the goal hear.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
42/43
ACTIVE SLEEP AND SLOW DOWN MODES
Most laptops will run in a lower power state when on battery power, in an
effort to extend the life of battery.
This is known as processor throttling.
The motherboard work closely with the operating system to determine if the
processor really needs to run at full speed.
If it doesnt, its slowed down to save energy and reduce heat.
When more processing power is needed, the CPU is throttled back up.
-
8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1
43/43
The best features of many laptop processors is that they include built-in
wireless networking.
The most common processor is the Pentium M chip made by Intel.
The Pentium M chip consists of three separates components:
The mobile Intel Express chipset, which is the graphics memory controller
hub.
The Intel/ PRO Wireless Network Connection, providing an integrated
wireless LAN connection. The Intel Centrino chipset, which is the brain of the chipset, designed to run
on lower power than the desktop processor.
top related